Quercus chrysolepis
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Quercus chrysolepis is a plant from the genus of oak ( Quercus ) in the family of Fagaceae (Fagaceae). It is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
description
Quercus chrysolepis grows as an evergreen shrub or tree . As a tree, stature heights of up to 25 meters can be achieved. The 1 to 2 millimeter thick, flexible branches come off at an angle of about 60 °. Their golden brown bark is densely hairy in the first year; in the second year the density of the hairs loosens. The conical terminal buds are 2 to 8 millimeters long and brown. Runners can be formed from "sleeping buds" that are located under the bark at the base of the trees.
The leaves are arranged alternately on the branches. The 3 to 14 millimeter long petiole has rust-colored hairs and is flattened on the top. The simple, relatively thick, leathery leaf blade is elongated with a length of 2 to 7 centimeters and a width of 1 to 3.5 centimeters with a blunt to rounded blade base and a pointed end; it is usually flat to slightly concave. Twelve or more pairs of lateral nerves extend from the main nerve of the leaves at about 50 ° angles. The regularly serrated and, especially in young leaves, spiky leaf margins are slightly erect. The scabbed upper side of the leaf is yellowish green and loosely hairy, becoming more dense with age. The underside of the leaf is loosely hairy or glabrous and has a bluish-white wax layer and gold-colored glands.
Quercus chrysolepis is wind-flowered ( anemophilous ), single-sexed ( monoecious ) and becomes male at the age of 15 to 20 years . The flowering period extends from May to June. The male flowers are in narrow, yellow-brown, woolly hairy, 5 to 10 centimeters long, cat-shaped inflorescences. The mostly single female flowers are yellow-brown in color with a light red stigma .
The acorns ripen in autumn of the same year; they stand alone or in pairs, less often in groups of three or four on the branches. The flat fruit cup (cupula) has a height of about 4 to 10 millimeters, a diameter of 15 to 40 millimeters and only surrounds the acorns at their base. The edges of the fruit cup are usually thickened with cork. The bald, light maroon acorns are 1.5 to 5.1 centimeters long and 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter, ellipsoidal or ovate with blunt ends. The weight of the acorns varies widely. The diaspores are partially spread by animals ( hiding place ).
Distribution and location
The natural range of Quercus chrysolepis includes the mountains in the southwest of the USA and northern Mexico. It stretches from the Cascade Range in Oregon through the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada in California to Baja California . Quercus chrysolepis only grows near the coast near the King Range in California . Scattered stocks are also found in the mountains of Arizona , southern Nevada , New Mexico and northwest Chihuahuas as well as on the Channel Islands off the coast of California.
Quercus chrysolepis mainly inhabits mountain ridges, canyons and damp slopes. They can be found at altitudes of 90 to 2740 meters. The annual rainfall is 150 to 2790 mm, depending on the location, the majority of which falls as rain in winter. Quercus chrysolepis colonizes many different types of soil . Alfisole and Inceptisole formed from granite, sediments or serpentine are mostly settled. On poorly formed, steep and stony soils it is the dominant species, while it is inferior to other species on deep soils and usually only grows as a shrub. It is very shade-tolerant in most locations.
Socialization
In its range, Quercus chrysolepis forms mixed stands with many different species, depending on the location. With some species populations are formed almost in the entire range. Quercus chrysolepis can be found in almost all of California together with the Arizona cypress ( Cupressus arizonica ), Cupressus forbesii , Cupressus goveniana and with Cupressus sargentii . The mixed stocks can be roughly divided into eight groups:
- In the forests of southwest Oregon , Quercus chrysolepis is a dominant tree or shrub species and forms mixed stands especially with the American strawberry tree ( Arbutus menziesii ), Castanopsis chrysophylla , Lithocarpus densiflorus and the Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ). Arctostaphylos canescens , Arctostaphylos patula and Ceanothus velutinus occur in the shrub layer .
- In the forests of the Klamath Mountains in northern California , Quercus chrysolepis grows as a small tree or shrub under the canopy of larger tree species. The dominant tree species are the Colorado fir ( Abies concolor ), the sugar pine ( Pinus lambertiana ) and the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). The Oregon maple ( Acer macrophyllum ), Nuttall's flower dogwood ( Cornus nuttallii ) and Chrysolepis chrysophylla are also found.
- In the coastal mountains of Northern California , Quercus chrysolepis is a major tree species in mixed-evergreen forests. Associated tree species are the American strawberry tree ( Arbutus menziesii ), the Oregon maple ( Acer macrophyllum ), Lithocarpus densiflorus , the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ), the Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), Quercus agrifolia and the California laurel ( Umbellularia californica ).
- In the central coastal mountains of California Quercus chrysolepis occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Mixed tree species include the American strawberry tree ( Arbutus menziesii ), Lithocarpus densiflorus , Pinus sabiniana , Quercus agrifolia , blue oak ( Quercus douglasii ), California black oak ( Quercus kelloggii ), Quercus wislizeni and the California laurel ( Umbellularia ). The shrub Arctostaphylos glandulosa is common in the undergrowth .
