Romanesque palatalization

As Roman Palatalisierung several, for the most part to be Latin the antiquity its output acquiring sound change referred to in which the place of articulation of the sounds / k /, / g /, / t /, / d /, / l /, / n / in front of front vowels and half vowels moved from the soft palate or from the teeth to the hard palate . Refers also the subsequent training is usually a sibilant ( Assibilation ) to the affected immediately plosives , so the affricates / ʧ /, ʤ /, / ʣ / / ʦ / / created, which in turn in some Romance dialects to the pure fricatives / ʃ /, / s /, / θ /, / ʒ /, / z / have been simplified.

Palatalization of the lateral

The sound sequence Li transforms gemeinromanisch for in Central and Southern Italy until today preserved geminates [ ʎʎ ]. In most dialects it is to [⁠ ʎ ⁠] simplified and then developed in part on language-specific: In Spanish falls the sound with the by g / j shown / ⁠ ʒ ⁠ / > / x / together, in New French it tends to disappear completely; The Sardinian result is [⁠ ʣ ⁠] . Example: Lat. filia 'daughter'> Italian figlia , Spanish hija , French fille , sard. fidza .

In central Italy, the original lateral before a, e, o, u is raised to the palatal half-vowel i̯ in the case of the sound connections bl , pl , fl , cl , gl : stabulum 'stall'> * stablum > stabbio , plenum 'full'> pieno , florem 'Flower'> fiore , clarum 'bright, clear'> chiaro , glaciatum 'frozen'> ghiacciato .

The Ibero-Romance palatalised in the word beginning cl , fl , pl to [⁠ ʎ ⁠] or [⁠ ʃ ⁠] : lat. Clamare , (according to) call '> span. Llamar , port. Chamar ; lat. flamma 'flame'> span. llama , port. chama ; lat. plenum 'full'> span. lleno , port. cheio .

Palatalization and assibilization of Latin plosives

In late Latin , the sounds identified by t and c first developed before semi-vocal i̯ (<pre-vocal ǐ / ĕ ) from pure occlusive to dental or palatal affricates . From the 5th century onwards, a corresponding assibilization of c in front of every e / i is documented by spellings such as intcitamento instead of incitamento or dissessit instead of discessit . If the result of this sound change was / ʧ / in Romanian , Rhaeto-Romanic , Norman , Picardy and in large parts of Italy , it was / ʦ / on the Iberian Peninsula , Northern Italy and most of the Galloromaniae ; in the course of time these affricates were generally simplified to / s /, / θ /, / ʃ / in many areas . The assibilization of c in Dalmatian (but only before e , before i is also used there) and the northern dialects of Sardinian is omitted .

Following a similar pattern to GI / DI and partly also (i) I and g before e / i (not provided has dwindled, as in it. / Aprov. / Cat. Trenta , lat. Trienta < triginta ) to / ʤ /, / ʣ / and then in some areas to / ʒ /, / z /, / x / ; the point of articulation between voiceless and voiced affricates does not always match, cf. lat. centu (m) / kɛntʊ /> afrz. cent / ʦã (n) t /> n French / sɑ̃ / next to Latin gentes / gɛnteːs /> afrz. gents / ʤã (n) ʦ /> nfrz. gens / ʒɑ̃ /.

These changes in sound are also reflected outside the Romance language area in the pronunciation of Latin as the language of church, school and science as well as in borrowings from it, largely, for example, in English , in relation to ce / ci ( Ceres , Cisleithanien ) and ti̯ ( station , Potential ) also in the German-speaking area , but hardly in medieval Ireland . The pronunciation of the letters c and g in front of the vowel resulting from the two sound change complexes while maintaining the Latin writing habits is occasionally in language-specific phonetic transcription by the series ka - ce / ze - ci / zi - ko - ku (so-called Ka-ze-zi-ko -ku rule) or ga - je / xe - ji / xi - go - gu reproduced or put in a motto of the following kind: “After a, o, u speak c as k , before e and i speak c as z . "

The palatalization of c and g occurs not only before the original e / i , but also before the former diphthongs ae ( Caesar ) and oe ( tragoedia ), which have been preserved to a limited extent in writing, as well as before y in, which is probably also early to / i / de-rounded Greek loan words ( Cyprus , gyrus > Italian. giro ).

Tables

The palatalization found different forms in the different languages. Since foreign words from Latin in non-Romance languages each follow their own rules, these are also listed here as examples.

