Campione d'Italia

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Campione d'Italia
coat of arms
Campione d'Italia (Italy)
Campione d'Italia
Country Italy
region Lombardy
province Como  (CO)
Coordinates 45 ° 58 ′  N , 8 ° 58 ′  E Coordinates: 45 ° 58 ′ 15 "  N , 8 ° 58 ′ 15"  E
height 273  m slm
surface 2.6 km²
Residents 2.003 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density 770 inhabitants / km²
Factions Capernago, Castello, Cottima, Fornace, Fornaci, Ori, Posero, Sasso del Cane, Scirèe, Scigogna, Valdancio
Post Code 22061
prefix +41 (Switzerland)
ISTAT number 013040
Popular name Campionesi
Patron saint San Zenone ( April 12 )
Website Campione d'Italia
Campione d'Italia
Campione d'Italia
Location of Campione

Campione d'Italia (usually Campione for short ) is an Italian exclave surrounded by the Swiss canton of Ticino with 2003 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019). It is separated from the rest of Italy by Lake Lugano , settlements ( Bissone , Caprino ) and mountains ( Sighignola ) on Swiss territory.

geography

Campione is located on the eastern shore of Lake Lugano . It has an area of ​​2.6 km² (0.9 km² land and 1.7 km² lake area); the north-south extension of the area is about 2.45 km. The length of the land border with Switzerland is about 7 km. The municipality has land and sea borders with Arogno , Bissone , Lugano , Melide and Paradiso , all of which are in Canton Ticino. About 500 meters as the crow flies separate Campione from its mother country Italy.

history

The special status of Campiones goes back to the year 777, when the Lombard ruler Toto von Campione bequeathed the area to the monastery of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan in his will . It remained in their possession for 1020 years.

For centuries, especially from the 12th to the 14th centuries, Campione was known for its artisans, the famous Maestri Campionesi : stonemasons, sculptors, painters, architects and builders, whose works were created all over northern Italy.

The village was considered part of the Lugano Valley and later even as part of the Lugano Bailiwick, subject to the feudal rights of the abbey mentioned. In 1412 and 1477 it enjoyed duty-free vis-à-vis Lugano, which was confirmed by the Confederates in 1513 . At the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants of Campione fought alongside the Confederates against the French who held the castle of Lugano. At the time of the governors Campione had to pay the XII cantons for 1.5 men war tax. In 1542 they wanted to exercise high jurisdiction in Campione, but the Spanish governor of Milan opposed this plan and they had to recognize the high and low jurisdiction of the St. Ambrose Monastery.

On his arrival in 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte abolished all church properties and added Campione to the newly created Cisalpine Republic , while Ticino was also elevated from the subject area of ​​central Switzerland to an equivalent federal canton by Napoleon in 1798 . So Napoleon took into account the historical circumstances from the Middle Ages in his decision. Ticino tried to move from Campione to Switzerland as early as 1800 and again during the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. “The most remote municipality in Switzerland”, Indemini , was offered as an exchange item . However, both attempts were unsuccessful.

The Lombardy and thus Campione 1861 part of the Kingdom of Italy . In the same year, a border adjustment between the Kingdom of Italy and the Swiss Confederation was agreed. Previously, the territory of Campione had also included the opposite coast of San Martino with the part of the Poststrasse between Lugano and Melide. Since then, the border runs in the middle of the lake. This was important for the Gotthard Railway , which was built a few years later and which was then located exclusively on Swiss territory until Chiasso . In return, Campione was given free access to the Swiss market. The border adjustment of 1861 was the last change of the border between Campione and Switzerland. In 1923, boundary stones were updated to better mark the boundary.

The addition d'Italia was added to the name under Mussolini in 1933 to underline the territory's belonging to Italy. During this time the archway at the entrance to the village was built.

Until December 31, 2019, Campione d'Italia was not part of the customs territory of the European Union according to Art. 4 of the Union Customs Code , but it was part of the European Union . On the other hand - in contrast to the Principality of Liechtenstein and Büsingen am Hochrhein  - there was no international treaty integrating Campione into the Swiss customs area . Such was the aim of the Italian side, but it was abandoned after it became clear how difficult the negotiations on the Büsingen Customs Union Treaty were. The enclave was thus de facto the customs territory of Switzerland. There were no customs controls between Switzerland and Campione until the end of 2019.

particularities

On January 1, 2020, Campione d'Italia moved to the customs area of ​​the European Union. Because the municipality lost its most important source of income due to the bankruptcy of the casino, it was no longer able to pay for the services provided by the canton of Ticino. On June 30, 2019, Campione's debts to the Canton of Ticino and private companies amounted to around five million francs. The Italian parliament approved a loan of 5.5 million francs to repay debt. The canton of Ticino had put pressure on Italy by initially blocking the transfer of CHF 3.8 million withholding taxes . According to an agreement between Italy and Switzerland reached at the end of 2019, services such as waste disposal and wastewater treatment will continue to be carried out by Ticino companies for the time being. The Campionesi have their Swiss license plate (in the course of 2020 license plates ) of the Canton of Ticino with the symbol TI Make (Ticino) and login again in Italy. The driver's license must also be changed within this period.

