City walls of Siena

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The city ​​walls of Siena (Italian: Mura di Siena ) are a medieval fortification in Siena , which was created in the form of a curtain wall and expanded and expanded several times.

The city wall between Porta Camollia and Fontegiusta on Via Biagio di Montluc

history

The first fortification of the hill then only on what is now known as Terzo di Città was built in Roman times and is no longer there today. The still comprehensible fortification structures around the old castle Castelvecchio originated in the 8th century and were extended to the area around the cathedral of Siena and Santa Maria della Scala in the 11th century . The early medieval city ​​walls were expanded in five stages between the 12th and 15th centuries in order to include the new Borghi (suburbs outside the city walls) created by the population growth along the Via Francigena in the defense system. The (now central) and northern places of today's Terzo di Camollia ( Contraden Civetta, Oca, Drago and Istrice) were initially included, later the wall ring was gradually expanded.

The city walls of the last defensive ring were reinforced several times before the siege of the city of Siena by the troops under the leadership of Florence (1554–1555) in the run-up to the growing conflict. Thus Baldassare Peruzzi was commissioned as Architetto della Repubblica from 1527 to 1532 with the defense strategy in Siena and the province, with some of the ideas from Francesco di Giorgio . The fortifications were strengthened in Sarteano , Torrita di Siena and other strategic locations in the Republic of Siena. In Siena itself the city walls were strengthened by Peruzzi and five new bastions were built (Bastione di Porta Laterina, Bastione di San Marco, Bastione di San Prospero, Bastione San Viene and the Fortino delle Donne). His successor as Architetto della Repubblica was Giovanni Battista Pelori (1483–1558), who was born in Siena and learned his craft from Baldassare Peruzzi. This reinforced individual elements of the city walls and built three bastions on Prato di Camollia near the Antiporto , which can no longer be seen today. The smaller fortress Castellaccia di Camollia with the main tower Torrazzo di Mezzo was located between the Antiporto and Porta Camollia .

The current wall ring corresponds to a length of 6667 meters, which encompasses an area of ​​165  hectares . The wall ring is almost completely preserved, only near the former citadel and the fortress Fortezza Santa Barbera (Fortezza Medicea) parts of the modern traffic management fell victim. The two main gates Porta Romana and Porta Camollia as well as the gates Porta Fontebranda , Porta San Marco , Porta Ovile , Porta Pispini and Porta Tufi represent the current entrance to the historic center . Via the wall openings Barriera di San Lorenzo (Le Lupe) and Arco di Fontegiusta and the area around the fortress can also be accessed into the city. The Porta Laterina also represents a still existing city gate, but here you can only get to the Cimitero del Laterino cemetery on the Poggio del Cardinale hill from within .

Roman city fortifications

A first city wall or city fortification was built during the time as a Roman colony . The Cardo ran from today's Via di Città near the first Porta Salaria at the Piazza del Campo (northern starting point) via the central square Piazza Postierla (also called Quattro Cantoni ) to the Due Porte at the southern end of Via Stalloreggi . The Decumanus started from the east at the first Porta Oria (today's Quattro Venti at the meeting of Via San Pietro with Via Cassato di Sopra and Via Tommaso Pendola ) and ended near the Cathedral of Siena.

First city wall

Course of the city wall along the Vallepiatta from the Church of San Sebastiano (right) to near Fontebranda (left). Above you can see the cathedral of Siena (left) and Santa Maria della Scala (right).
The so-called Due Porte (Porta Stalloreggi)

As the first fortification in Siena in the early Middle Ages, the Castellvecchio was built in the area between today's Contraden Tartuca (tortoise) and Pantera (panther) in the area of Via di San Quirico and Via di Castelvecchio in the third part of Terzo di Città. This area, known as the oldest part of the city ( Popolo di San Quirico ), had a city wall as early as 730. This was expanded in the 11th century and adapted to the shape of the Roman wall, so that the city wall northeast along the streets Via Casato di Sotto and Via Casato di Sopra , then Via Tommaso Pendola (then Via delle Murella ) and Pian dei Mantellini to the Due Porte ran (southernmost point) and then west of Via Stalloreggi to Postierla . From here the area west of the Postierla was included (Santa Maria della Scala and Piazza del Duomo), the wall then led behind the cathedral along Via dei Fusari and at the end of Via dei Pellegrini met again at Porta Salaria (northernmost and lowest point ).

