List of exclaves and enclaves

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A complicated demarcation in Europe can be found in the Belgian-Dutch town of Baarle .

The list of enclaves and enclaves includes enclaves and enclaves at the state level and some examples at the non-state level.

Exclaves and enclaves at international level

area Area in km² Exclave of Enclave in Comments, location
Africa
Cabinda 7,270, 000 Angola - Lies between the areas of the Republic of the Congo (in the north) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (in the south).
Ceuta 18.500 Spain - Spanish exclave on the North African Mediterranean coast, borders only on Morocco and is separated from it by a neutral zone.
Chizumulu 3, 000 Malawi Mozambique Malawian island in Lake Malawi , completely surrounded by Mozambican territorial waters .
Likoma 15th, 000 Malawi Mozambique Malawian island in Lake Malawi , completely surrounded by Mozambican territorial waters .
Lesotho 30,355, 000 - South Africa Lesotho is a sovereign state enclosed by South Africa. From 1976 to 1994, Lesotho was not an enclave according to the South African view, as it also bordered the Transkei , which had been declared independent from South Africa, during this time .
Melilla 13.400 Spain - Spanish exclave on the North African Mediterranean coast, borders only on Morocco and is separated from it by a neutral zone.
Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 0.019 Spain - Spanish exclave on the North African Mediterranean coast, borders only on Morocco.
America
Alaska 1,717,854, 000 United States - From the 48 "continental states" by land only accessible via Canada .
French Guiana 83,534, 000 France - Since 1946 as an overseas department, part of the French national territory and thus an exclave. Borders with Brazil and Suriname .
Islas Apipé Argentina Paraguay Argentine archipelago in the Río Paraná , completely surrounded by Paraguayan territorial waters .
Isla Entre Ríos Argentina Paraguay An uninhabited Argentine island in the Río Paraná , completely surrounded by Paraguayan territorial waters . 39 km west of Islas Apipé.
Isla Martín García 1.840 Argentina Uruguay Argentine island in the estuary of the Río de la Plata , completely surrounded by Uruguayan territorial waters.
Northwest Angle 1,544.500 United States - Peninsula on Lake of the Woods , only accessible by land via Canada.
Point Roberts , Washington State 12.650 United States - Location on a peninsula between the Strait of Georgia and Boundary Bay , only accessible by land via Canada.
Province Point , Vermont United States - Location on a peninsula in Lake Champlain , only accessible by land via Canada (Province of Québec).
Asia
Arzwasch (Արծվաշեն) 40, 000 Armenia Azerbaijan Belongs to Gegharkunik Province , occupied by Azerbaijan since 1992.
Barak 2, 000 Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png
Barxudarlı 22nd, 000 Azerbaijan Armenia Belongs to the province of Qazax , surrounded by the Armenian province of Tavush , occupied by Armenia.
Chong Kara Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png
Dahagram-Angarpota 25.950 Bangladesh India After the ratification of the Indian-Bangladeshi border treaty in 2015, Dahagram-Angarpota remained the only one of the over 100 Indian-Bangladeshi enclaves to date .
Dhekelia exclaves 3.082 Republic of Cyprus Dhekelia 4 Cypriot enclaves within the British Sovereign Base Area (SBA)
  • Refugee Camp (EAC Refugee Settlement)
  • Power plant, south of the refugee camp, separated by an SBA road
  • Ormideia
  • Xylotymvou
Erenköy / Kokkina 2.500 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus - De facto, since the TRNC is not recognized internationally,
abandoned Turkish Cypriot village, today a military base.
Gaza Strip 360, 000 Palestinian Territories - With borders with Egypt and Israel .
Kərki 19th, 000 Azerbaijan Armenia Belongs to the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic , lies within the Armenian province of Ararat , occupied by Armenia since 1992.
Madha 75, 000 Oman United Arab Emirates
Musandam Peninsula 1,800, 000 Oman - Also sometimes incorrectly referred to as an enclave in the United Arab Emirates .
Nakhchivan 5,500, 000 Azerbaijan - With borders to Armenia , Iran and Turkey .
Nahwa United Arab Emirates Oman If Madha lies within the enclave , it is therefore an enclave in an enclave ( second-order enclave ).
Oe-Cusse Ambeno 817.230 East Timor -
Tomb of Sulayman Shah 0.020 Turkey Syria Turkey claims the approximately two hectare large and controlled area around the tomb of Sulayman Shah - at least the latter has belonged to it since the conclusion of the Ankara Treaty - in northern Syria, which is, however, controversial.
Sarwan 8.400 Tajikistan Uzbekistan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png
Shohimardon 90, 000 Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png
So'x 325, 000 Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png
Jangail Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png
Woruch 130, 000 Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png
Yuxarı Əskipara and Aşağı Əskipara Azerbaijan Armenia Belongs to the province of Qazax , surrounded by the Armenian province of Tavush , occupied by Armenia.
Street section southeast of the Kairagatsch station, no place <1, 000 Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Exclaves of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.png In the map the marked area in the extreme west of Kyrgyzstan
Europe
Baarle-Hertog 2,345 Belgium Netherlands The small town of Baarle around 40 km northeast of Antwerp is divided between Belgium and the Netherlands. However, it is a single grown place.
  • 22 Belgian exclaves surrounded by Dutch territory. The state borders even run through individual houses and living spaces.
Baarle-Nassau 0.151 Netherlands Belgium
  • A Dutch exclave is surrounded by the main Belgian territory,
  • Seven more are within Belgian enclaves.
Brezovica Žumberačka 0.018 Croatia Slovenia
  • A Croatian exclave is undisputed.
  • It is unclear whether there is another Croatian exclave in the vicinity due to a controversial border.
Büsingen on the Upper Rhine 7.620 Germany Switzerland Has existed as a German customs exclusion area since 1835 , de facto as a Swiss customs area from 1947 to 1967 and de jure as a Swiss customs area since October 4, 1967 .
Campione d'Italia 1.600 Italy Switzerland One of the oldest exclaves, has existed since 777
Southern part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County Croatia - Separated from the rest of Croatia by the Neum corridor belonging to Bosnia-Herzegovina .
Kaliningrad Oblast 15,125, 000 Russia - Borders with Poland and Lithuania and has access to the Baltic Sea.
Llívia 12.840 Spain France Spanish exclave in the Pyrenees
Međurečje 3,958 Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia
Sankowo-Medweschje 4.540 Russia Belarus Villages of a Russian exclave abandoned as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster .
San Marino 60.570 - Italy San Marino is a sovereign state.
Vatican city 0.440 - Italy Vatican City is a sovereign state.
Vennbahn exclaves 24.876 Germany Belgium 5 German exclaves are separated to the west of the former Vennbahn, since the railway line is Belgian national territory.
area Area in km² Exclave of Enclave in Comments, location

