Cable car support
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A cable car support ( Swiss High German ; mast ) is a tower-like construction for tracking and supporting the ropes of a cable car in order to ensure a defined distance between the vehicles traveling on the ropes above the site.
Construction
Cable car supports can be designed as a steel framework , but also as a steel tube or sheet metal box structure, less often as a reinforced concrete structure . Sometimes a closed steel body is chosen for design reasons instead of the actually more economical steel lattice mast. Wooden supports are only found in small material ropeways. During the Second World War, work began on a cable car near Mittersill , which had an 80 meter high wooden support. However, this plant never went into operation and was destroyed in 1955.
Cable car supports consist of a foundation, support base, the actual mast (or middle part) and the so-called crosshead , these are cantilever arms , at the outer ends of which the cable-bearing and cable-guiding components (see section Function ) are attached. However, they can also be designed as portal supports , especially in the case of smaller cable car systems and drag lifts , in which the cable-carrying and cable-guiding components are attached to a cross member within the construction, which is supported on both sides by portal girders.
Cable car supports have to withstand high dynamic loads, especially for large gondola lifts. Sometimes cable car supports are not listed as vertical, but as diagonal structures in order to be able to better transfer the forces that occur into the subsurface. If the cabins of an aerial tramway meet directly at the support, this must be reinforced because of the increased wind loads .
The height of the support depends on the terrain profile and the requirements for the permissible minimum and maximum heights of the respective cable car construction above the terrain. In the mountains, it can happen that instead of a small support, which would stand on poor ground or would have to be built in a difficult-to-access place, a much higher support is built elsewhere. Cable car supports regularly have fixed ladders for the maintenance staff, and some very tall structures also have a maintenance elevator. There is often the possibility that the maintenance personnel have access to the components of the supports that require maintenance from the gondolas or from special maintenance vehicles traveling on ropes.
Sometimes cable car supports can be very complex structures, especially if they also accommodate an intermediate stop for getting on and off. This can be important for winter sports, for example. The well-known cable car support Torre Jaume I of the Barcelona port cable car has an intermediate station on its top that is accessible with the help of an elevator.
Examples:
- ↑ so at the Predigtstuhlbahn and the Jenesien cable car
- ↑ so on the Portland Aerial Tram
- ↑ Example: Gant – Hohtälli cable car , see Largest Support , seilbahnen.org
Special designs
Glacier support
There are special glacier supports for light gondola lifts, chairlifts and drag lifts on glaciers .
Hanging supports
A cable car support of an unusual design is the hanging support, which manages without a mast or support base. The parts usually attached to the crosshead are suspended from a rope running transversely to the suspension and haulage ropes, which is attached to anchor points in rocks.
Probably the only public transport railway that uses such a suspended support, Pylône suspendu in French , has the Vallée Blanche small gondola lift in the Mont-Blanc massif . Between two rocks, the Big Flambeau and the Little Flambeau, three 315 meter long ropes are stretched at an angle to the direction of travel, which take on the function of the supporting structure, as it was not possible to build a conventional support on the glacier. There are two steel frames on the three cross ropes, to which the rope support shoes and pulley batteries for each lane are attached.
The Handegg – Gerstenegg cable car of the Oberhasli power plant , which was put into operation in 1953 , also had a hanging support that lifted the ropes from an avalanche slope so that they could not be damaged by the avalanche. The runway was canceled in spring 2004.
Another cable car with suspended supports was the Tierfehd – Chinzen – Hintersand construction cableway , which was in operation from 1959 to 1969 for the construction of the Linth-Limmern power plants.
Suspension supports for the Vallée Blanche small gondola lift
Suspended supports of the Tierfehd – Chinzen – Hintersand construction cable car above the Sandalp
Detail of the hanging supports of the Tierfehd – Chinzen – Hintersand construction cable car
Suspension supports for the Handegg – Gerstenegg aerial cableway from 1953
functionality
Guiding of running ropes
For the vertical and horizontal guidance of running ropes (pulling and hauling ropes), fillet pulleys are used, the running surface of which is usually provided with a rubber or plastic insert , the pulley lining . The actual rope groove in which the rope runs is worked into this . Raised roller rims should prevent the rope from jumping off (derailing) to the side .