	C (palatalized)		G (palatalized)		T (palatalized)
language	notation	pronunciation	notation	pronunciation	notation	pronunciation
Italian	c	[ ʧ ]	G	[ ʤ ]	z	[ ʦ ]
French	c	[ s ]	G	[ ʒ ]	t	[ s ]
Spanish	c	[ θ ] / [ s ]	G	[ x ]	c	[ θ ] / [ s ]
Portuguese	c	[ s ]	G	[ ʒ ]	ç	[ s ]
Catalan	c	[ s ]	G	[ ʒ ]	t	[ t ]
Romanian	c	[ ʧ ]	G	[ ʤ ]	ț	[ ʦ ]
English	c	[ s ]	G	[ ʤ ]	t	[ ʃ ]
Swedish	c	[ s ]	G	[ j ]	t	[ ɧ ]
German	z	[ ʦ ]	G	[ g ]	t	[ ʦ ]

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b cf. Seseo .
↑ g is not palatalized in German

Identification of exceptions

Because Romance palatalization means that the spelling of Romance languages uses the same graphemes for different phones , problems arise with the notation of words that palatalize / c / and / g / in front of back vowels or do not palatalize in front of front vowels, i.e. deviate from the rule. These can simply be exceptions or foreign words added after the palatalization. In the Romance languages there are different, but in terms of strategy, comparable methods of marking pronunciations that deviate from the rule. The cedilla , for example, can be used to force the fricative sound in front of the back vowels , and a front vowel is often inserted in between, which only has a characterizing function and is not itself pronounced. It is noticeable in the following table that the Spanish and Italian languages insert the same construction, namely the intermediate h , for exactly opposite purposes:

Target sound		Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	French	Italian	Romanian
description	IPA	Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	French	Italian	Romanian
c palatalized before a	[ sa ] [ t͡sa ] [ ʃa ] [ t͡ʃa ] [ θa ]	ça tsa cha, xa tcha -	sa tsa - cha za	ça tsa xa txa -	ça tsa cha tcha -	sa za scia cia -	sa ța șa cea, cia -
c not palatalised before e	[ ke ]	que	que	que	que	che	che
c not palatalized before i	[ ki ]	qui	qui	qui	qui	chi	chi
c palatalized before o	[ so ] [ t͡so ] [ ʃo ] [ t͡ʃo ] [ θo ]	ço tso cho, xo tcho -	so tso - cho zo	ço tso xo txo -	ço tso cho tcho -	so zo scio cio -	so țo șo ceo, cio -
c palatalized before u	[ su ] [ t͡su ] [ ʃu ] [ t͡ʃu ] [ θu ]	çu tsu chu, xu tchu -	su tsu - chu to	çu tsu xu txu -	çou tsou chou tchou -	su to sciu ciu -	su țu șu ceu, ciu -
g palatalized before a	[ χa ] [ ʒa ] [ d͡ʒa ]	- yes dja	yes - -	- yes well	- yes dja	- - gia	- yes dja, gea
g before e not palatalized	[ ge ]	gue	gue	gue	gue	ghe	ghe
g not palatalised before i	[ gi ]	gui	gui	gui	gui	ghi	ghi
g palatalized before o	[ χo ] [ ʒo ] [ d͡ʒo ]	- jo djo	yo - -	- jo tjo	- jo djo	- - gio	- jo djo, geo
g palatalized before u	[ χu ] [ ʒu ] [ d͡ʒu ]	- ju dju	ju - -	- ju tju	- jou djou	- - giu	- ju dju, geu

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b ^c In Canarian and South American Spanish y or ll can adopt this sound value, see Yeísmo .

↑ ^a ^b ^c The h can come close to the [ χ ] from the actual sound value [ h ] .

The final pronunciation

At the end of a word, the pronunciation of the letters c and g is not uniform in the Romance languages. Most of the time, the Latin solution has been retained, namely the final sound like before a back vowel ( a , o , u ):

Latin sic [ sɪk ] "so",
Catalan Montjuïc [ munʒu'ik ], a mountain near Barcelona ,
Romanian vă rog [ vɘ'rog ] "please".

But there are exceptions to this rule:

Catalan Puig [ put͡ʃ ], a family name.
Italian zarevic [ t͡sa'rɛvit͡ʃ ] "Tsarevich, son of the tsar"
Italian it: Clodig [ 'klodid͡ʒ ], a place name.