Exclaves and enclaves at the subnational level

Belgium

Germany
Exclaves and enclaves of the city and state of Bremen and the city of Bremerhaven.

France

In France , the canton of Valréas in the department of Vaucluse (84), also known as the Papal Enclave, is completely within the department of Drôme .

Austria

The federal state of Vienna is an enclave in Lower Austria . East Tyrol is an exclave of the state of Tyrol .

Switzerland

The two cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden together form an enclave in the canton of St. Gallen .

There are also numerous smaller exclaves at canton level:

Exclave of area Enclave in Remarks
Aargau Fahr Monastery Zurich
Appenzell Innerrhoden Oberegg - 2 exclaves
Appenzell Innerrhoden Grimmenstein Monastery Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Appenzell Innerrhoden Wonnenstein Monastery Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Basel-Country Roggenburg - Border with point contact ( four-country point )
Bern Clavaleyres -
Bern Münchenwiler Freiburg
Bern Scold - Border with point contact ( four-country point )
Freiburg Estavayer-le-Lac -
Freiburg Tours Vaud
Freiburg Surpierre Vaud
Freiburg Vuissens Vaud
Freiburg Wallenbuch Bern
Geneva Celigny Vaud 2 exclaves, including 1 enclave in Vaud
Obwalden Engelberg -
St. Gallen Residential building Raach 437 , Winden Thurgau
Schaffhausen Stone at the Rhein -
Schaffhausen Rüdlingen / Buchberg -
Solothurn Kleinlützel -
Solothurn Solothurn Leimental -
Solothurn Steinhof Bern
Thurgau horn St. Gallen
Vaud Avenches -

Note: The exclaves for which no information is given in the "Enclave in" column border on two or more other cantons or on another canton and the external border of Switzerland. So they are not enclaves as they are not completely enclosed by a single other canton.

