Police (russia)

	Police of Russia; - Police - ; Russian Полиция
State level	Federal Agency of Russia
position	Federal Police Authority
Supervisory body (s)	Ministry of Interior of Russia
Consist	since June 7, 1718-10. March 1917 ; since March 1, 2011
Headquarters	Moscow; city center
Website	https://mvd.ru

The police force ( Russian полиция ) in Russia is federally organized and subordinate to the Russian Interior Ministry . The Russian police was founded in 2011 and replaced the militia as a police organization. Its legal basis is the Police Act (Закон "о полиции") of February 7, 2011.

history

Police in the Russian Empire

Uniform of the city policeman and captain of the separate gendarme corps at the end of the 19th century. Postage stamp Russia 2013.

1715 founded Peter I . the main police in St. Petersburg . In the cities at the crossroads, at the main administrative institutions, there were guards who observed the deanery and the purity of the city streets. On May 27 ^jul./ June 7th 1718 ^greg.Adjutant General Anton Devier was appointed General Police President.

On January 19th ^jul./ January 30, 1722 ^greg.the position of chief of police was established in Moscow , which represented the highest police position in Moscow and corresponded to the V-class of the ranking. The police chief was appointed emperor from military or civil ranks. In the years 1729–1731 and 1762–1764, the chief of the Moscow Police was designated as the Chief of Police.

April 12th ^July/ April 23, 1733 ^greg.signed Empress Anna Ioannovna a decree "On the establishment of the police in cities". The police were given judicial powers and were able to impose penalties in criminal matters.

In 1775 (after the "Institution for the Administration of the Provinces of the All-Russian Empire") the Senate began to appoint city policemen.

In 1862 a police reform was carried out. The rank of city policeman was abolished; City councils in the towns that were subordinate to the District Police were affiliated to Zemstvo Courts, renamed District Police Divisions, and in the towns that kept their own police force from the District Police, they were renamed City Police Departments.

For the first time in the Russian police force, special units for solving crimes and conducting investigations were established in St. Petersburg , in which in 1866 a detective police was established in the office of the police chief. Over time, similar units were created in the police department of Moscow and other cities. So there was a criminal investigation service. By 1907 they were available in Moscow , Kiev , Riga , Odessa , Tbilisi , Baku , Rostov-on-Don , Nizhny Novgorod and a few other large cities.

On July 25 ^jul./ August 6, 1880 ^greg.the third division of Her Imperial Majesty's Chancellery was abolished and the Police Department was established.

In 1903 a rural police force was introduced, initially in 46 provinces. By 1916 it had spread to 50 provinces.

On August 9, 1910, Interior Minister Pyotr Stolypin issued an order to the officers of the detective department stating their tasks and structure. Each detective department consisted of four structural breakdown tables:

Personal imprisonment.
Criminal police.
Observation.
Help desk.

On behalf of Peter Stolypin, special courses were set up in the police department to train the heads of the detective departments. At the 1913 International Congress of Criminologists in Switzerland , the Russian detective police were recognized as the best in the world when it comes to detecting crimes.

Soviet Union Militia

Traffic manager and foreman of the militia. 1934. Postage stamp Russia 2013.

After the February Revolution , the police authority was abolished by decree of the Provisional Government on March 10, 1917.

One of Lenin's April theses on the report “On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution” of April 4 set the task of “ eliminating the police, the army and the bureaucracy”.

With the decisions of the Provisional Government on April 17, 1917, "On the establishment of the militia" and "Temporary regulations on the militia", the "People's Militia" was founded. The People's Militia is declared the local executive branch of the government, "consisting of the direct behavior of the public administrations of Zemstvo and the city".

Simultaneously with the state “People's Militia”, the Councils of Workers 'Deputies organized sections of the “Workers' Militia” and other armed groups influenced by various political forces and sometimes even outside them. At the same time, the workers' militia was not subordinate to the commissioners of the city militia.

The workers' militia consisted of amateur mass organizations, consisted of volunteer troops and therefore could not stop the rampant crime.

On May 10, 1918, the NKVD board of directors accepted the order: "The militia consists of permanent staff of people who perform special tasks, the organization of the militia must be independent of the Red Army , and its functions must be strictly defined."

Police in the Russian Federation

Russian policeman in uniform

Russian policewoman's summer uniform

Chief of the Main Migration Department, Major General of the Police Olga Kirillova.

The Russian police reform initiated by former President Dmitri Medvedev (Закон РФ "О полиции", German "Police Act") is a continuous effort to improve the efficiency of the Russian police force, reduce corruption and improve the public image of law enforcement. On February 7, 2011, changes were made to the Police Acts, the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. The changes took effect on March 1, 2011. These changes include, among other things, a 20% reduction in staff, the renaming from “Militia” to “Police”, substantial wage increases and the centralization of financing. The federal budget provides around 217 billion rubles (2.49 billion euros ) to finance the reform.