City gates of the first city wall

  • Due Porte , also called Porta Stalloreggi : Via Stalloreggi / Pian dei Mantellini. City gate with two arches, one of which was walled up during the Guerra dei sei anni (Six Years War) with Florence in 1230/1231. The arch to the right of the city center is now half built into the house structures.
  • Porta Bandini (Porta Iuxta cellam Bandini), no longer available today: Via dei Fusari
  • Porta del Cassero : Via San Quirico / Pian dei Mantellini, also known as Porta San Quirico as the gateway to Castelvecchio .
  • Porta Oria (first gate): Piazza Quattro Venti
  • Porta del Verchione , also called Porta Posterula (Postierla), no longer exists today: Piazza Quattro Cantoni or Postierla
  • Porta Salaria (first gate, also called Porta Salaja and Porta Salara ), no longer available today: Via di Città / Costarella dei Barbieri (Piazza del Campo) / Via Fontebranda. Was already documented in 1067 and was built as a city gate with two arches similar to the Due Porte at the end of Via Galgaria (today Via di Città to Costarella dei Barbieri ), although it remains unclear whether the gate is towards Fontebranda or towards the north (Croce del Travaglio) aligned.

Second city wall

The city walls of the first extension behind today's Via Sallustio Bandini, seen from the upper part of the Valle di Follonica

The first extension of the city walls began in 1148 and was the largest extension of the city walls overall. The expansion was necessary due to the significant increase in population in the 11th century. The newly created Borghi along the Via Francigena in the north of the city were now included and with the Porta Camollia the northernmost city gate (still today) was built. The former northernmost gate Porta Salaria was now within the city walls and was rebuilt a few meters further west (today on Via Fontebranda ). The city wall now ran from Porta Camollia to the east along the streets Via Campansi , Via della Stufa Secca and Via dell'Abbadia , where the Palazzo Salimbeni was now located within the fortifications, and went south via Via del Refe Nero and Via Sallustio Bandini . From here it led west across the Piazza del Mercato and met the first city wall ring on the Casato di Sotto street . To the west it ran from Porta Camollia over the Lizza to the (later built) Basilica di San Domenico (then called Colle di San Domenico and Campo Regio ) and from there followed Via della Sapienza and Via delle Terme to Piazza Indipendenza , where it connected to the new Porta Salaria on the right in Via Diacceto .

City gates of the first expansion

  • Porta Camollia , the northernmost city gate on the Via Francigena.
  • Porta Campansi , formerly Porta Campanzi : Via Campansi, no longer available today. Was first mentioned in writing in 1230 and walled up around 1327.
  • Porta Camporeggi : Near Viale Curtatone (unsafe), mentioned in 1251 and 1299. In 1335 the gate was mentioned as outside the city walls in front of the Basilica di San Domencio. On March 3, 1227, the Dominican monks received the right to modify the adjoining city gate (probably the Porta di Camporegi ). It was closed or demolished after the decision of the Comune on June 12, 1430, when the basilica was enclosed in the city wall ring.
  • Porta di Guerra or Porta di Bartolomeo Guerra or Porta della Guerra called: Via Biagio di Montluc. Was already known at the beginning of the 13th century and was restored in 1247 and reinforced in 1262 and 1309. It probably served as the private gate of the Guerra family and was walled up around 1369.
  • Porta Monteguaitano (also Porta Monte Guatiano ): Via Campansi between Porta Camollia and Porta Campansi, was closed in 1368.
  • Porta di Pescaia (also Porta Pescaja ): Via Biagio di Montluc near Porta Fonteguista, city gate closed in 1368 at the back of today's church Chiesa di Santa Maria in Portico a Fontegiusta , which was built at the end of the 15th century. The gate contained a tabernacle ( Immagine della Vergine ) by Meo di Pero and Cristoforo di Bindoccio (also called Malabarba), which is now in the adjacent church.
  • Porta Romana (first gate, also called Porta San Martino )
  • Porta di San Prospero : Piazza La Lizza / Piazza Gramsci, no longer available today. Created in 1298 by the architect Mino di Simone.
  • Porta dei Provenzani , possibly also Porta San Cristoforo : Via Sallustio Bandini / Vicolo al Vento, no longer available today. Closed in 1267.
  • Porta Salaria (second gate): Via Fontebranda / Via Diacceto.
  • Porta di San Vigilio : Via dell'Abbazzia, at the back of the Palazzo Salimbeni , no longer available today.