In addition to the Italian-speaking Campionesi and a few Swiss people, several hundred Germans live in the village as a result of the free movement of people in the European Union, not least for tax reasons. Among them are or were some celebrities, e.g. B. the actor Mario Adorf .

View from Campione over the lake to Switzerland with Lugano on the northern shore of the lake

The place benefited from special regulations for Italians on Swiss territory. The vehicles of the Campionesi, including those of the local police ( polizia municipale ) , had license plates of the canton of Ticino until the end of 2019.

The landline telephone network is almost exclusively Swiss (the municipal administration is an exception), which means that calls from Italy usually have to start with the area code 0041 and are therefore international calls. The mobile phone coverage is currently (Feb. 2019) also only provided by Swiss mobile phone providers whose networks are operated via transmitters on Swiss territory. There are no mobile radio transmitters in the municipality of Campiones, planned systems were never implemented or dismantled due to unprofitability. Until the end of 2019, Campione had both a Swiss (6911) and an Italian postcode (22061), similar to the German Büsingen am Hochrhein . In the years from 1944 to 1952, the place issued its own postage stamps , which aroused great philatelic interest (see Postal History and Postage Stamps of Campione d'Italia ).

In Campione, the canton of Ticino takes care of rubbish collection, sewage treatment, connection to public transport, fire brigade, maintenance of the only access road via Bissone and the use of Swiss hospitals and schools by the residents of Campione. For this, the municipality pays a six-figure sum to Switzerland every year.

economy

Campione is economically well integrated into Switzerland. The Swiss franc is the official currency. Payment is usually made in Swiss francs.

The striking casino building on the shores of Lake Lugano at night

In 1917, during the First World War , the first casino was opened in Campione . The idea behind was to elicit military secrets from foreign diplomats in a relaxed atmosphere on “neutral territory”. Campione used to benefit greatly from its casino, whose new building opened on May 9, 2007 for 82.5 million Swiss francs (50 million euros). It is the largest casino in Europe, designed by the well-known Swiss architect Mario Botta . In July 2018, this casino went bankrupt because losses of 132 million euros had accumulated, especially since the lifting of the minimum euro exchange rate in 2015. 500 casino employees and 100 community employees lost their jobs. For legal reasons, a new casino cannot be opened until around 2023. There are only three other casinos in Italy (in San Remo , Venice and Saint-Vincent (Aosta Valley) ). The laws for gambling halls are less strict in Campione than in the rest of Italy or Switzerland.

The residents of Campione can work in Switzerland on the same terms as the Swiss. According to the Italian-Swiss double taxation agreement , you do not have to pay tax on the income generated at your place of residence, but in Switzerland at the local rates. The Swiss tax authorities transfer part of this income to Italy.

It looks completely different with self-employed and freelancers. Until a few years ago, Campione was strongly favored by Italian tax law, as the residents' income, which was usually in Swiss francs, was converted into lire at a fixed exchange rate - a currency that was constantly depreciating. Even today, the Italian Minister for Economic Affairs and Finance sets a conversion rate every three years for the taxation of income earned in Swiss francs, e.g. B. 2007 in the amount of 0.52135 euros per franc. The actual rate at that point was 0.64587. Similar to the additional tax exemption for the German enclave Büsingen on the Upper Rhine, which is also located in the Swiss economic area, the difference is intended to take into account the residents' higher living costs. In addition, a flat-rate deduction of 20% applies to income of up to CHF 200,000 generated locally. In practice, this means that even with an upscale lifestyle, only comparatively low taxes are actually due.

Due to the excellent budget situation of the municipality until 2010, it waived the municipal property tax (imposta comunale immobiliare, ICI) . Apartments in Campione are relatively expensive, not least because of their preferred location on the lake.

In Campione, a consumption tax was introduced from January 1, 2020, which corresponds to the Swiss VAT . Unlike in Switzerland, where a standard VAT rate of 7.7% applies, no VAT was charged in Campione until 2019. However, the VAT paid in Switzerland on goods could not be reclaimed if they were brought to Campione. Conversely, no VAT had to be paid on purchases in Campione when crossing the border into Switzerland. The residents of Campione, just like the Swiss, can reclaim the VAT paid on goods purchased in the European Union - for example in nearby Italy - after they have been exported from the customs area of ​​the European Union.