If several rollers are used one behind the other to reduce the deflection and bending angle of the rope on the individual rollers, these rollers are stored in pairs, one behind the other, in roller cradles or roller rockers , in order to ensure an even distribution of the roller load according to the principle of the balance beam. Several roller cradles arranged one behind the other in a steel frame are a roller battery , these roller batteries are in turn mounted rotatably at the ends of the crossheads of the support in the track width of the system.
The greater the required deflection of the rope, for example to achieve a smooth transition from a sloping section to a horizontal station entrance of a gondola or chairlift , the longer and more complex the roller batteries have to be made on the station supports. If such extensive roller sets with a large change in inclination are combined in a single, connected structure, one speaks of a dome structure .
Double and multi-rope lifts
In the case of multi-cable railways with separate traction and support cables, e.g. B. on aerial tramways , not only the running traction ropes, but also the static suspension ropes must be supported in a way that allows the vehicles to drive over them. For this purpose, the suspension ropes lie on metal rope carrier shoes, these are rail-like components with a groove-shaped groove on the upper side, in which the suspension ropes lie and can slide back and forth in the direction of travel to compensate for the moving weight of the vehicles and the different tension loads. In older constructions, especially in Lorean cableways, these support shoes are arranged to be rotatable about a pin in order to adapt to the various cable deflection angles that occur during operation. In modern, larger and faster moving systems, the carrying shoes are longer and firmly mounted on the crossheads in the form of an upright arched segment. The length of the support cable shoe and its radius of curvature are dimensioned in such a way that no excessive cable bending occurs under all cable deflection angles of the incoming and outgoing cable routes and that the vehicles can drive over gently. In the case of cable cars with safety brakes (including most aerial tramways), the sectional profile of the support cable shoes is so shaped that the brake shoes of the safety brake can act on the support cable even while the support is being passed over the support cable; the cable usually only rests in the groove in the lower third of its circumference .
The traction ropes run over roller batteries usually directly below the cable shoes, in the case of railways with two cable shoes between the cable shoes. With older systems and material ropeways , there is still the deep pull rope storage , where the pull rope is placed on pulleys that are stored on additional cantilever arms below the level of the vehicles. These pulleys are provided with rope guides , a bow construction that puts the rope, which is lifted off when each vehicle passes, back into the pulley (examples of the Leimen – Nussloch material ropeway , Brauneck mountain railway ).
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Holders and hold-downs
While cable car supports in multi-cable cable car systems always carry the ropes and are driven over on the upper side, there are supports for single cable cars and ski lifts to maintain the ground clearance depending on the requirements of the terrain, but especially in front of the valley stations, which are traversed by the ropes on the underside. These supports are called hold-down supports or hold-down supports .
Supports in which the rope is passed between a battery of rollers above and below are called alternating load supports . This type of construction can be necessary if positive or negative load cases can occur on the support with little rope deflection and thus little contact force on the rollers. Before the introduction of interchangeable load supports, a combination of a slightly lower hold-down support and a higher hold-down support was set up at a short distance from one another at such locations, thus achieving sufficient rope deflection. Such a combination is known as a knight's jump .
As a special feature, the funicular on the Stoos in Switzerland, in contrast to most such railways , also travels horizontally from the valley station and therefore requires a hold-down system for the pull rope.