- In the Sierra Nevada , the Oregon maple ( Acer macrophyllum ), the single-leaved pine ( Pinus monophylla ), Pinus sabiniana , the blue oak ( Quercus douglasii ), the California black oak ( Quercus kelloggii ), Quercus wislizeni and the Californian Bay laurel ( Umbellularia californica ) mixed stands. At higher altitudes there are also the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) and the Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ). Bearberry ( Arctostaphylos spec.), Heteromeles arbutifolia and the poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ) predominate in the shrub layer . The sword fern ( Polystichum munitum ) is particularly common in the herb layer at higher altitudes .
- In the Transverse Ranges of Southern California it forms forests with the Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ), the single-leaved pine ( Pinus monophylla ), the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) and the California black oak ( Quercus kellogii ). Arctostaphylos , sacred flowers ( Ceanothus ), Cercocarpus betuloides , Cercocarpus ledifolius and oak species that grow in the shape of a bush often form the shrub layer.
- In the mountains of Arizona , Quercus chrysolepis grows mainly as a shrub in Douglas fir and pine forests. It grows there together with the American strawberry tree ( Arbutus menziesii ), Ceanothus greggii , Cercocarpus species, Garrya flavescens , the Gambel oak ( Quercus gambelii ) and Robinia neomexicana .
- In Baja California ( Baja California ) the nature grows as a shrub or low tree. As a shrub it occurs mainly together with the American strawberry tree ( Arbutus menziesii ) and various Eriogonum species. It grows as a small tree on the slopes of canyons and forms stands with Ceanothus , Quercus peninsularis and buckthorn ( Rhamnus ). At higher altitudes, the Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) occurs as a socialized species.
Systematics
It was first described in 1854 by Frederik Michael Liebmann in Oversigt over det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger og dets medlemmers arbeider , p. 173. Some synonyms for Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. are Quercus crassipocula Torr. , Quercus chrysophyllus Kellogg , Quercus fulvescens Kellogg and Quercus wilcoxii Rydb. . Quercus chrysolepis belongs to the Protobalanus section in the subgenus Quercus within the genus of oaks ( Quercus ).
It is considered one of the most varied North American oak species and was therefore previously divided into several varieties and shapes . Investigations of intraspecies variations do not support any subdivision below the species level. However, a geographical variation between different stocks has been demonstrated.
hybrid
Hybrids are formed where the natural range of Quercus chrysolepis overlaps with that of Quercus dunnii , Quercus palmeri and Quercus vaccinifolia . Quercus chrysolepis hybridizes with Quercus tomentella on the Channel Islands
use
The wood of Quercus chrysolepis was used by the first Californian settlers for the production of boats, agricultural equipment and furniture. It was also used as firewood. Although it is considered a high quality wood, it is rarely used today.
Quercus chrysolepis is occasionally planted as a park tree because of its extensive, evergreen treetop. Since it grows even on poor soil, it is planted on steep slopes for stabilization.
Diseases and pests
Young stands in particular are susceptible to ground and crown fires, as the leaves are burned and the thin bark offers little protection from the heat. Stocks that are often affected by forest fires usually only form low-growing shrubs from shoots.
An infestation with the fungus Cronartium quercuum or with the plant species Phoradendron villosum lead to the formation of witch brooms .
Compared to other oak species, Quercus chrysolepis is only attacked by a few harmful insects. In wet years damage from the tooth moth Phryganidia californica occasionally occurs, while in dry years the jewel beetle Agrilus angelicus is more likely to be found. The acorns are the weevil Curculio uniformis and the winder Melis Opus latiferreanus affected. Other insect pests, but cause little damage, which are bucculatricidae Bucculatrix Alberti ella , the hen Malacosoma constrictum , the cutworm Orgyia vetusta , the wood bit Prionoxystus robiniae and the borer Melalgus confertus and various species of beetles of the genus Pseudopityophthorus .
Seedlings and young plants are often swept by deer , but this has little effect on development. The acorns are eaten by squirrels, deer and birds.
swell
- Dale A. Thornburgh: Canyon Live Oak. In: Silvics of North America, Volume 2: Hardwoods. www.na.fs.fed.us, accessed April 4, 2011 (English).
- Kevin C. Nixon: Fagaceae . Quercus . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Volume 3. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , Quercus chrysolepis (English, Quercus chrysolepis - online - this work is online with the same text). (Section description, distribution and systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Kevin C. Nixon: Fagaceae . Quercus . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Volume 3. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , Quercus chrysolepis (English, Quercus chrysolepis - online - this work is online with the same text).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Dale A. Thornburgh: Canyon Live Oak. In: Silvics of North America, Volume 2: Hardwoods. www.na.fs.fed.us, accessed April 4, 2011 (English).
- ↑ Quercus chrysolepis. In: Tropicos. www.tropicos.org, accessed April 4, 2011 .