There are also exclaves at the community level. The following exclaves deserve special mention:

  • Exclaves in the Magadino Plain : This is due to the fact that the population lived in the Verzasca Valley in summer and spent the winter with their cattle on the plain. The result is that today the greater part of the population of Cugnasco-Gerra and Lavertezzo lives in the exclaves. Locarno also has an exclave in the Magadino plain, Gerre di Sotto .
  • Oberegg AI , itself an exclave of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden , has two exclaves itself. The border is designed in such a way that it is ensured that each farm is assigned to the correct canton according to its religion.
  • Rütihof , the enclave of Baden AG , is considered to be the most populous enclave in Switzerland at community level.

Spain

In Spain , the Castilian-Leonese municipality of Condado de Treviño is completely surrounded by Basque territory, while the Valencian Rincón de Ademuz is surrounded by Aragon and Castile-La Mancha . Furthermore, the Petilla de Aragón (consisting of two exclaves) belonging to Navarre is surrounded by Aragón, the Dehesa de la Cepeda belonging to Madrid by Castile-León and the Cantabrian municipality of Valle de Villaverde by the Basque Country .

United States

There are a few state-level exclaves in the United States of America :

  • The westernmost point of the state of Kentucky ( Kentucky Bend ) is cut off from Kentucky by a bend in the Mississippi River . The area is only accessible from the rest of Kentucky by land via Tennessee or two river crossings via Missouri .
  • According to a court decision in 1998, Ellis Island belongs in its original parts to New York , while the subsequently added part belongs to New Jersey . As a result, the New York area is completely enclosed by New Jersey. The surrounding waters are on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River . Liberty Island is also part of New York State and is completely surrounded by New Jersey waters.
  • Delaware has some small pieces of land in Delaware Bay that are only accessible from New Jersey.
  • Carter Lake , Iowa, has only one land border with Nebraska . However , Iowa is directly accessible via the Missouri River .

