Pjana
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Pjana Пья́на |
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 Itschalki hydroelectric power station on the Pjana river |
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| Data | ||
| Water code | RU : 08010500412110000039357 | |
| location | Nizhny Novgorod Oblast , Republic of Mordovia ( Russia ) | |
| River system | Volga | |
| Drain over | Sura → Volga → Caspian Sea | |
| source |
Volga plate northwest of Ardatow 55 ° 4 ′ 31 ″ N , 45 ° 49 ′ 58 ″ E |
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| Source height | approx. 230 m | |
| muzzle |
Sura northeast Sergach Coordinates: 55 ° 39 '55 " N , 45 ° 55' 7" E 55 ° 39 '55 " N , 45 ° 55' 7" E |
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| Mouth height | 62 m | |
| Height difference | approx. 168 m | |
| Bottom slope | approx. 0.39 ‰ | |
| length | 436 km | |
| Catchment area | 8060 km² | |
| Drain |
MQ |
25 m³ / s |
| Left tributaries | Yeshat, Wadok | |
| Right tributaries | Pary | |
| Medium-sized cities | Sergach | |
| Small towns | Perewos , Buturlino , Pilna | |
| Communities | Gagino , Itschalki , Wad | |
| Navigable | Lower course | |
 Location of the Pjana (Пья́на) in the catchment area of the Sura |
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 Pjana at Itschalki |
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 Pjana near Perewos |
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 Karst cave not far from the Pjana above Ichalki |
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The Pjana ( Russian Пья́на ) is a 436 km long left tributary of the Sura in the European part of Russia .
course
The Pyana River rises in about 230 m altitude in the northwestern part of the Volga Upland near the village Werchneje Talysino in the extreme southeast of Nizhny Novgorod , about 30 kilometers northwest of the already in the neighboring Republic of Mordovia, nearby small town of Ardatov . The Pjana flows through a hilly landscape initially in a westerly to west-northwest direction, in the upper reaches on a short section on the territory of Mordovia, otherwise along the entire length in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. At the village of Wad , a few kilometers away from the river , a good 30 kilometers northeast of the city of Arsamas , the river turns sharply in an almost opposite easterly direction. After a short section in the northern direction of flow, it finally flows a good 30 kilometers northeast of Sergach into the Volga tributary Sura, which marks the border with the Chuvash Republic there . The estuary is just 70 kilometers as the crow flies from the source of the river.
The Pjana flows through a narrow valley, from the change of direction to the east mostly wide, in many places swampy valley, in which it meanders strongly and in sections forms several arms. In the vicinity of the mouth, the Pjana reaches a width of 50 meters and a depth of 1.5 meters. The flow velocity there is 0.3 m / s.
The Pjana has no major tributaries; the most important are yeshat and wadok from the left and pary from the right. In the Pjana valley and the surrounding hills, karst features such as caves and sinkholes are widespread , especially on the upper and middle reaches .
Hydrology
The catchment area of the river covers 8060 km².
The mean annual discharge near the mouth is 25 m³ / s with a minimum of 10 to 12 m³ / s and a maximum of up to 1500 m³ / s. The river freezes over from November to April.
Use and infrastructure
The Pjana is only navigable for smaller vessels on the lower reaches.
The administrative centers of Gagino , Wad, Perewos , Buturlino , Sergatsch and Pilna are located on the Pjana River or in its vicinity . The river is used for water supply and irrigation of agricultural land. At the end of the 1940s, near the village of Itschalki on the middle course, a small reservoir with a hydroelectric power station was created for the local energy supply. The plant was reconstructed as an alternative energy source in the 1990s and has an output of 203 kilowatts .
From the middle reaches at Wad, the river follows the river almost to its mouth at Pilna , where the railway line Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg crosses it three times. At Sergach it is crossed by the regional road R162 , which branches off the M7 east of Nizhny Novgorod , via Knjaginino into the southeastern part of the oblast and on to Porezkoye on the R231 , which follows the course of the Sura in the neighboring republic of Chuvashia.
history
On August 2, 1377, the Battle of the Pjana took place on the Pjana , in which a Russian army led by the Suzdal- Nizhny Novgorod prince son Ivan Dmitriyevich from the Blue Horde under Arab-Shah Muzaffar ( called Arapscha in old Russian chronicles ; rəpşah in Tatar ) ) was completely wiped out, clearing the way for the latter to plunder the principality of Nizhny Novgorod and capture Ryazan . According to tradition, which is recorded in the Troitsky Chronicle of the Sergius Trinity Monastery from 1408, the Russian troops were surprised at a drinking binge, with which the name of the river is associated (Russian pjany for drunk ). However, it is presumably derived from the Finno-Ugric word stem pien - for small .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Article Pjana in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ a b Pjana in the State Water Directory of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- ↑ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the aenergy.ru website on alternative energy sources (Russian)
- ↑ W. Malkin: Из истории слов. Почему реку назвали Гусем? In: Nauka i schisn. 9/1989, p. 112. (Russian)