Klein Glienicke

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map of the Klein Glienicke district with surroundings

Klein Glienicke (alternative spelling: Klein-Glienicke ) is a district of Potsdam that became known as a bathing and excursion destination in the early 20th century . During the division of Germany , Klein-Glienicke was a functional exclave and "special security zone" of the German Democratic Republic and was thus referred to as the "appendix of the GDR". Parts of the place, including the famous Swiss houses , are on the list of protected UNESCO World Heritage Sites .

location

At the Griebnitzsee

Klein Glienicke is located at the foot of the Wannsee Böttcherberg between the Griebnitzsee and the Glienicker Lake , southeast of the Glienicker Bridge . This is the only part of Potsdam on the northeastern, Berlin side of the Teltow Canal and Havel . Klein Glienicke is only connected to the city of Potsdam by the single-lane park bridge , which was originally intended for pedestrians, over the Teltow Canal to the Babelsberg district in the southeast. The Enver Pascha Bridge , which was also built for vehicles, was destroyed in 1945.

The former village is not identical to the nearby Gutsviertel Klein-Glienicke-Forst , known today as Park Klein-Glienicke with the Glienicke Hunting Lodge and Glienicke Castle .

Klein Glienicke has an area of ​​28  hectares (0.28 km²). Various media and publications wrongly mention only three hectares.

history

Historical Baedeker map by Klein Glienicke, 1921

14th to 17th centuries

Villas in Klein Glienicke, 2005

Klein Glienicke was first mentioned in 1375 as parva Glinik or Glinick in the land book of Emperor Charles IV . Around 1375 it belonged to a Jakob Mukum (Mukem), who received the upper and lower jurisdiction and the taxes for the seven hooves . There was neither a Kötterhöfe nor a mug . In 1435 a third of the place czu Glineke came to the Lords of Hake zu Kleinmachnow until after 1475 . They also received lifts from the Glienicke mill (1472). Before 1480 the Schönow zu Golm family took over the “little village Glieniecke” with a mill, upper and lower court. In 1537 there was a Lehnschulzengut and a mill. The Schönow family held Glienicke until 1540 and handed it over to the von Schlabrendorf zu Siethen family until 1680 , who ran it as a Lehnschulzengut with an arable farm, a shepherd's farm, a mill and a vineyard and expanded it into a knight's seat in 1608. Before the Thirty Years' War there was a miller and a shepherd who lived there - after the war the place fell into desolation (“there is no farmer and no man there”). In 1680 the electoral pleasure estates with tree gardens and vineyards as well as a small zoo were built. The district had grown at that time at 14 feet. In 1683 the Potsdam office took over the higher and lower jurisdiction, the electoral pleasure house, the vineyards as well as the water mill and three householders.

18th century

In 1700 the electoral pleasure house existed "along with the garden and other buildings". There was a bitter orange house, a bridge house and a long house with four accommodations for houseguests. The tree garden had been expanded into a pleasure garden and an orchard, plus two large vineyards, a water mill, four small ponds and the Griebnitzsee . By 1745 a total of 14 family houses, a wine master's house and a royal fisherman's house were built. In 1770 23 Büdner worked in the village; In 1773 there was a private fulled water mill.

19th century

In 1801 there were already 28 Büdner residents, plus 14 residents , a chausee taker, a jug, the brickworks, the lime kiln, a water mill and a paper wallpaper factory in the former hunting lodge. The statistics also reported 38 fireplaces (= households). In 1840 Klein Glienicke had grown to 51 houses. There was a civil orphanage and silk was produced in the village. In 1858 the statistics counted numerous other trades. There were, for example, three master shoemakers and one journeyman, seven journeyman carpenter with three apprentices, a master stonemason with one journeyman, a victim dealer and four shipowners with 10 ships, but also 15 arms. Klein Glienicke also included the Türkshof estate, which was created in 1844 and named after the Türks government and school councilor.

20th century

In 1900 the number of buildings had grown to 137 houses in the village and eight buildings in the castle. Although partly located north of the Bäke (later: Teltow Canal ), the Klein Glienicke community did not become part of Greater Berlin in 1920 , but remained in the Teltow district , while the manor district of the same name in the Berlin district of Zehlendorf was opened up.

