Demand-controlled area operation

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Under a demand-driven surface operation or Ridepooling means a service of passenger transport . From the passenger's point of view, it can be described as a hybrid between taxi and local public transport : The journey takes place independently of a timetable or a line route (“like a taxi”), whereby passengers can get on and off en route (“like a bus in public transport”). In terms of price, the providers usually move between the local transport tariff and the taxi tariff.

description

A transport is usually organized and billed via a mobile app from the respective provider. A forerunner of ride pooling was tested in Friedrichshafen as early as the 1970s: the Friedrichshafen on-call bus was a demand-oriented area transport that could be ordered by telephone, call box or postcard, but was discontinued due to lack of economic efficiency.

The special feature of ridepooling services is their spontaneous, flexible and easy usability. It is made possible through the use of GPS satellite positioning and computer-controlled route planning . In contrast to a taxi ride, the route selection is not the responsibility of the driver, but is specified by algorithms . The dynamic planning of the travel routes aims to optimize the travel routes in terms of travel time and comfort . In the ideal case, this leads to an absolute spatial and temporal development, to connections without transfer and to a maximum network formation. In addition, well-designed services serve as feeders to regular buses and trains. Most of the time, ride pooling services do not run from door to door, but only go to (possibly purely virtual) stops. Ridepooling offers differ greatly in terms of operations, time and tariffs ; they range from complete integration into the transport network to self-catering offers.

Differentiation between ride pooling / ride sharing / ride hailing

The distinction between pooling, sharing and hailing is not trivial in practice and not possible based on the vehicles in the street scene. In Germany, almost all offers are run experimentally (generally in accordance with the “experimentation clause” §2 (7 ) PBefG ). A distinction recognized in the transport industry is based on commercial use and the organizational form (see table). However, there is no convention. For example, MOIA describes itself as a “ride sharing service”, while according to the transport industry definition it is ride pooling , since the offer is commercial and has been licensed by the licensing authorities in Hamburg and Hanover in accordance with Section 2 (7) PBefG.

Ridepooling

(Engl. to pool = "bundle")

Ridehailing

(English to hail = "summon")

Ride sharing

(engl. to share = "to share")

commercial Yes Yes No
organization Public authorities / municipalities / private companies private companies Individuals
Approved in Germany Yes* No Yes
example MOIA, ioki, CleverShuttle, FREE NOW Match UberPOP Bessermitfahren.de

* i. d. Usually approved according to §2 Abs. 7 PBefG , with exceptions. In Hamburg, for example , ioki is licensed as a regular service (Sections 42 and 2 (6) PBefG), while FREE NOW is a taxi ride with a special permit. Source for table:

Related is the concept of ride sharing (also known as dynamic ridesharing) in which people bundle their transport requests and offers. In contrast to this, however, professional drivers are employed in demand-controlled area operation.

The three forms mentioned in the table must also be distinguished from car sharing . Here, multiple users (Engl. Share a car to share ) with which they drive themselves. They jointly pay for the maintenance, with car sharing also being offered by companies with their own fleets.

Differentiation from other public transport offers

In contrast to classic demand -driven special forms of local public transport such as on-call buses, taxi buses or collective call taxis, the offers of demand-driven area operation are highly digitized and flexible, and mobile phone apps play an important role. Typically there are no predetermined timetables or routes, the stops usually only exist virtually and are therefore invisible to people without the app.

Independent ridepooling provider

Vehicle from Clevershuttle in Hamburg, 2019

Some companies do commercial ridepooling without the mandate of a public or private organization. The following offers were available in Germany in June 2020:

Many commercial travel agents around the world also offer ride pooling, for example

  • Uber with the UberPool offer
  • Lyft with the Shared Rides offer
  • Ola with the Share
  • Grab with the GrabShare offer

Non-public transport

Ridepooling is also used for traffic that is only available to certain groups of people. For example, the DB subsidiary ioki operated a driving service for employees of Deutsche Bahn in Frankfurt am Main , and for students at Northwestern University in the United States there is a ride pooling offer from the service provider Via .

On-demand ridepooling as part of local public transport

SSB Flex vehicle, 2018

A growing number of public transport companies use on-demand ridepooling systems to expand or replace their conventional transport services. In local public transport, the offers are also referred to as on-demand transport , on-demand mobility or on-demand buses. Especially in off-peak times and areas with low demand, the use of the new technologies offers opportunities to make public transport more attractive from the customer's point of view and to process operations more efficiently than with fixed routes at fixed timetable times. Often the so-called “first and last mile” is the focus, that is, the pre- and post-carriage to the line-bound public transport . For this reason, local transport operators attach great importance to the integration of their on-demand offers into existing tariff and information systems. This can lead to a different classification of such public offers in terms of passenger transport law compared to privately operated offers. So was z. B. SSB Flex , the on-demand service of the Stuttgarter Straßenbahn AG, approved with a line permit according to §42 PBefG.

As a rule, these offers are operated by the local public transport company, so that drivers, operations management and vehicles are their responsibility. Some of the technologies come from the same software providers who also operate independent on-demand offers, but also from companies that develop and sell software exclusively for third-party users.