Third city wall

The second expansion of the city walls took place at the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century and mainly affected the eastern and southern city walls. In 1222, the planning of the city wall extension was completed, the work was finished by 1231 at the latest, with improvements and re-walling later on. In the east the contraden Lupa, Bruco and Leocorno were now included in the city wall ring. The expansion began just above Porta Campansi and led from there to the newly created Porta San Lorenzo (now known as Le Lupe ) and on to Porta Ovile . The walls of this section are still the current city walls today. Then the new city wall led to the Porta dei Frati Minori near the Basilica di San Francesco and from there further south, where further street sections of the Via Francigena (Via Pantaneto and Via Roma) to the Porta Maurizio and the adjacent Castellaccia di San Maurizio (Samoreci) were included. The new city wall reached the Piazza del Mercato via Via San Girolamo and Via del Sole , which was now completely within the ring. The wall now reached the new Porta Salaria via Via Dupre , Via Sant'Agata and Via delle Cerchia and was connected to the first city wall a few meters later at the Porta del Cassero .

City gates of the second extension

  • Porta all'Arco : Via San Pietro / Prato di Sant'Agostino / Via Sant'Agata, still preserved archway, which was mentioned in writing as early as 1219. Had a front gate (antiporto) that was destroyed in 1298 to make way for the church of Sant'Agostino .
  • Porta Aurea (also called Porta Oria nuova or Arco di Santa Lucia ): Via Tito Sarrocchi / Via delle Cerchia.
  • Porta Benetta , also called Porta di Fonte Benedetta and Porta delle Sperandie : Via delle Sperandie. Was documented by the Biccherna in the middle of the 13th century and walled up in the 14th century. Served as an access gate to the Fonte Benedetta fountain located outside near the Tressa river .
  • Porta di Follonica : Via Follonica, no longer available today. Was created as an access to the Fonte di Follonica fountain located outside . The city gate was walled up in 1269 when the city had to repel an attack by Carlo d'Angiò .
  • Porta dei Frati Minori , now called Arco di San Francesco : Via dei Rossi / Piazza San Francesco.
  • Porta Ovile
  • Porta de 'Peruzzini (also Porta dei Peruzzini): Via del Sole. Was reinforced around 1230 and had a front gate and drawbridge that were destroyed in 1262. Some elements of the gate can still be seen today.
  • Porta dei Salvani : near Via dei Baroncelli / Via del Fosso, no longer available today.
  • Porta San Giorgio : Via Pispini (upper part near Via Pantaneto). It is named after the church of San Giorgio in Via Pantaneto .
  • Porta San Lorenzo , also known as Barrieria di San Lorenzo , today called Le Lupe (The Women Wolves): Via Garibaldi / Via Mazzini, still present as a wall opening. Was already mentioned in 1230 and completely destroyed in 1850 in the course of the road expansion for the (old) train station. The plaster statues of the female wolves were created in 1887 and were replaced by bronze statues by Fulvio Corsini in 1939.
  • Porta San Maurizio (also called Arco di Pantaneto , Porta al Ponte , Ponte di Romana or Porta Samoreci ): Via Pantaneto / Via Roma. First documented in 1172. Contains the sculptures of Ferdinando I de 'Medici and Cosimo II. De' Medici , made by Mario Amerighi in 1616. The frescoes that no longer exist today (a Trinità with the side pictures of San Girolamo and San Maurizio ) came from Bernardino Capitelli (Siena, 1589–1639).
  • Porta Sant'Agata (also called Porta San Giuseppe and Porta San Salvatore ): Via Dupre / Via Sant'Agata.
  • Porta di Val di Montone , also called Porta Borgo Nuovo di Santa Maria : Via del Sole near Piazza del Mercato / Via di Porta Giustizia.

Fourth city wall

The city wall west of the Porta Romana

The third extension of the city walls affected the south-east of the city and brought the today's contraden Nicchio (shell) and Valdimontone (ram) as well as the Basilica di San Clemente in Santa Maria dei Servi into the inner city area. The expansion began at the upper end of Via del Sole and led at some distance along Via dei Servi around the Basilica Dei Servi to the (then) Porta Romana, which was a little north of today's Porta Romana. From here it came along the hill above the Pania valley to what was then Porta San Viene and from there to the west, where it joined the existing city wall near the church of Santo Spirito . In addition, the Fontebranda valley (Valle di Fontebranda) was enclosed in the west in order to include the Fontebranda fountains, which had been outside the city until then . The work took place in the middle of the 13th century when tensions between Siena and Florence rose and culminated in the Battle of Montaperti (1260).

City gates of the third extension

  • Porta di Busseto , now part of Fortino Peruzziano. Was built around 1247 and was walled up around 1559.
  • Porta Fontebranda : Via Fontebranda / Via Esterna di Fontebranda. First mentioned in the Biccherna in 1230 and renewed in 1252 and 1257. Had the antiporta di Fontebranda entrance gate (also called Porta di Fontebranda Esterna and Porta delle Vetrice ), which is no longer in existence and was built in 1373. The gate was less used for defensive purposes and more for customs (dazio). The chimney of the customs house (Gabelluccio del Dazio) is still partially in place today.
  • Porta Romana (second gate)
  • Porta San Viene : Via dei Pispini, shortly before today's Porta Pispini, also known as Porta Santa Eugenia around 1310 .
  • Porta Sant'Ansano , also called Porticciuola : Via del Fosso di Sant'Ansano, at the back of Santa Maria della Scala . Was not made until 1344 as a subsequent wall opening to replace the nearby gate Porta dei Canonici (closed in 1313, no longer available today) and to give the hospital access to the gardens and fountains outside. Was dismantled in 1492 when the church Chiesa di San Sebastiano in Vallepiatta was being built .
  • Porta dell'Uliviera : Via di Fiera Nuova, was built in 1257 as an entrance to the Val di Pania valley , no longer available today. Nearby, with a facade on Via Roma, the Convent Convento del Santuccio borders on the back of the former city gate.

Fifth city wall

City wall (outside) with tower south of the Basilica di San Francesco towards Fonti di Follonica
City walls (inside) south of the Basilica di San Francesco, from the tower with Fonti di Follonicia seen

The fourth extension of the city walls was built in the early years of the 14th century and corresponds to the present city walls in the south of the Porta di Busseto (Fortino Perruzziano) to near Porta Fontebranda. With the Porta San Marco a gate was created, which should facilitate traffic to the Maremma and to the port of Talamone , bought in 1303 by Tavena di Cristoforo Tolomei for the Republic of Siena . Although the large city gates were already completed, the city walls were not completed until later. The section between Porta Romana and Porta Tufi was not completed until 1346, the section from Porta San Marco to Porta Tufi was not fully completed until 1415. In addition to the now Orto de 'Pecci said territory the planned in the 1320s and resulting Borgo Nuovo di Santa Maria was brought to the city walls, which due to the 1348 plague was to leave. The Borgo Nuovo di Santa Maria came into being when, from 1326 onwards, there was an influx of people into Siena, mainly from the dioceses of Chiusi and Grosseto . After the devastating plague and the resulting drastic demographic consequences, further work on the city walls was stopped for the next few years.

City gates of the fourth extension

  • Porta Giustizia , also Porta Santa Maria a la Justitia : Via Porta Giustizia, Orto de 'Pecci. Was built in 1323 as an entrance gate to the execution sites of the Tempio di Giustizia . The gate and the places of execution suffered severe damage during the siege of Siena from 1554–1555, so that the ruins were removed in the first years of the 17th century.
  • Porta Laterina , also called Porta Nuova di Stalloreggi and Porta Stalloreggi di fuori : Via Paolo Mascagni / Via Laterina, city gate that only connects the Cimitero del Laterino cemetery with the city center. It was created in 1326.
  • Porta Pispini , also Porta dei Pispini , formerly Porta San Viene , second gate.
  • Porta Romana (third and current gate).
  • Porta San Marco , also called Porta delle Maremme : Via San Marco / Strada Massetana. It was built in 1326 and reinforced by Peruzzi in the 16th century.
  • Porta Tufi

Sixth city wall

The fifth extension of the city walls began in 1416 and included the Basilica di San Francesco , the Follonica fountains and surrounding fields in eastern Siena. The wall ring expansion began at Porta Ovile and ended north behind the Church of Santo Spirito. The section that has now been created from Porta Ovile to Porta Pispini is 1350 meters long and is the longest without city gates. In addition, around 1430, the Basilica of San Domenico was integrated into the city walls. New city gates were not built.