The community of Klein Glienicke was renamed Neubabelsberg in 1925 . Neubabelsberg was initially the name of a villa colony that had emerged since the 1870s in the part of the municipality of Klein Glienicke south of the Bäke. The community of Neubabelsberg was incorporated into the city of Nowawes on April 1, 1938 , which was also renamed Babelsberg . Babelsberg, in turn, was incorporated into the city of Potsdam on April 1, 1939.

time of the nationalsocialism

Kurt von Schleicher , the last Reich Chancellor before Adolf Hitler, lived in Griebnitzstrasse in Klein Glienicke at the beginning of the National Socialist era . On June 30, 1934, he and his wife were shot in their villa on behalf of the National Socialist government.

The UFA actress Lilian Harvey , who also lived on Griebnitzstrasse, was observed by the Gestapo for allegedly helping colleagues and employees to escape. In 1939 she finally emigrated .

During the Nazi era, Jewish owners had to forcibly sell their houses in Klein Glienicke as well. At the end of the Second World War , some houses were confiscated by the Soviet occupation army . During the Potsdam Conference in July / August 1945, all residents had to leave the place.

German division

Border installations at both ends of Tannenstrasse (seen from Böttcherberg in West Berlin ), 1988

At the time of the division of Germany , Klein Glienicke belonged to the GDR, protruded into the West Berlin district of Zehlendorf as a "special security zone" and was surrounded by the Berlin Wall from 1961 .

At the narrowest point, Klein Glienicke was only 15 meters wide from border to border. The place was therefore also called "appendix of the GDR". As is customary for the GDR restricted zones , only the then around 500 residents and holders of a pass got access to the place. Nevertheless, numerous escapes from the GDR managed to escape , mostly with ladders over the wall, which is why all ladders had to be connected under threat of a fine.

In 1973, the GDR's last successful tunnel escape took place through a 19-meter-long dug tunnel in Klein Glienicke. Horst Körner , who had previously shot the border soldier Rolf Henniger , died during another attempt to escape in the village .

Because of Klein Glienicke's location in the border area, many families moved away. As part of the state's " living space control ", people loyal to the system were relocated to Klein Glienicke instead of those who had moved away and who had died.

Until 1971 there were three tiny, uninhabited West Berlin exclaves in the western part of Klein Glienicke .

Since the turning point

Old house facade, 2005

After the political change and German reunification , the population structure in Klein Glienicke changed again. Houses that were forcibly sold during the Nazi era or expropriated under Soviet occupation were transferred back.

In addition, as part of the so-called " Modrow Law " (GDR sales law of March 7, 1990), numerous plots of land with one and two-family houses that were considered to be " publicly owned " in the GDR were sold to their residents at very low prices. In Klein Glienicke the price was only five GDR marks per square meter, about a hundredth of the DM prices at the time in the neighboring West Berlin district of Wannsee. Loan amounts of up to 90 percent of the purchase price of the halved with the entry into force monetary union in July 1990. The magazine Spiegel that 'mostly party line Socialists "made, including employees of state security , senior People's Police and faculty as" SED designated -Kaderschmiede " School of Law and Administration , “now the best bargains.” Die Welt also wrote that privileged GDR citizens who could afford villas in prime locations now “quickly procured the property on the basis of the Modrow Act. Usually at ridiculous prices. ”With the property law of September of the same year, however, these purchases became invalid if previous owners made claims. This formed the basis for a large number of property disputes, some of which lasted for years.

Many houses in Klein Glienicke have been renovated. Only a few former GDR citizens could still afford these houses and apartments. Again mainly foreigners moved to the district.

For example, property prices in Klein Glienicke experienced the largest price increase in Potsdam between 2011 and 2013. One square meter of building land has now cost 300  euros .

After a significant increase after the end of the German division, the number of inhabitants only varied slightly by 550 in the 2010s.

In 2015, on Louis-Nathan-Allee, a modern Swiss house was built as a tenement house with stylishly furnished apartments on the site of one of the earlier Swiss houses.

In Klein Glienicke there is neither a bus line nor shops, but the bus stops in Park Babelsberg and on Berlin's Königsstraße are only a few 100 meters away. The journalist Steffi Pyanoe reported in 2016 about a resident who sometimes went shopping in another part of the city with his sailing boat.

traffic

North of Klein Glienicke runs - already in Berlin urban area - the federal highway 1 , which represents a connection between the Potsdam city center and Berlin-Wannsee .