Main changes and objectives of the reform

Name change . As part of the reform, on March 1, 2011, the name of the Russian law enforcement agencies was changed from the Soviet “militia” to the more universal “police”.
Downsizing and raising salaries . The number of police officers was reduced by 20% from 1.28 million to 1.1 million by 2012. The reduction was achieved through a comprehensive assessment of all officers. All assessments were made on or before June 2011 and those who failed the assessment have lost their jobs. All officials who had previously received administrative sanctions or had ties to the criminal underworld were dismissed. For the police officers who survived the cut, salaries were increased by 30%.
Centralization . As a result of the reform, the Russian police force has become a federal body, with funds coming entirely from the federal budget. Under the old system, police units responsible for public order and petty crimes were under the jurisdiction of regional and city authorities, funded from the regional budget, and were more accountable to regional governors than to central government.
Changes in the rights of police and detainees . Under the new law, detainees are given the right to make a phone call within 3 hours of being detained. They are also given the right to have a lawyer and an interpreter from the time they are detained, and the police must inform the detainee of their rights and obligations. The police no longer have the power to inspect and request a company's financial and business activities. The police are also not allowed to detain a citizen for an hour to verify their identity.

On August 7, 2010, a new "Police Act" was proposed (the same bill with the changed name "Militia" to "Police").

The new law was originally expected to take effect in January 2011, but the Russian police force was officially reinstated on March 1, 2011.

The new law is a continuation of the opposite policy of the 2002 reform, ie even greater centralization. Public security institutions Militsiya and criminal Militsiya will be abolished. In contrast to the militia, which is partly subordinate to the authority of the association object, the police are not connected to the association object (according to the draft law).

Around 5 million people took part in the online discussion about the "police law", which is unique in Russia. As a result, the draft law has seen significant changes in terms of the powers of the new structure compared to the original form. Specifically, the provisions allowing police officers to freely enter the premises of citizens, properties belonging to them, in areas, properties and premises inhabited by public associations and organizations, as well as the “presumption of legality” of the police, which caused the most Criticism (“The demands of the police officers on citizens and civil servants and the measures taken by them are considered legal until they are stipulated otherwise in the manner prescribed by law”), although according to opposition politicians this wording was only veiled and not excluded.

Despite criticism from certain classes of society and a number of opposition parties, the draft law was passed in first reading on December 10, 2010. The State Duma passed the “Police Act” on Friday, January 28, 2011. Only 315 MPs voted in favor of the bill, 130 were against and there were no abstentions.

The militia existed until 2011. On February 7, 2011 , former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev tweeted :

«Подписал закон о полиции. Спасибо всем, кто участвовал в обсуждении этого важного документа. Закон - первый шаг к обновлению МВД. »

“Signed a police law. Thank you to everyone who participated in the discussion of this important document. The law is the first step in updating the Ministry of the Interior. "

- Dmitry Medvedev

On March 1, 2011, the Police Act came into effect, and on January 1, 2012, all militia symbols became invalid.

In modern Russia, the police are part of the Interior Ministry . The tasks of this structure are regulated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the Federal Law “On Police”, the provision “On Service in Internal Affairs”, other federal laws and international treaties.

The Russian police are a member of Interpol and the organization maintains a “National Central Bureau” (NCB) in Moscow and 80 branch offices for the exchange of information between Russian authorities and the international police level.

The police also include the OMON units ( Russian Отряд мобильный особого назначения Otrjad mobilny ossobowo nasnatschenija , German “Mobile Unit of Special Purpose ” ). In contrast to normal police units, it was directly subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior and was founded on October 3, 1988 as a special unit of the militia . OMON has been part of the Russian National Guard since April 5, 2016 .

insignia

Patrolmen in black berets put a sticker on the window of a patrol car with the words “Work, Brothers” ( Russian Работайте, братья Rabotajte, brat'ja ) in memory of the Dagestani policeman, the hero of Russia Magomed Nurbagandov, who was killed by terrorists of the Islamic State was killed.

Russian police officers wear uniforms in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Interior of the Russian Federation dated July 26, 2013 N 575 “After approval of the rules for the wearing of uniforms, badges and departmental badges by employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”.

The badge of the special distinction of the officers of the operational regiments of the Russian police is a black beret.

For employees of the tourist police, a sleeve tag with the words "ТУРИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИЦИЯ TOURIST POLICE" and the flag of Russia.

Police officers who are qualified to wear a maroon beret can wear a maroon beret.

Patch of affiliation to the Ministry of Interior of Russia .
Patch of the patrol police.
Patch of the traffic police.
Patch of the transport police.

Police rank

The Russian police do not use the rank of non-commissioned officer.

Officers

Equivalent NATO code	OF-10	OF-9	OF-8	OF-7	OF-6	OF-5	OF-4	OF-3	OF-2	OF-1			OF (D)
BBesG		B 9		B 8	B 7	A 16	A 15	A 13	A 11	A 10	A 9
Shoulder strap	No equivalent
rank		General Police ( President )	Colonel General ( IBPdL )	Lieutenant General (President of a Federal Police Directorate)	Major general (Vice President in a Federal Police Directorate)	Colonel ( LtdPD )	Lieutenant colonel ( PD )	major ( PR )	Captain ( PHK )	First lieutenant ( POK )	lieutenant ( PK )	Sub-lieutenant ( PKA )	Cadet (PRE)

Arruolato

Equivalent NATO code	OR-9		OR-8	OR-7	OR-6	OR-5	OR-4	OR-3	OR-2	OR-1
BBesG	A 9 with official allowance		A 9	A 8	A 7				A 5
Shoulder strap							No equivalent	No equivalent		No equivalent
rank	Starschi praporshchik ( PHMmZ )	Praporshchik	Star China ( PHM )	Sergeant Major ( POM )	sergeant ( PM )	Lance sergeant			police officer ( PMA )