Special features of the city fortifications

The Fortino di Porta Laterina bastion
The Fortino delle Donne Senesi bastion on Via Biagio di Montluc
  • Antiporto di Camollia , forward fortified gate in front of Porta Camollia on today's Via Vittorio Emanuele II. It was built in 1270 and containsthe fresco Assunzione della Vergine con i Santi Bernardino e Caterina da Siena by Alessandro Casolani . The fresco was created from 1584 to 1588 over older frescoes by Simone Martini . The work by Casolani waspainted overa century later by the brothers Antonio and Giuseppe Nicola Nasini , but the overpainting fell off again in 1944, so that today the work of Casolani can be seen again.
  • Arco di Fontegiusta : Vicolo di Malizia / Via Biagio di Montluc / Via Armando Diaz, 1589 Resulting gate, as Porta Fontegiusta 1720 by Gian Gastone de 'Medici changed.
  • Arco del Chiasso della Vacca , also called Porta del Chiasso della Vacca , Mattasala or Mattasalaja : Between Chiasso del Bargello / Costarella dei Barbieri / Piazza del Campo / Via di Città (unsafe). Last mentioned in 1319 as a private gate of the Lambertini family.
  • Fortezza Medicea (also called Fortezza Santa Barbera ). The fortress was built near the citadel Cittadella imperiale , which was built for Charles V from 1550 to 1552 under the leadership of the Spanish diplomat Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (1503–1575). After the popular uprising of the Senese against the Spaniards at the end of July 1552, the fortress or citadel was demolished on the inside by the people, and the outer walls were probably reinforced in order to be able to maintain the city's defense in the impending conflict with Florence (and the Spaniards now at their side) . After the defeat of the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de 'Medici took overthe rule in Siena and in 1560 commissioned Baldassare Lanci with the construction of a new fortress, now called Fortezza di Santa Barbara and Fortezza Medicea .
  • Fortino delle Donne Senesi (also called Fortino di Pescaia ), bastion on today's Via Biagio di Montluc near and west of Porta Camollia. The complex was built around 1530 and was planned by Baldassare Peruzzi. The small fortress (Fortino) with a wall thickness of 2.30 m played an essential role in the siege of the city by the Fiorentines in 1554–1555. The role of the commander Laudomia Forteguerri (1515 – after 1556) was later described in the commentaires of the then commander of Siena, Blaise de Montesquiou (Biagio di Montluc). The bastion is the only one of the five structures planned by Peruzzi that is not located directly on the city wall.
  • Fortino di Porta Laterina , also called Il Sasso . Bastion near the city gate Porta Laterina , built shortly after the Battaglia di Camollia in 1526 by Baldassare Peruzzi as part of the fortification of the city wall. It is still there today.
  • Fortino di San Marco , bastion, which was about 30 m north of Porta San Marco and is no longer available today. The plans were made by Peruzzi, the construction manager was his friend Girolamo d'Angelo. Construction work began around 1528, and the last remains of the ruins were removed in the 18th century.
  • Fortino di San Prospero , also called Fortino dello Sportello , bastion, which was probably near today's street Vicolo dello Sportello near Piazza Gramsci / La Lizza and is no longer available today. Probably finished in October 1531, the unused stones were used in the Church of San Giacomo . The bastion was probably dismantled by the Spanish around 1550 to use the stones for the Spanish fortress.
  • Fortino Peruzziano , also known as Fortino di San Viene and Fortino dei Pispini . The bastion was built between 1527 and 1529 by Baldassare Peruzzi 50 m north of the Porta Pispini. Today it is the best preserved bastion of the Peruzzi.