To the public transport Kleinglienicke is connected directly. There are two Berlin bus routes on Bundesstraße 1 , including a night bus route. They connect the Berlin suburbs ; With the night bus, you can continue your journey to Potsdam Central Station . On the opposite side of the Teltow Canal, there is a bus line that allows you to continue to Potsdam city center.

The closest train station is the Potsdam S-Bahn station Babelsberg (line S7)

The next motorway junction is in Berlin at the Zehlendorf junction ( A 115 ).

Culture and sights

The city of Potsdam has eleven monuments , each one Stone Age and medieval archaeological monument and eleven significance for urban development buildings in Klein Glienicke.

Since 1990, the Swiss houses, known as the “artificial Swiss Village”, as well as the town's chapel and cemetery have been part of the ensemble of the UNESCO World Heritage Berlin-Potsdam palace landscape . In 2009 World Heritage Day was celebrated in Klein Glienicke .

Swiss houses

A Swiss house in Klein Glienicke

In the period 1863-1887 was Prince Charles of Prussia in Klein Glienicke under the architect Ferdinand von Arnim by contemporary fashion ten Swiss houses in Swiss style building. Two more Swiss houses were built in 1873 and 1874 by Carl von Prussia's court builder Ernst Petzholtz and the master carpenter Ludwig Heck. Six Swiss houses were demolished in 1961 as a measure to secure the GDR border. Other houses were also expropriated and demolished.

All remaining Swiss houses are listed .

Bürgershof

A hotel and garden restaurant , the Bürgershof , built in 1873 and located in the direction of the Babelsberg Park , is said to have been one of the largest garden restaurants in Europe around 1900; almost 100 waiters are said to have worked there on weekends. The main building, which was bombed in World War II , was initially closed after the Berlin Wall was built because it was in the border area. In 1971, the motorway combine, which is under the control of the Ministry for State Security , had the main building demolished and the site converted into part of the border security system. The former standing beer hall was preserved (used as a "residential area club" during the GDR era). After the political change, ownership was initially transferred to the city of Potsdam. After years of litigation about a return to the former owners, they bought the property back in 2002 in accordance with the Wall Land Act . Since 2004, the Bürgershof has again housed an inn with a beer garden and 600 seats. A lamp post of the former border facility is still in the garden. Today the Bürgershof is owned by the Hotel and Restaurant Bürgershof GmbH based in Berlin. In 2008, the owner company obtained a ruling from the administrative court and received permission under monument law to rebuild the hotel building, which was demolished in 1971. The new building was not realized, but in 2016 the owner submitted two preliminary building permit applications for the construction of two multi-storey residential buildings with the demolition of the old beer standing hall. Alternatively, a relaxation of the requirements for the excursion restaurant is being discussed, including an extension of the beer garden to the shoreline. The Bürgershof property has been excluded from the development plan for the district since 2005; Public access to the shores of Glienicker Lake therefore does not have to be granted. The beer garden has been closed since 2017/2018.

graveyard

Entrance to the cemetery

In the western part of Klein Glienicke, on Wilhelm-Leuschner-Strasse, is the Old Cemetery, which was laid out in 1781 . The site was a gift from Friedrich II . Well-known people from Klein Glienicke and Neubabelsberg who were buried here are, for example, the “Prussian Pestalozzi” Wilhelm von Türk (1774–1846), the philosopher Alois Riehl (1844–1924), art historian Friedrich Sarre (1865–1945) and publisher Gustav Müller-Grote , in whose house the US President Harry S. Truman lived in 1945 during the Potsdam Conference .

The GDR border system was built over graves. Because of its location, the cemetery was little used and fell into disrepair. Since 2000, the “Friends of the Chapel and Old Cemetery Klein-Glienicke” have been collecting donations for the preservation of the listed cemetery. Also means the preservation of monuments were asked for restoration measures.

After the bell of the nearby chapel was melted down for armaments purposes during the Second World War , the cemetery bell was brought to the chapel after the war. It was not until July 2014 that the bell cage in the cemetery received a new bell.

chapel

The chapel in Klein Glienicke

The neo-Gothic brick chapel of Klein Glienicke is only a few steps away from the old cemetery. Built according to plans by Reinhold Persius , the chapel was inaugurated on Reformation Day in 1881. Since the GDR declared Klein Glienicke a restricted area, the building fell into disrepair. In 1979 the chapel was closed after craftsmen had used the location on the border to flee. At the time of political change in 1989, it was on the verge of collapse.