Examples of ride pooling offers for local public transport include (selection, as of March 2020):

Surname operator place technology Start of operations End of operation
SSB Flex SSB Stuttgart moovel June 2018
MyShuttle KVV District of Karlsruhe moovel (Ettlingen), ioki (Dettenheim, Graben-Neudorf) June 2019 (Ettlingen), December 2019 (Dettenheim, Graben-Neudorf)
myBus DVG Duisburg door2door September 2017
IsarTiger MVG Munich door2door June 2018
Slide ealing RATP Ealing (London) MOIA November 2019
kvgOF hopper kvgOF Offenbach door2door June 2019
Pforzheim shuttle SüdwestBus Pforzheim ioki July 2019
Anton moBiel Bielefeld ViaVan November 2019
BerlKönig BVG Berlin ViaVan September 2018
Flexa LVB Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization October 13, 2019
Mainz rider MVG Mainz ViaVan September 2020

Reduction of the environmental impact in traffic

The providers advertise that road traffic is more efficient and environmentally friendly than private car traffic . This should be done through pooling, i.e. the bundling of several trips. With pooling, vehicles are better utilized, so that they cause fewer CO 2 emissions and pollution per passenger kilometer .

However, whether the pooling actually brings the promised relief is disputed. While the providers in Germany are still in test operation, there are already findings from the USA: In the large US metropolises, new forms of offer have not led to a reduction, but to an increase in driving performance in road traffic. In addition, the offers are usually operated in the high-demand, dense areas - that is, where there is already good access to local public transport. Accordingly, there is a risk that trips from the environmental network (public transport, bicycle, pedestrian traffic) will be cannibalized instead of replacing private car traffic.

Future developments are aimed at the use of autonomous cars that no longer require a human driver. In addition to autonomous driving, CO 2 -free driving is also often seen as a vision of the future. Accordingly, most providers still operate their vehicles conventionally with internal combustion engines .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Martin Schiefelbusch, Christian Mehlert, Daniel Schneider: Der Rufbus Friedrichshafen: Learning from 40 years of flexible local transport . Ed .: NahverkehrsgesellschaftBaden-Württemberg. Stuttgart June 2018 ( nvbw.de [PDF]).
  2. ↑ a b Volker Deutsch: Less or more traffic - effects of Uber, Lyft & Co. on the volume of traffic in cities . In: Road traffic technology . No. 11 . Kirschbaum Verlag, 2018, ISSN  0039-2219 , p. 815-818 .
  3. ↑ The provider for ride sharing | MOIA. Retrieved November 8, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c Christoph Aberle: Mobility as a Service: an offer also for the poor? GIS-based consideration of four ridepooling offers in Hamburg . In: Urban Mobility Symposium Proceedings. Berlin October 11, 2019, p. 19–23 , doi : 10.15480 / 882.2395 ( tuhh.de [accessed October 19, 2019]).
  5. ↑ Moia doubles area and vehicle fleet in Hanover. Retrieved November 8, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Car sharing vs. Ride Hailing - Better to hire than to steer yourself . AlixPartners, In: Wallstreet Online , January 8, 2018.
  7. ^ A b Future Network Mobility NRW: Coordination Office Westphalia (Ed.): On-Demand-Verkehr . August 2018 ( nrw.de [PDF; accessed on June 2, 2020]).
  8. ↑ What is a MOIA breakpoint and how do I find it? In: MOIA. Retrieved June 2, 2020 .
  9. ↑ CleverShuttle - Our cities. In: CleverShuttle. Retrieved June 27, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Match: The innovative taxi sharing service. In: FREE NOW. Retrieved June 2, 2020 .
  11. ^ Ridesharing in Hamburg. In: MOIA. Retrieved June 2, 2020 .
  12. ↑ Uber: UberPool. Retrieved June 2, 2020 .
  13. ^ Lyft Inc: About Shared rides. Retrieved June 2, 2020 (American English).
  14. ^ Ola Cabs: Ola Share for eco-friendly rides at pocket-friendly rates. Retrieved June 2, 2020 .
  15. ↑ GrabShare - On Demand Carpool Ride Sharing Service. In: grab.com. Retrieved June 27, 2020 (American English).
  16. ↑ Automobilwoche: Two electric minibuses are also in use: Bahn is testing app-controlled shared taxis in Frankfurt. November 27, 2017, accessed June 2, 2020 .
  17. ^ Cameron Cook: Safe Ride to be replaced by Via, Northwestern announces. In: The Daily Northwestern. August 12, 2019, accessed June 2, 2020 .
  18. ↑ Get in and have a say: On-demand transports - you decide when and where you want to go. Accessed June 2, 2020 (German).
  19. ↑ How does SSB-Flex work in Stuttgart? July 31, 2019, accessed March 2, 2020 .
  20. ^ Leipzig: Start for "Flexa". In: busundbahn.de. January 21, 2019, accessed August 15, 2020 .
  21. ↑ Bruce Schaller: The New Automobility: Lyft, Uber and the Future of American Cities . Ed .: Schaller Consulting. New York July 2018 ( schallerconsult.com [PDF]).
  22. ^ Christian Burgdorf, Astrid Karl, Maximilian Müller, Nabil Nakkash, Christoph Schaaffkamp: Perspectives on the efficient use of new types of mobility . Ed .: KCW GmbH. No. 2019/267 . Berlin October 1, 2019 ( vzbv.de [PDF]).
  23. ↑ Intelligent sharing of autonomous journeys: ZF enables new forms of mobility in the city. Accessed January 30, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Autonomous driving in public transport - opportunities, risks and the need for political action , by Andreas Knie , Weert Canzler and Lisa Ruhrort, April 2019