Attractions

  • Former church of San Zenone, mentioned in 756, enlarged in the 14th century; current community art gallery
  • Archaeological finds under San Zenone
  • Museo parrocchiale
  • New Parish Church of San Zenone, (1966–1967) Architect: Mario Salvadè ; Baptismal font (1576)
  • Sanctuary of Santa Maria dei Ghirli, with frescoes (13th-18th centuries)
  • Oratory of San Pietro, in Roma square, mentioned in 1148
  • Casinò di Campione, built (2007), architect: Mario Botta
  • Single-family house (1959) in Via Fusina 4, architect: Dolf Schnebli

Culture

  • Galleria Civica San Zenone
  • Henze & Ketterer Gallery
  • Galleria Tonino

Sports

  • Associazione Polisportiva Campionese

Personalities

photos

  • Former parish church of San Zenone, municipality art gallery

  • Casino Casinò di Campione

  • Piazza Indipendenza on the border with the Swiss municipality of Bissone

  • Waterfront promenade and ship landing stage

  • Sanctuary of the Madonna dei Ghirli

See also

literature

  • Marco Dubini : Campione d'Italia. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . August 26, 2003 .
  • Virgilio Gilardoni : Il Romanico. Catalogo dei monumenti nella Repubblica e Cantone del Ticino. La Vesconta, Casagrande, Bellinzona 1967, pp. 27, 183, 184, 230, 240, 252, 260-262, 265, 376, 410, 415.
  • Simona Martinoli among others: Guida d'arte della Svizzera italiana. Edizioni Casagrande, Bellinzona 2007, pp. 359-362.
  • Celestino Trezzini: Campione d'Italia. In Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz , Volume 2, Brusino – Caux . Attinger, Neuenburg 1921, p. 482. (accessed on July 17, 2017).
  • Luciano Vaccaro, Giuseppe Chiesi, Fabrizio Panzera: Terre del Ticino. Diocesi di Lugano. Editrice La Scuola, Brescia 2003.
  • Various authors: Il Santuario dei Ghirli in Campione d'Italia. Guida storico-artistica. Edizioni Pedrazzini, Locarno 1984.

Web links

Commons : Campione d'Italia  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Statistiche demografiche ISTAT. Monthly population statistics of the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica , as of December 31 of 2019.
  2. ↑ Totonids
  3. ↑ Campione d'Italia, p. 482 at biblio.unibe.ch/digibern/hist_bibliog_lexikon_schweiz (accessed on July 17, 2017).
  4. ↑ First edition of the Dufour card
  5. ↑ to information from the District Directorate of Customs Schaffhausen, April 15 1971st
  6. ↑ a b c Gerhard Lob Surrounded by Switzerland: An Italian exclave in Ticino becomes a customs territory of the EU. In the Luzerner Zeitung (online), January 5, 2020.
  7. ↑ EUR-Lex: inclusion of the Italian municipality of Campione d'Italia and the part of Lake Lugano belonging to the Italian territory into the customs territory of the Union
  8. ↑ Heavily indebted Campione can pay off first debts. In: St. Galler Tagblatt (online), 24 July 2019
  9. ↑ a b “Campione d'Italia” - the reverse Brexit. In: Echo der Zeit from Radio SRF , broadcast on December 21, 2019
  10. ↑ https://www.ubs.com/ch/de/private/accounts-and-cards/information/magazine/2019/the-new-100-franc-note.html
  11. ^ Ticino government council wants to make Italian village Swiss. On SRF News , September 17, 2019
  12. ↑ Peter Jankovsky: Rien ne va plus in the roulette village. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from September 1, 2018.
  13. ↑ Stef Stauffer: The most imposing casino in Europe is closed. Tessiner Zeitung, August 2, 2018, p. 8.
  14. ↑ https://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/files/download/servizi/servizi-commerciali-e-suap/applicazione-norme-esenzione-iva.pdf
  15. ↑ a b c d e Simona Martinoli and others: Guida d'arte della Svizzera italiana. Ed. Society for Swiss Art History , Edizioni Casagrande, Bellinzona 2007, ISBN 978-88-7713-482-0 , pp. 359–362.
  16. ↑ Former Church of San Zenone
  17. ↑ Donatella Caporusso: Campione d'Italia, scavi archeologici nella ex chiesa di San Zenone. (Italian) on e-periodica.ch (accessed January 15, 2017).
  18. ↑ Museo parrocchiale ( Memento from September 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ^ Casinò di Campione
  20. ^ Galleria Civica San Zenone ( Memento from September 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ↑ Henze & Ketterer Gallery
  22. ^ Galleria Tonino
  23. ^ Associazione Polisportiva Campionese ( Memento of June 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )