Stephansort

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Postcard from Stephansort, which still shows the tobacco plantations that were abandoned in 1901.

Stephansort was an important trading post founded in August 1888 by the New Guinea company supported by private investors . The place named after the State Secretary of the Reich Post Office Heinrich von Stephan (1831-1897) was built in the German protected area Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land in New Guinea and was located in Astrolabe-Bai . The centrally located Stephansort was the main administrative seat of the Imperial Government Commissioner from 1891 to 1892 and remained the residence of the company's general director beyond this time. From 1899 the settlement with the entire previous protected area became part of the German colonial property in the Bismarck Archipelago . Until the end of the colony, Stephansort remained one of the main stations in the country. Today this place no longer exists.

Location and climate

The Stephansort, located in the Astrolabe plain, was distinguished for the European colonizers in particular by the excellent cultivation of the soil, which lay under a primeval forest with trees up to 50 meters high. This high forest was broken through by clearings with grass as high as a man and by rivers, in whose scree areas, among other things, wild sugar cane grew. Rattan and sago palms grew on the swampy areas . Towards the end of the 19th century, the northwest monsoon lasted from November to April, but hardly a week went by without rain, so that an annual rainfall of 2500 to 3000 mm was measured. 1896 was considered an unusually low rainfall year in Stephansort; at that time the dry spell there lasted 21 days. The mean annual temperature was measured as 26 to 27 degrees.

history

The Hungarian researcher Sámuel Fenichel is representative of many of the victims of malaria in Stephansort.

On December 14, 1889, a post office was founded in Stephansort. In addition to letters, parcels weighing up to five kilograms could be transported there. After a major malaria epidemic in which the general director of the company was also killed, the previous main town of Finschhafen was temporarily given up in 1891 . Because of the allegedly more favorable climate for Europeans and the diverse cultivation possibilities, the imperial government commissioner Friedrich Rose moved with his staff to Stephansort, which was not far from the village of Karegulan. From February 19 to 20, 1892, the small cruiser SMS Sperber lay in the port of the station on its round trip through the German South Pacific protected areas. As reported in the German Colonial Journal, the health conditions in Astrolabe Bay were satisfactory at that time . The small cruiser SMS Bussard , leaving for Stephansort after an overhaul from Auckland in May of the same year , picked up government commissioner Rose with parts of the police force after its arrival to go on a punitive expedition against Papuans . In the summer of 1891 they killed three German missionaries and native workers in Hatzfeldhafen .

As early as September 17, 1892, the state administration with the imperial government commissioner found its seat in Friedrich-Wilhelms-Hafen , which was founded in 1891 and was only founded in 1891 - again for a short time (today Madang ), while the General Director of the New Guinea Company was in Stephansort moved into a large administration building. From 1891 the Hungarian ethnographer and zoologist Sámuel Fenichel worked in the Astrolabe Bai. While planning an expedition inland, he died of malaria on March 12, 1893 in Stephansort. For several years, Stephansort was taken over by the Astrolabe Company ; this company allied itself in 1896 with the New Guinea Company.

Between 1895 and 1896, several German warships, including the Bussard and the Sparrowhawk , took part in surveys in the protected areas. In addition to a number of sailors, a particularly large number of surveyors fell ill - a total of 295 men. Stephansort and Friedrich-Wilhelms-Hafen, among others, could be identified as places of origin of the disease, which were now also described as quite unhealthy places . However, the impression of a relatively healthy and pleasant climate continued to exist among contemporary visitors to Stephansort .

The disastrous expedition of travel writer Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers in 1895 caused a sensation. When the participants ran out of food, a dispute arose about how to proceed. Local police soldiers hired on the Solomon Islands shot the writer, a German police master and other local police soldiers from New Mecklenburg. In 1897, Ranga and Upia, the two ringleaders, were arrested and locked up in Stephansort on July 4th of the same year. But the two managed to escape on July 13th. They captured rifles in the robbery of a Chinese trader. During the pursuit, the then governor of the New Guinea Company, Curt von Hagen, was shot and killed by Ranga on August 14, 1897. A few days later, Tomul warriors killed the two murderers and put their heads up in Stephansort as a deterrent.