Former exclaves and enclaves in the 20th and 21st centuries

area Exclave of Enclave in Remarks
Africa
Algeria France - The three coastal departments of Algeria, Algiers, Constantine and Oran, were part of mainland France from 1848 to 1962 and thus formed an exclave of France in North Africa.
Gambela Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Abyssinia 1902 British port, enclave of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and enclave in Abyssinia (1902–1936), Italian East Africa (1936–1941) and Ethiopia (1941–1956). Transferred from Sudan to Ethiopia in 1956 .
Libya ( Tripolitania , Cyrenaica and Fezzan ) Ottoman Empire - Until the conquest by the Italians in the Italo-Turkish War in 1911/12, the Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania , Cyrenaica and Fessan were effectively separated from the motherland by Egypt, which had been occupied by the British since 1882 , and formed an Ottoman exclave in North Africa. However, despite the British occupation, Egypt remained formally an Ottoman viceroyalty under Ottoman suzerainty until 1914 and only became a British protectorate in 1914 .
São João Baptista d'Ajudá - Dahomey 1680/1865 Portuguese colony, occupied and annexed by Dahomey in 1961 .
Walvis Bay ( Walvis Bay ) South Africa - 1878 British colony, 1910–1922 part of South Africa, 1922–1977 part of the South African mandate or trust area of ​​South West Africa, 1977–1994 part of South Africa, transferred to Namibia in 1994.
America
Colón Panama Panama Canal Zone 1903–1999 Exclave of Panama and enclave of the American Panama Canal Zone .
Asia
Chandernagore French India British India 1683–1949 Exclave of French India and enclave in British India and India , transferred to India in 1949.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Portuguese India British India 1780–1954 Exclave of Portuguese India and enclave in British India and India , occupied by India in 1954, annexed in 1961.
Damão Portuguese India - 1559–1961 Exclave of Portuguese India , occupied and annexed by India in 1961.
Diu Portuguese India - 1535–1961 Exclave of Portuguese India , occupied and annexed by India in 1961.
Goa Portuguese India - 1510–1961 main area of Portuguese India , occupied and annexed by India in 1961.
Gwadar Oman - 1783–1958 exclave of Oman , transferred to Pakistan in 1958.
Hyderabad - India Independent principality in 1947, occupied by India in 1948 and annexed in 1950.
Junagadh Pakistan India 1947 Pakistani exclave, occupied by India on November 9, 1947 and annexed to India on February 25, 1948.
Karikal French India - 1739–1954 enclave of French India , annexed by India in 1954.
Kowloon Walled City China Hong Kong The exclave of China on the territory of the former British Hong Kong
Mahé French India - 1721–1954 enclave of French India , annexed by India in 1954.
Mount Scopus Israel West Bank (then part of Jordan ) Enclave from 1948 to 1967, u. a. Location of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem .
East Pakistan Pakistan - 1947–1971 exclave from Pakistan , 1971 independent as Bangladesh .
Pondichéry French India - 1673–1954 main area of French India , annexed by India in 1954.
Smyrna Greece - 1920 in the Treaty of Sèvres to Greece , conquered by the Turks in 1922, in 1923 in the Treaty of Lausanne to Turkey .
Yanaon French India - 1723–1954 enclave of French India , annexed by India in 1954.
On the border between the Indian state of West Bengal ( Koch Bihar district ) and Bangladesh , there were 198 enclaves close to one another until July 2015, see Indian-Bangladeshi enclaves . Of these, 106 were in India and 92 in Bangladesh. 21 of Bangladesh's enclaves were within Indian enclaves, three Indian within Bengali enclaves. The largest Indian exclave in the region, Balapara Khagrabari , surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni , which in turn contained a small Indian exclave, the world's only "third-order exclave" (see map : marker 51 / pink within 19 / green within 47 / pink) . In 2015, an India-Bangladeshi border treaty was ratified by the Indian parliament and it finally came into force on August 1, 2015. With this, all exclaves with the exception of Dahagram-Angarpota have been transferred to the surrounding state.
Europe
Ada Kaleh Ottoman Empire - 1878-1919 Turkish exclave near Orșova in the Danube ; was then slammed into Romania . The Turks once conquered the island in 1440.
Cattaro (serbokroat. Kotor ) Italy - 1941–1943 / 45 Italian exclave on the coast of Montenegro .
East Prussia German Empire - After West Prussia was ceded to Poland in 1920, it was separated from the rest of the Reich ( Polish Corridor ) and enclosed between Poland , Lithuania and the Free City of Danzig ; however, East Prussia was accessible from the main German state area across the Baltic Sea . In 1945 it then came de facto to the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union .
Spalato (serbokroat. Split ) Italy - 1941–1943 / 45 Italian province on the Dalmatian coast.
Pieces of stone West Berlin GDR In 1972 the GDR assigned a connecting strip for an access road; since then Steinstücke was no longer an ex- or enclave. The GDR received, among other things, the Nuthewiesen and 4 million DM for the assignment of territory .
Verenahof Germany Switzerland Comes to Switzerland by State Treaty in 1967.
West Berlin ( de facto: Federal Republic of Germany ) GDR From the founding of the GDR in 1949 until reunification in 1990. While the Federal Republic of Berlin (West), with restrictions (→  Berlin question ), viewed it as its exclave, the GDR spoke of the special political unit West Berlin without belonging to the Federal Republic; the Western Allies assumed an occupation area of all of Berlin , to which East Berlin also belonged. Depending on the interpretation of international law, either West Berlin or all of Berlin was seen as an enclave in the GDR .
Further Berlin exclaves , u. a. Nuthewiesen , Desert Mark , Fichtewiese, Erlengrund , Laßzinswiesen, Große Kuhlake, Falkenhagener Wiese, Finkenkrug , 3 areas in Klein Glienicke u. a. West Berlin GDR Were in two area exchanges in 1972 and 1988 z. T. given to the GDR, z. Partly connected with West Berlin.
Zara (serbokroat. Zadar ) Italy Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929 Yugoslavia ) 1920–1941 Italian exclave in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929 Yugoslavia ), at the same time it formed an enclave, since the exit of the port was already part of the Yugoslav territorial waters. When the hinterland was annexed to Italy in 1941, the city was no longer an exclave. In 1947 the entire area fell to Yugoslavia.
Zehlendorf Soviet Union GDR Temporary exclave: From 1978 to 1979 the construction site of a transmission tower was an exclave of the Soviet Union.
Oceania
Dutch New Guinea ( Western New Guinea ) Dutch East Indies - 1828–1949 exclave of the Dutch East Indies .