literature

  • Mario Ascheri (Ed.): Siena e la Città-Stato del medioevo italiano. Betti Editrice, Siena 2004, ISBN 88-7576-011-X .
  • Paolo Brogini: L'individuazione della Siena romana ed altomedioevale: alcune considerazioni e nuove ipotesi. Rivista Accademica n 18, Accademia dei Rozzi, Siena, online version (pdf., Ital.)
  • Contrada Sovrana dell'Istrice (ed.): Porta Camollia. Because baluardo di difesa a simbolo di accoglienza. Siena 2004, ISBN 88-89184-07-8 .
  • Ettore Pellegrini: Fortificare con arte. Mura, porte e fortezze di Siena nella Storia. Betti Editrice, Siena 2012, ISBN 978-88-7576-228-5 .
  • Simon Pepper / Nicholas Adams: Armi da fuoco e fortificazioni. Architettura militare e guerre d'assedio nella Siena del XVI secolo. Nuova Immagine Edizioni, Siena 1995, ISBN 88-7145-068-X
  • Emanuele Repetti: SIENA (SENAE, anticamente SAENA) nella Val-d-Arbia. In: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana. (1833–1846), online edition of the University of Siena (pdf, Italian, p. 71 ff.).
  • Augusto Ricci: Pispini. Storia di un rione. Edizioni Cantagalli, Siena 1979.
  • Piero Torriti: Tutta Siena. Contrada per Contrada. Edizioni Bonechi, Florence 2004, ISBN 88-7204-456-1 .
  • Touring Club Italiano : Toscana. Milan 2003, ISBN 88-365-2767-1 .
  • Guglielmo Villa: Siena medievale. La costruzione della città nell'età "ghibellina" (1200-1270). Bonsignori Editore, Rome 2004, ISBN 88-7597-383-0