Comparative table

C.	German		Italian		French		Spanish
Latin	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation
ce ntrum	center	[ ˈʦɛntʀʊm ]	centro	[ ˈʧɛntro ]	center	[ sɑ̃ːtʀ ]	centro	[ ˈΘen̪tɾo ] / [ ˈsen̪tɾo ]
oc ci dens	Occident	[ ˈƆkʦidɛnt ]	occidente	[ otʧiˈdɛnte ]	occident	[ ɔksidɑ̃ ]	occidente	[ okθiˈðente ] / [ oksiˈðente ]
G	German		Italian		French		Spanish
Latin	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation
ge nus	genus	[ ˈꞬɛnʊs ]	genere	[ Inside ]	genre	[ ʒɑ̃ʁ ]	género	[ ˈXeneɾo ]
re gi o	region	[ ʀeˈɡi̯oːn ]	region	[ re'ʤone ]	region	[ ʁeʒjɔ̃ ]	region	[ reˈxjon ]
T	German		Italian		French		Spanish
Latin	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation	orthography	pronunciation
op ti o	option	[ ɔpˈʦi̯oːn ]	opzione	[ op'ʦjone ]	option	[ ɔp.sjɔ̃ ]	opción	[ opˈθjon ] / [ opˈsjon ]

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b ^c cf. Seseo .

Web links

Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro: Escuela española de sordomudos, ó Arte para enseñarles á escribir y hablar el idioma español. 1795, Retrieved January 12, 2011 (Spanish).
Francisco Gabriel Malo de Medina: Guia del niño instruido, y padre educado. Imprenta Real (Madrid), accessed January 12, 2011 (Spanish).

References and comments

↑ ^a ^b ^c Reinhard Kiesler, Introduction to the Problem of Vulgar Latin , Tübingen 2006, p. 46.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Peter Stotz, Handbook on the Latin Language of the Middle Ages. Third volume: Lautlehre , Munich 1996, ISBN 3 406 40362 X , § 240.2 (a); §§ 151/156 (b); §§ 167/173/175 (c); Section 152 (d); Section 61 (e).
↑ Theo Vennemann, Structural complexity of consonant clusters: A phonologist's view , in: Philip Hole (Ed.) Et al., Consonant Clusters and Structural Complexity , Berlin / Boston 2012, ISBN 978-1-61451-076-5 , e- ISBN 978-1-61451-077-2 , ISSN 1861-4167 , p. 18th
↑ Ángel Herrero: Escuela española de sordomudos, 2008, p. 344
↑ something in terms of the letter C , in: Hannoverisches Magazine , 11 ^th piece, Freytag, the 6 ^th February 1778, p. 165.
↑ Francisco Gabriel Malo de Medina, Guia del niño instruido, y padre educado, cartilla y caton para todas artes , Madrid 1787, p. 15f.
↑ John B. Ricord Madianna, An Improved French Grammar , New York 1812, p. 5.
↑ See Google Book Search.

[th-9] . Seseo .

[g-10] s not palatalized in German

[y-11] In Canarian and South American Spanish y or ll can adopt this sound value, see Yeísmo .

[th-13] . Seseo .

[Kiesler-1] Reinhard Kiesler, Introduction to the Problem of Vulgar Latin , Tübingen 2006, p. 46.

[Stotz-2] Peter Stotz, Handbook on the Latin Language of the Middle Ages. Third volume: Lautlehre , Munich 1996, ISBN 3 406 40362 X , § 240.2 (a); §§ 151/156 (b); §§ 167/173/175 (c); Section 152 (d); Section 61 (e).

[3] Theo Vennemann, Structural complexity of consonant clusters: A phonologist's view , in: Philip Hole (Ed.) Et al., Consonant Clusters and Structural Complexity , Berlin / Boston 2012, ISBN 978-1-61451-076-5 , e- ISBN 978-1-61451-077-2 , ISSN 1861-4167 , p. 18th

[4] Ángel Herrero: Escuela española de sordomudos, 2008, p. 344

[5] something in terms of the letter C , in: Hannoverisches Magazine , 11 ^th piece, Freytag, the 6 ^th February 1778, p. 165.

[6] Francisco Gabriel Malo de Medina, Guia del niño instruido, y padre educado, cartilla y caton para todas artes , Madrid 1787, p. 15f.

[7] John B. Ricord Madianna, An Improved French Grammar , New York 1812, p. 5.

[8] See Google Book Search.