Fake or functional en- / exclaves

Parts of states

States

Various states and dependent areas with access to the open sea are or were limited on the land side by the area of ​​only one other state:

other areas

  • Aden , a British colony from 1937–1967, only bordered on the land side of the British protectorate Hadramaut .
  • Athos , an autonomous monastic republic, has only one land border with Greece .
  • Baikonur , since 1994 Russian lease area in Kazakhstan .
  • Hanko , 1940–1947 Soviet leasehold in Finland .
  • Hong Kong , a British colony from 1841–1997, only bordered on land with the People's Republic of China .
  • Ifni , Spanish possession in North Africa 1860–1969, only bordered on land with Morocco (1860–1912 and 1956–1969) and French Morocco (1912–1956).
  • Kiautschou , 1898–1920 German, 1920–1922 Japanese lease area, only bordered on China on the land side.
  • Kuwait , a British protectorate from 1899–1961, only bordered on the land side of the Ottoman Empire until 1920 .
  • Kwangtschouwan , 1898–1946 French leasehold in China .
  • Kwantung , 1898–1905 Russian, 1905–1945 Japanese, 1945–1955 Soviet leased land in China (1898–1932 and 1945–1955) and Manchukuo (1932–1945).
  • Macau , Portuguese possession from 1557–1999, only bordered the PR China on the land side .
  • Newfoundland , the British Dominion from 1907, bordered on land only with Canada , to which it was connected in 1949.
  • Panama Canal Zone , owned by the USA from 1903–1999 , bordered only on land on Panama .
  • Porkkala , 1947–1956 Soviet leasehold in Finland.
  • Suez Canal Zone , 1888–1956 extra-territorial zone, bordered only on land on Egypt.
  • Tangier , 1912–1956 international zone, only bordered on land with Spanish Morocco .
  • Weihaiwei , 1898–1930 British leasehold in China.
  • Due to the historical development, there are some exclaves in the areas of the Evangelical Churches in Germany. This includes B. since 1990 again the Schmalkalden parish of the Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck in today's state of Thuringia . The same applies to the Catholic dioceses.

Temporary ex- / enclaves

  • The area of the construction site of the main mast end of Zehlendorf was to perform faster during construction a Soviet enclave to the construction of the same due to lower safety standards in the former Soviet Union 1978/79.
  • It is rumored that Suite 212 of Claridge's Hotel in London was ceded by Great Britain to Yugoslavia on July 17, 1945 in order to enable the birth of Crown Prince Alexander , whose parents were exiled in London at the time, on Yugoslav soil. However, there are no corresponding documents for this.

literature

  • Evgeni Vinokurov : A Theory of Enclaves. Lexington Books, Lanham (Maryland / USA) 2007.
  • Manfred Schmidt: Exclaves, Enclaves and Other Territorial Anomalies. Grin Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-640-17973-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Article EAC Refugee Settlement , on: Jan. S. Krogh's Geosite (Engl.)
  2. ↑ a b c Article Enclaves within Dhekelia , on: Twelve Mile Circle (Engl.)
  3. ↑ Sarvan (English)
  4. ↑ Daniel Huber: Crazy Limits, Part I: Six Swiss Borderline Cases, No. 6 Welscher Patchwork Carpet (accessed on February 2, 2020)
  5. ↑ Postal address Raach 437, 9315 Winden according to the Federal Building and Housing Register GWR ( excerpt, PDF ), the meadow itself is unnamed according to swissNAMES3D Geographical names of the national survey
  6. ↑ BBC: Did a London hotel room become part of Yugoslavia? , July 18, 2016