Gallery of building types
Cable car to the Pfänder in Bregenz
Haute-Nendaz, Canton of Valais
Funitel in Val Thorens, France
Chalmazel chairlift , France
The last not demolished pillar of the former Bad Dürkheim gondola lift
Supports of the Vinpearl Cable Car in the sea
Support of the Pic du Midi cable car in the Pyrenees
Support of the material ropeway in Nussloch
Suspended support of the Vallée Blanche small gondola lift
Support of the Emirates Air Line in London
Carrying rope shoes on the support of a cable car with two carrying ropes
High cable car pillars worldwide
| Surname | Construction year | country | place | height | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ha Long Queen Cable Car | 2016 | Vietnam | Ha Long | 188.88 m | Highest cable car pillar in the world; Erected from concrete in slipform construction. | |
| Hòn Thơm cable car , pillar 4 | 2017 | Vietnam | Hòn Thơm | 164 m | Connection of the holiday islands Phú Quốc and Hòn Thơm, the columns are constructed using slipform construction. | |
| Zugspitze cable car | 2017 | Germany | Garmisch-Partenkirchen | 127 m | Highest pillar in Europe, tallest steel framework pillar worldwide | |
| Kaprun 1 glacier lift ; 3rd section | 1966 | Austria | Kaprun | 113.60 m | Highest pillar in Europe by 2017 | |
| Skyway Monte Bianco 2nd section | 2015 | Italy | Courmayeur | 110 m | ||
| Mississippi Aerial River Transit Warehouse District, Algiers | 1984 | United States | New Orleans | 109 m | Highest cable car pillar of a gondola by 2016; Pile foundation 87 m deep; Dismantled in 1994 | |
| Torre Jaume I | 1931 | Spain | Barcelona | 107 m | Cable car support with intermediate stop of the Barcelona port cable car | |
| Piz Val Grondabahn | 2013 | Austria | Ischgl |
96 m |
||
| Gant – Hohtälli II cable car | 1998 | Switzerland | Zermatt | 94 m | ||
| Singapore Cable Car II | 1972 | Singapore | Singapore | 88 m | from Mount Faber to Sentosa | |
| Eibsee cable car II | 1962 | Germany | Garmisch-Partenkirchen | 85 m | ||
| Volga cable car Nizhny Novgorod , pillars 4 and 5 | 2012 | Russia | Nizhny Novgorod | 82 m | ||
| 3S-Bahn Saukasergraben I | 2004 | Austria | Kitzbühel | 80 m | ||
| Aiguille des Grands Montets II | 1960 | France | Chamonix | 80 m | ||
| Material ropeway Mittersill I, II | 194? | Austria | Mittersill | 80 m | Two 80 meter high cable car pillars of a material cable car that never went into operation. One of these cable car supports was a wooden structure, the other a steel structure. Dismantled in the 50s | |
| Singapore Cable Car I | 1972 | Singapore | Singapore | 80 m | ||
| Torre Sant Sebastia | 1931 | Spain | Barcelona | 78 m | Terminal stop of the Barcelona harbor cable car | |
| Wendelstein cable car I | 1970 | Germany | Bayrischzell | 75 m | ||
| Sandia Peak Tramway 1 | 1965 | United States | Albuquerque | 70.7 m | crooked construction, inclined at 18 degrees | |
| Mtatsminda monocable gondola | 2017 | Georgia | Tbilisi | 69.7 m | Truss column №3 (under construction) | |
| Alpspitzbahn III | 1972 | Germany | Garmisch-Partenkirchen | 67 m | ||
| Eibsee cable car I | 1962 | Germany | Garmisch-Partenkirchen | 65 m | ||
| Vinpearl Cable Car 2-8 | 2007 | Vietnam | Nha Trang | 65 m | Steel pillars stand on 50 m high concrete scaffolding in the sea, total height 115 m | |
| Glacier Jet 4 | 2016 | Austria | Kitzsteinhorn | 65 m | Truss column №6 |
literature
- Peter Sedivy: Lecture materials "Cable car construction". (PDF; 6.5 MB) Institute for Infrastructure, Intelligent Transport Systems division at the University of Innsbruck, 2012, archived from the original on December 24, 2013 ; accessed on November 28, 2015 .
- Stephan Liedl: Lecture script for cable car technology. Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics at the Technical University of Munich; 1999, PDF file; 8.23 MB PDF
See also
Web links
- Cable car supports on structurae
- Presentation of different cable car supports on skyscraper page (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ From here the cable car hovers over Lake Zurich Article in the Tages-Anzeiger of January 30, 2018
- ↑ Representation on skyscraperpage
- ↑ a b c d A. Schönholzer: The construction of cable cars in the high mountains . In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung . tape 87 , no. 36 , September 4, 1969, pp. 678-682 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-70765 .
- ↑ Video clip crossing a cable car pillar with the typical commuting of the gondola (Weisshornbahn Arosa around 1988)
- ↑ How a removable battery works (video clip)
- ↑ Artur Doppelmayr: Food for thought on the functional fulfillment of monocable gondolas , ISBN 3-9500815-1-8 , Chapter 2.3.3.2 Roller batteries (available as MS Word file, 3.7 MB), accessed on August 27, 2013
- ↑ www.20minuten.ch, 20 minutes, 20 minutes, www.20min.ch: 20 minutes - the Swiss are building the world's largest gondola lift - Central Switzerland. Retrieved July 1, 2016 .
- ↑ Ha Long Heavy Lifting on the website of GleitbauSalzburg