Web links

Commons : Walls of Siena  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Pellegrini: Fortificare con arte.
  2. ↑ Pelòri, Giovanni Battista at Enciclopedie online Treccani , accessed on 27 December 2013 (ital.)
  3. ^ Luigi Lazzari: Siena e il suo territorio. Siena 1862, p. XIII.
  4. ↑ a b c d Brogini: L'individuazione della Siena romana ed altomedioevale: alcune considerazioni e nuove ipotesi.
  5. ↑ Pellegrini distinguishes between a total of eight city walls, starting with the Roman wall ring. The first fortification mentioned here corresponds to two city wall rings at Pellegrini. The first ring runs in the Pian dei Mantellini zone, Via Tommaso Pendola, Via San Pietro and Via San Quirico (Castellvecchio), the second goes to the Duomo. See Pellegrini pp. 6-9.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Aschieri, Pellegrini, TCI
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t TCI
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Aschieri
  9. ↑ a b Augusto Codogno: Le Cinta Muraria di Siena e le sue 39 porte.
  10. ↑ a b c Emanuele Repetti: SIENA (SENAE, anticamente SAENA) nella Val-d-Arbia. In: Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana. (1833-1846)
  11. ↑ illustration of the gate to crest in the Sala della magnifying glass in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena ( Memento of the original of January 6, 2014 Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Website of the city of Siena, accessed on December 23, 2013 (Italian) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / archivio.comune.siena.it
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g Guglielmo Villa: Siena medievale.
  13. ↑ a b Peter Anselm Riedl , Max Seidel (ed.): The churches of Siena. Volume 2,1,2 (Oratorio della Carità – S. Domenico), Bruckmann Verlag , Munich 1992, ISBN 3-7654-1942-7 (text volume 2), p. 459.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f Torriti: Tutta Siena.
  15. ^ Augusto Codogno: La porta di Bartolomeo di Guerra. Nel tratto fra Fontegiusta a Porta Camollia era forse "privata". In: Il Cittadino Online from January 27, 2014 (Italian), online version ( memento of the original from February 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 9, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilcittadinoonline.it
  16. ^ Fabrizio Nevola: Siena: Constructing the Renaissance City. Yale University Press 2007, p. 14.
  17. ↑ exact location uncertain. Aschieri, Pellegrini and TCI indicate three different locations between Via dei Gazzani and Via Tozzi, Codogno speaks of Via Rinaldo Franci
  18. ^ Luigi Lazzari: Siena e il suo territorio. Siena 1862, p. 137.
  19. ↑ Peter Anselm Riedl, Max Seidel (ed.): The churches of Siena. Volume 1.1 (Abbadia all'Arco – S. Biagio), Bruckmann Verlag , Munich 1985, ISBN 3-7654-1941-9 , p. 4.
  20. ^ Augusto Codogno: La Porta delle Sperandie ed il suo monastero. In: Il Cittadino Online from November 13, 2013 (Italian), online version ( memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilcittadinoonline.it
  21. ^ University of Siena, Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti, Archeologia Medievale: I Luoghi della Ricerca. Archeologia urbana a Siena: Le fonti di Follonica: il piano tra XIII e XX secolo , accessed December 19, 2013 (Italian)
  22. ^ Alberto Fiorini: Via del Sole. In: Strade di Siena. Pacini Editore, Pisa 2017, ISBN 978-88-6995-211-1 , p. 511 f.
  23. ↑ EcoMuseo Siena: Eventi di Montaperti , accessed on August 25, 2015 (Italian)
  24. ↑ Repetti mentions two city gates: San Giorgio di dentro and San Giorgio di fuori (1299). With dentro he probably designates the aforementioned gate, with fuori probably the external gate on the left side of the Church of Santo Spirito, which also led to the Follonica fountain, is also known as Porta di Follonica (II.) And was built around 1253 by Ugolino Riccholfo (Guglielmo Villa, p. 79)
  25. ↑ Alberto Cornice: CAPITELLI, Bernardino in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani , Volume 18 (1975), accessed on December 27, 2013 (ital.)
  26. ↑ a b c Ricci: Pispini.
  27. ^ Giovanni Antonio Pecci: Memorie storico-critiche della città di Siena. Vol. 3, Siena 1758, p. 13.
  28. ^ Augusto Codogno: Quando nacque la Porta Romana. Una delle più belle ed ornate porte di Siena. In: Il Cittadino Online from October 19, 2013 (Italian), online version ( memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 22, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilcittadinoonline.it
  29. ↑ Official website of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici e per il Paesaggio per le province di Siena e Grosseto of the Ministry Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali for the Chiesa del Santuccio, accessed on December 19, 2013 (Italian)
  30. ↑ Roberta Mucciarelli: I Tolomei. Banchieri di Siena. Protagon Editori, Siena 1995, ISBN 88-8024-012-9 , p. 241 f.
  31. ^ Augusto Codogno: La (lunga) storia di Porta Tufi. E le mura che la congiungono at Porta San Marco. In: Il Cittadino Online from November 7, 2013 (Italian), online version ( memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 23, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilcittadinoonline.it
  32. ↑ Costante Vasco net (a cura di): L'Orto de 'Pecci nella valle di Porta Giustizia. Edizioni Il Leccio, Monteriggioni 2000, ISBN 88-86507-55-0 , p. 10 ff.
  33. ↑ William M. Bowsky: The Impact of the Black Death upon Sienese Government and Society. In: Speculum Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan., 1964), p. 7 f.
  34. ↑ a b c Pepper / Adams: Armi da fuoco e fortificazioni.
  35. ^ Augusto Codogno: La storia di Porta Giustizia nelle mura nuove. In: Il Cittadino Online from October 24, 2013 (Italian), online version ( memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilcittadinoonline.it
  36. ^ Augusto Codogno: Porta Laterina detta anche Stalloreggi di Fuori. In: Il Cittadino Online from December 2, 2013 (Italian), online version ( memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilcittadinoonline.it
  37. ^ Stefano Maggi: Il piano regolatore di Siena del 1956. All origini della città fuori le mura. Protagon Editori, Siena 2011, ISBN 978-88-8024-309-0 , p. 53
  38. ↑ Augusto Codogno: Mattasala, Mattasalaja e Chiasso della Vacca. Ancora una puntata dedicata a Porta Salaja e dintorni. In: Il Cittadino Online from December 2, 2013 (Italian), online version ( memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilcittadinoonline.it
  39. ↑ Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego at Enciclopedie on line Treccani , accessed on December 24, 2013 (Italian)
  40. ^ Website of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science of the Museo Galileo in Florence on the Fortezza Medicea di Siena, accessed on December 25, 2013 (Italian)
  41. ^ I Luoghi della Ricerca. Archeologia urbana a Siena . University of Siena
  42. ↑ Carla Zarrilli: Forteguerri, Laudomia. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 49 (1997), online version , accessed on December 16, 2013 (Italian)
  43. ↑ a b Marco Valenti, M.-A. Causarano: Dall'Archeologia dell'architettura all'Archeologia di una città. Il caso di Siena. Online version at academia.edu, accessed on December 18, 2013 (Italian)