In the years from 1993 to 1999 the chapel was extensively restored and returned to its condition from 1881. Around a third of the costs of around 2.4 million marks (adjusted for purchasing power in today's currency: around 1.6 million euros) were covered by monument protection funds, but mostly from private donations made by the non-profit building association Klein-Glienicker Kapelle under the Head of civil engineer Andreas Kitschke acquired . In addition, Rosemarie Kinne-Zedler from Münster , who was baptized in the chapel in the 1940s, set up a foundation for the permanent maintenance of the building in 1995, which is administered in trust by the German Foundation for Monument Protection .

In 1999 the band received a new organ built by the Schuke company - made possible by funding from a Berlin couple . Free concerts are held in the chapel every first Sunday of the month.

Havelschlösschen

The "Havelschlösschen", which opened in 1906, was formerly one of five restaurants in town. It was renovated after German reunification and is now used as a chamber music hall with space for around 40 people and where concerts are held regularly.

Exhibitions and films

From 1998 to 2007, Klein Glienicke served as the exterior of the fictional film village of Seelitz in the children's and youth series Schloss Einstein .

In 2007 the first exhibition on Klein Glienicke was organized by the then head of the Potsdam branch of the "Birthler Authority" (today: Authority of the Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic ).

The place was the subject of the exhibition “Behind the Wall” in 2011.

In the television documentary Klein Glienicke - Behind the Wall , rbb television showed the GDR story of Klein-Glienicke in 2012.

“In Klein-Glienicke, the German 20th century is focused like in a magnifying glass: from the glamorous life of the upper class and petty-bourgeois excursions to the violence against politically dissenters and Jewish fellow citizens, the madness of the Wall to the turbulence that came with the retransmission of Real estate after 1990. "

- Michael Zajonz : Klein-Glienicke: The appendix of the GDR . In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 13, 2009

Other personalities of the place

Harry Maitey lived with his wife Dorothea Charlotte in Klein Glienicke from 1833 until his death in 1872, but was buried in the Nikolskoe cemetery.

literature

  • Ingo Krüger : Country houses and villas in Berlin & Potsdam. No. 5: Klein Glienicke village, Glienicke castles. Aschenbeck & Holstein, Delmenhorst 2007.
  • Holger Lehmann: Berlin excursions - on the way to the most beautiful destinations of old Berlin. Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86650-351-9 , pp. 186 ff.
  • Jens Arndt: Glienicke. From the Swiss village to the restricted area. Nicolai, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-89479-512-2 .
  • Lieselott Enders : Historical local lexicon for Brandenburg: Teltow (= Historical local lexicon for Brandenburg . Volume 4). Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1976.

Web links

Commons : Klein Glienicke  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b City of Potsdam: UNESCO World Heritage Day on June 7, 2009 in the state capital Potsdam . Retrieved January 8, 2017
  2. ↑ a b c Lieselott Enders , Margot Beck: Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg . Teltow district. tape IV . Klaus-D. Becker, Potsdam 2011, ISBN 978-3-941919-81-5 , Klein Glienicke, p. 85 ( digitized from Google Books [accessed April 4, 2016]).
  3. ^ Lutz Rittershaus: The small-scale structure. Basis of a spatial observation system for strategic controlling in the state capital Potsdam . In: Journal for Official Statistics Berlin Brandenburg. No. 3, 2014. p. 40
  4. ↑ a b c d e Gudrun Mallwitz: Documentation shows Klein-Glienicke's story . In: Welt / N24 , 23 September 2012
  5. ^ Gudrun Mallwitz: Klein-Glienicke: Strictly guarded in the Cold War . In: Berliner Morgenpost , September 24, 2012
  6. ^ Kristine Jaath: Potsdam: With excursions to Werder and Havelland . Trescher Verlag, 2014. ISBN 978-3-89794-272-1 , p. 135
  7. ↑ An island on West Berlin territory . In: Berliner Morgenpost , November 10, 2015
  8. ↑ Reinhard Wagner: It was over !: On the Green Belt along the former inner-German border . Books on Demand, 2015. ISBN 978-3-7386-4371-8 , p. 27
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Steffi Pyanoe: With quince bread through history . In: Potsdam Latest News , August 25, 2016
  10. ↑ a b c d Michael Zajonz: Eastern enclave in the west. Klein-Glienicke: The appendix of the GDR. In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 13, 2009
  11. ↑ a b c Sebastian Höhn: Another view of the lake . In: Berliner Zeitung , September 25, 2012
  12. ↑ a b c d "cecum der DDR" in RBB documentary . In: Der Tagesspiegel , September 24, 2012
  13. ↑ Christine Lehnen : Building the Wall: Where East and West touched . In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger , August 8, 2011
  14. ↑ Gabriela Walde: Klein-Glienicke was a zone in the zone . In: Berliner Morgenpost , June 19, 2011
  15. ↑ a b c d e Uwe-Rada: The east in the middle of the west . In: Die Tageszeitung , November 9, 2007
  16. ↑ "It's like Monopoly" . In: Der Spiegel , June 25, 1990
  17. ^ DW: Constitutional Court decides on the cut-off date rule and "Modrow Law" . In: Die Welt , November 23, 1999
  18. ↑ Johann Michael Möller: A good judgment . In: Die Welt , November 24, 1999
  19. ↑ wik: Land in Potsdam sold for more than half a billion euros . In: Potsdam Latest News , July 4, 2013
  20. ^ State capital Potsdam: City districts at a glance 2015 . In: Statistischer Informationsdienst , 3/2016, p. 32, accessed on January 8, 2017
  21. ↑ a b Ildiko Röd: Alpenglow reloaded . In: Märkische Allgemeine Zeitung , June 25, 2015
  22. ↑ a b c State capital Potsdam: Development plan 92 "Klein Glienicke" (2005) with justification (2004). Retrieved January 8, 2016
  23. ↑ Website of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Germany e. V. . Retrieved January 8, 2017
  24. ↑ UNESCO website. Retrieved January 8, 2017
  25. ^ City of Potsdam: Klein Glienicke . Retrieved January 8, 2017
  26. ↑ a b c d The idyll in the shadow of the agent bridge . In: Berliner Morgenpost , January 5, 2008
  27. ↑ Michael Zajonz: We Wall Children . In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 13, 2004
  28. ↑ website Bürgershofs: history of Burgershof . ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 6, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.buergershof.de
  29. ^ A b Henri Kramer: Klein Glienicke. Bürgershof on the brink? In: Potsdam Latest News , September 30, 2009
  30. ^ A b Henri Kramer: Klein Glienicke. What's next for the Bürgershof? . In: Potsdam Latest News , November 3, 2009.
  31. ↑ MAZ
  32. ↑ Carola Hein: Artful cemetery wall in Klein Glienicke renovated. The cross with the ivy . In: Märkische Allgemeine Zeitung , February 26, 2014
  33. ↑ Klein Glienicke cemetery . From friedhof-in-potsdam.de , accessed on January 8, 2017
  34. ↑ Lisa Rogge: Klein Glienicke: Prussian Pestalozzi honored and consecrated bell. “The social is in our genes” . In: Märkische Allgemeine Zeitung , July 27, 2014
  35. ^ A b Günter Schenke: Swiss style instead of neo-Gothic . In: Potsdam Latest News , April 26, 2006
  36. ↑ a b c German Foundation for Monument Protection : Chapel . Retrieved August 22, 2018
  37. ↑ Katharina Beckmann: On the lookout for kind donors. In: Der Tagesspiegel , February 7, 1998
  38. ↑ Kerstin Brandt: Reborn in old beauty . In: Welt / N24 , April 24, 2009
  39. ↑ History & Reconstruction . On: klein-glienicker-kapelle.de . Retrieved August 22, 2018
  40. ^ Christian Zechel: Immured in the mini GDR: chapel as a symbol for reunification . On: web.de , November 6, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2017
  41. ↑ Consumption remains . In: Potsdam Latest News , October 10, 2006
  42. ↑ Peer Straube: Death Stripes in Toy Look . In: Potsdam Latest News , June 17, 2011

Coordinates: 52 ° 25 '  N , 13 ° 6'  E