In addition to the scientists sent by Western societies and museums, private individuals also collected ethnographic objects from the islanders on a large and small scale . Karl Bernhard Müller (1877–1917), who worked in a leading administrative position in Stephansort around 1900, became important collectors together with his wife Emmy Müller-Knabe. For the first time in October 1904 they handed over 287 objects to the museum in Weimar , Müller's hometown. Another handover took place in July 1911. Emmy Müller-Knabe gave another 26 pieces to the museum for the last time in 1924. All items are marked with the name of the spouse.

For the period before 1893 there is a critical report on the operation of the New Guinea company, at that time Stephansort made “now a very stately impression: beautiful practical tropical houses have been built; Well-tended country roads are laid out within the plantation. ”Around 1900, Stephansort had commercial facilities, administrative buildings, civil servants 'houses, a large clubhouse founded at Curt von Hagen's suggestion, a Chinese-run shop, residential buildings, workers' accommodation, and a large station shop for the Europeans provided with food, stables for horses, draft oxen and cows, a pharmacy and a hospital for Europeans located on a lake. There was also a hospital for natives from 1892. In 1899, the illustrated supplement to the German colonial newspaper reported almost euphorically about Stephansort. Coming from Bogadjim, one passed in a single horse carriage as “first of all the stately, recently built house of the Rhenish Mission on the right hand side. A little further on, on the left side of the main road, the hospital facilities, which are really great for a tropical colony, are located. These initially include the hospital for Europeans with a hall, four rooms and a veranda, the pharmacy with a women's ward and ancillary rooms, then a house each for a nurse, for infectious patients, for diarrheal patients , convalescents and newcomers. Since all these buildings are very close to the lake and at the same time to a park-like forest, there is enough good air. ”Next came the right hand and a good bit further a Chinese shop, which was run by a Chinese with the support of the administration , as well as a Malay shop. Visitors then took a “stately route” to the doctor's apartment, which consisted of two rooms and a large veranda, which also included a few outbuildings. Then you came to a neat, large roundabout where the “imposing main building of Stephansort, the apartment of the director general of the New Guinea Company, which also houses the offices on the ground floor. We also have a large clubhouse with billiards on Stephansort ”…“ Its beautiful location in the park and directly on the lake invites those who walk past to sit down on the veranda. There is a European shooting range nearby. Other residential buildings for Europeans include an administrator's house, nine houses for assistants, an overseer's house, twenty workers 'houses for Javanese, Chinese and Melanese and four Chinese kongsies for forty men each, each of which has two workers' houses of twenty men, an overseer's house and one Kitchen receives. In addition to the buildings for the tobacco (three fermentation and twelve drying barns) there are several stables, sheds and wagon sheds for the light railroad. "

After 1900 the production facilities were further expanded and industrialization advanced. The administration of Stephansort put a steam engine driven sisal defibering plant into operation until 1910. At the same time, a section of track was laid to this facility and two new officials' houses were built.

Early review

The dangers, adventures and first problems with the plantings in Germany were reported early on, but the New Guinea company as a commercial enterprise had no interest in providing deeper insights into the inner workings of their production facilities. Sharp critics, such as Woldemar von Hanneken, a planting supervisor of the Astrolabe company of Erima who resigned in 1893, were also seen by a colonial intoxicated public as polluting the nest. Allegations showed von Hanneken as a sick person who had failed on duty. What von Hanneken, husband of the nurse Hedwig Saul, who initially worked in Stephansort since 1893, reported about the decline of the plantations in the Astrolabe Bai from his time until 1893, had already become a fact at the time of the publication of his reviews in 1896 before 1900 to a complete conversion of the plantation operations (see section Plantations ). So he was also critical of the economy in Stephansort, which still held its own best with its tobacco plantations. He spoke of "expensive plants" which "in my opinion are out of proportion to the yield of the planting". Von Hanneken also unmasked the excessive bureaucracy maintained by the Berlin New Guinea Company with "thousands of things" ... "Glories of a developed culture", which was found in fictitious city maps and wanted to regulate the idle hours of Stephansort's European employees. The company had issued statutes for the leisure club that had been established in Stephansort. According to von Hanneken, too high a percentage of the local company employees was also active in internal administration.

Plantations

As early as July 1889, 19 hectares of forest had been reclaimed, with eleven hectares being cultivated with tobacco and another five with maize from January of the same year . The initial severe pest infestation on the tobacco crops decreased during the replanting. Other early production difficulties were also dealt with satisfactorily. From 1896, the economic importance of Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen was severely restricted in favor of Stephansort for a few years. Stephansort, where about 20 Germans lived around 1900, had one of the most important tobacco fields in the protected area until 1894, which initially had high harvest yields. Originally, only tobacco was to be planted in Stephansort, and in 1892, 36,200 kilograms of the 95,000 kilograms of tobacco produced in the country were supplied by Stephansort. Most cigar smokers appreciated the somewhat strong tobacco. Due to persistent drought, however, the harvest of this plant in Kaiser Wilhelms-Land fell from just 77,000 to 30,000 kilograms between 1894 and 1898, with production in Stephansort remaining stable and 36,197 kilograms of "very good quality" still being harvested there in 1897 . In the same year, the Stephansort plantations were divided into three spatially and economically separate areas. These areas included the tobacco plantations, cotton fields of also "very good quality" and a Liberica coffee plantation with an attached test garden for other tropical crops. Another mainstay was cattle breeding. Due to the drought, the cultivation of tobacco was also restricted in Stephansort and for 1899 those responsible planned to plant only 200 tobacco fields. With the general collapse of the tobacco business in Kaiser Wilhelms-Land, the plantings in Stephansort were converted to coconut palms for the production of copra . In 1901, the tobacco plantation, which could no longer prevail against the competition, was finally given up in Stephansort.

The conversion of the plantations started at the end of the 19th century and continued around 1900. Stephansort should now serve as a test field for the cultivation of newly introduced crops, whereby the coconut palms mentioned above remained in the center of productive use. Corn as well as sesame , cassava and agaves for sisal production continued to be grown . In 1902, the botanist Rudolf Schlechter (1872–1925) reported on his work in Stephansort, which he carried out on behalf of the non-profit Colonial Economic Committee . On December 19, 1901, the botanist left Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen on a cutter and came to Stephansort. There he took milk sap samples from imported Castilloa mulberry trees (Castilloa elastica) and Asian rubber trees (Ficus elastica) the following day . Schlechter then gave the rubber trees a better certificate for rubber production. The South American rubber tree (Hevea Brasiliens) showed for him - after five years of growth - the most unsatisfactory results.

In 1904, the Stephansort plantation comprised just over 1,097 hectares with 130,485 rubber trees (Hevea Brasiliensis, Ficus elastica, Castilloa elastica), 64,000 coconut palms, 13,884 kapok trees and 9,000 sisal agaves. The export figures of the goods produced could fluctuate extremely from year to year, which was not only due to tropical weather or diseases, but simply to the lack of labor. For this reason, Stephansort exported only five tons of sisal hemp in 1911, compared to a total of 20 tons in 1912.

Livestock

The livestock in Stephansort and Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen in 1898 totaled 166 head of cattle of Siamese , Bengali and Indian origins. From August 1903 to January 1904 was rampant in Stephansort one from Singapore entrained rinderpest . After this epidemic, Stephansort's livestock in 1904 was 239 head of cattle and eleven horses.

Narrow gauge railway

The Ochsenbahn in Stephansort around 1902.

The plantations were between Stephansort and the nearby local village of Bogadjim . A mission station of the Rhenish Mission Society, founded in 1887, was located there . In addition to quite well developed country roads, Stephansort was connected to Bogadjim and the roadstead of Erimahafen by a narrow-gauge field railway with a gauge of 0.6 meters. Zebu oxen were used as draft animals for this run, as they could be used more cheaply than tractors, which were considered to be very maintenance-intensive in the tropical climate. The material necessary for the construction of this railway was imported from Germany in 1893. At the end of the 19th century, Erimahafen had stacking areas and a steam engine for operating the harvested cotton gins. The first rails to the plantations had also been laid there. In 1894 the continuation to Stephansort was planned and carried out a short time later. In 1896, Constantine Harbor, founded in 1886 and located around 15 kilometers south-east, was also connected to the railway network. Another line connected the Erimahafen with Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen and Jomba. In Stephansort there were the sheds and car halls for the railway, which, in addition to the products of the region, also pulled simple, laterally open passenger wagons. Branch lines of the narrow-gauge railway starting from Stephansort led around five kilometers to the southeast to the bank of the Minjim river and to the southwest to the foothills of the Oertzen Mountains (Tajomanna Mountains). The main route was around ten kilometers long in 1899 and led from the Erima harbor inland to Erima and from there over the Jori River past the headquarters of the New Guinea Company and the Mission to Bogadjim. To support the planned expansion of tobacco cultivation on the right bank of the Jori River in Erima, rails were laid along the main paths through the plantations there in 1895. In 1897 the entire route network of this narrow-gauge railway comprised 24 kilometers. Despite the use of a small railway system, the construction of the railway was associated with considerable costs. A large bridge had to be built over the Jori River, which was not rebuilt after it was destroyed by a flood in 1897 and the railway system from Stephansort and Erimahafen was operated separately from then on. As early as 1904, it is indirectly indicated that the field railway network has apparently been reduced in size in the meantime. Because it says: “Stephansort owned z. In its heyday, for example, about 20 km of light rail tracks. ”The real total length of the railway network was, however, somewhat longer during the“ heyday ”, the time of tobacco growing. In 1910, 1200 meters of new track were laid for a new sisal fiber removal system in Stephansort.

Between the places Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen and Stephansort, which are around 23 kilometers apart, there was initially a mule track connecting the two places in addition to the field railway. However, this had been given up a long time before 1912. From Stephansort, this path was only maintained around twelve kilometers to the Marienfluss in 1912.

Even after the Germans withdrew and were expropriated, the route network was partially kept in operation. In 1927, the last contiguous survey for the Erima railway system recorded seven bridges, including a suspension bridge 43 meters long. The same was true of the Bogadjim plantation system, which at that time also had seven bridges. Stephansort was already equated with Bogadjim at that time. In 1927 there were also 16 bogie cars for transporting goods. The inventory took place before the plantations were sold to Australian settlers. For this purpose, the land on the railway line was divided into three lots. The Erimahafen plantation with 215 hectares of planted area and 1.60 kilometers of railway line, the Erimabush plantation with 245 hectares of planted area and 5.60 kilometers of railway line and the Bogadjim plantation with 717 hectares of planted area and eight kilometers of railway line. The new Australian owners of the plantations and railway sections each had their own ideas about the maintenance or decay of the railway lines and were in economic competition with one another. In 1943, Allied Forces Intelligence in the Southwest Pacific reported that the railroad lines were still in existence. However, the route sections were destroyed during the subsequent fighting in the Pacific War and not rebuilt after 1945.

Sickness

Robert Koch researched in Stephansort for two months in 1899/1900.

From 1891/1892 Stephansort owned two hospitals operated by the New Guinea company; one for natives and one for the European residents of the plantation settlement. Both buildings consisted of single-storey elongated huts that were covered with reeds. The nurse Auguste Hertzer (1855–1934), who became known for building up the health system in East Africa and New Guinea, worked from June 1891 to 1892 under Reinhard Wilhelm Hagge (* 1861), the chief tropical doctor who was also appointed at the beginning of 1891, in Stephansort. He was supported by a second sister, Hedwig Saul, who had arrived with Hertzer. Hertzer was then transferred to Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen to the new hospital still under construction on Beliao Island. In 1896 she returned to Stephansort at short notice. Since August 16, 1894, the tropical doctor Wilhelm Wendland had been working for both Stephansort and Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen . Judge Maximilian Krieger, who arrived there at the end of 1893, noted that 351 Melanesian workers had died of smallpox . Shortly before, the disease had been brought in from Java by Chinese coolies on the Lübeck Reichspoststampfer to New Guinea, had first spread in Stephansort and then spread to other stations. The disease could be contained with targeted vaccinations and quarantine measures. A subsequent influenza decimated the surviving workers again between October and December 1894. Despite various measures to get the malaria under control in Stephansort, it broke out again and again. Within twelve months up to September 1899, 201 of a total of 790 workers died . Most of them were Chinese day laborers . To research the disease, the physician and microbiologist Robert Koch (1843-1910) set up together with other physicians for a two-month stay in Stephansort on December 29, 1899, as this place with two hospitals had the best local conditions. It turned out that of the total of 734 people examined in Stephansort - Europeans and plantation workers - 157 were infected with malaria parasites. Koch provided evidence that targeted quinine prophylaxis could contain the disease.

In October 1913 an epidemic of dysentery developed among the workers in Stephansort , which affected 55 workers in November and 119 in December. The sick were isolated and treated in a barrack camp. The measures showed success. The number of deaths remained limited to 25 people. In April 1914 the epidemic was declared extinct.

Responsible hospital doctors in Stephansort

Even before the two hospitals were founded, Carl Weinland (1864–1891) joined the New Guinea Company as a doctor in May 1889, initially in Stephansort and soon after in Finschhafen. Weinland has become known more as a scientific collector, especially through the creation of plant collections from Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land . The service as a doctor in the tropics was associated with dangerous health risks. For this reason, among other things, the length of stay of many tropical doctors was often not very long. The list is based on the information provided by the historian Hermann Joseph Hiery . The list has been added here. Significant deviations and additions are provided with comments.

Surname Field of activity Start of activity End of activity Locations comment
Wilhelm Frobenius (1855–1927) Mission doctor of the Rhenish Mission Society July 1890 1900 actually working for the local population; helped out when the doctor's position was not filled
Reinhold Hagge (* 1861) Head of the Medical Service of the New Guinea Company Early 1891 1893 Stephansort
Philipp Emmerling Head of the Medical Service of the New Guinea Company June 22, 1891 † February 20, 1893 Stephansort, Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen died in the service of malaria
Bernhard Hagen (1853-1919) Head of the Medical Service of the New Guinea Company November 12, 1893 February 1895 Stephansort, Erima
Wilhelm Wendland (1867–1944) Head of the Medical Service of the New Guinea Company August 16, 1894 November 1897 Stephansort, Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen
Ernst Diesing Head of the Medical Service of the New Guinea Company November 1897 September 1898 Stephansort left early
Max Liese Interim as head of the medical service of the New Guinea company September 1898 April 1899 Stephansort, Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen until this mission ship doctor of the North German Lloyd
Anton Schlafke Head of the Medical Service of the New Guinea Company February 1899 January 1900 Stephansort Sick of tuberculosis identified by Robert Koch . Koch arranged for him to be transported back. Schlafke died in the year of his return
Heinrich Ollwig (1863–1914) Medical officer, head of the medical service of the New Guinea Company January 1900 June 1900 Stephansort worked as an assistant for Robert Koch's malaria expedition
G. Jacobs Head of the Medical Service of the New Guinea Company June 15, 1900 June 1901 Stephansort
Otto Dempwolff (1871–1938) Doctor at the Reich Colonial Office, researched malaria on behalf of Robert Koch October 17, 1901 June 1903 Stephansort, Herbertshöhe fell ill with malaria in Stephansort

End of the German colonial era

Only on August 5, 1914 did German New Guinea receive the message that war had broken out in Europe. At the beginning of September 1914, Australian forces landed in Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land. One after another, the area defended by very few forces was conquered. Morobe was the last German government station to be occupied on January 11, 1915 . The surrender conditions were very mild. The German officials were sent back to Germany with three monthly salaries, German laws and currency remained in place for the time being. The German postage stamps captured by the occupation forces were printed in black with the abbreviation GRI and English denominations in the Rabaul government printing house . Since the Rabaul postmark had been rendered unusable by German post officials, the Australians used a metal stamp found in the former Stephansort post office. The office there had already been canceled at the beginning of 1914 and the stamp thus escaped destruction during the war. After the conquest of Käwiengs and the occupation of Naurus, the Australians fell into the hands of other large stocks of stamps, which were also overprinted. The stamps were only allowed to be used by post within New Guinea.

Stephansort disappears from the maps

After the League of Nations was founded in 1920, Australia took over the German colony as trust territory . The aim of the League of Nations to give the former colony independence was initially undermined by Australia, as the land distribution to Australian settlers shows. The name Stephansort disappeared from Australian maps as early as the 1920s and is mostly only mentioned in connection with Bogadjim. The first turning point in this policy occurred in the Astrolabe-Bai in the spring of 1942, when Australian troops came from Lorengau, which was occupied by the Japanese , to the Stephansort-Bogadjim area with two boats, in order to march from there to Hagensberg . The following battles permanently destroyed the infrastructure built by the Germans in the bay. In the attacks of the Fifth Air Force (5th US Air Fleet) on Madang, Alexisafen and Bogadjim from January 7th to 13th, 1944, a total of 665 tons of bombs were dropped according to US data in 1945. The Battle of Bogadjim took place on April 13, 1944. The 57th / 60th The infantry battalion of the Australian Army captured an important base of the Japanese army during the fighting around Bogadjim.

literature

  • German Colonial Lexicon (1920), Volume III, p. 405 f. ( online )
  • Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1897

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Maximilian Krieger: About the trading companies of our South Seas colonies. In: A. Seidel (Ed.): Contributions to colonial policy and colonial economy. Wilhelm Süsserott, Berlin 1899–1900. Pp. 37-38.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Sievers , Willy Kükenthal : Australien, Ozeanien und Polarländer ( general geography ), Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1902. P. 284.
  3. ^ Karl Lauterbach : The geographical results of the Kaiser Wilhelms Land Expedition. In: Journal of the Society for Geography in Berlin . WH Kühl, Berlin 1898. pp. 144-145.
  4. ^ Establishment of a post office in Stephansort (New Guinea) . In: Chemiker-Zeitung , 14th year (1890), p. 500; Hermann Joseph Hiery : The German South Seas 1884-1914. A manual. Schöningh Paderborn 2001, ISBN 3506739123 , p. 178.
  5. ↑ Colonial Department of the Foreign Office (ed.): Deutsches Kolonialblatt. Official journal of the Reichskolonialamt, Volume 3. Verlag von Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1892. p. 331.
  6. ↑ Hans H. Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, Hans-Otto Steinmetz: The German warships. Biographies. A mirror of naval history from 1815 to the present day. Volume 1. Mundus Verlag, Essen 1993. p. 179.
  7. ↑ a b c d Maximilian Krieger (Ed.): New Guinea. (Series: Bibliothek der Länderkunde. ) Alfred Schall, Berlin 1899. p. 238.
  8. ^ Karl Lauterbach : The geographical results of the Kaiser Wilhelms Land Expedition. In: Journal of the Society for Geography in Berlin . WH Kühl, Berlin 1898. p. 143.
  9. ↑ Carl August Schmitz : Historical Problems in Northeast New Guinea . Steiner, Wiesbaden 1960, p. 14.
  10. ↑ Centralblatt for Bacteriology, Parasite Science and Infectious Diseases. Volume 25. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1899. p. 673.
  11. ^ A b c Karl Lauterbach: The geographical results of the Kaiser Wilhelms Land Expedition. In: Journal of the Society for Geography in Berlin . WH Kühl, Berlin 1898. p. 148.
  12. ^ Thomas Morlang: Askari and Fitafita. “Colored” mercenaries in the German colonies. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2008. ISBN 3861534762 . P. 99.
  13. ↑ Simon Haberberger: Colonialism and cannibalism. Cases from German New Guinea and British New Guinea, 1884-1914. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2007. ISBN 3447055782 . P. 93.
  14. ↑ Marion Melk-Koch: How the South Seas came to Thuringia ... Ethnographics from the Pacific and from Australia in Thuringia . In: Communications from the Anthropological Society in Vienna. Volume 136/137, 2007, pp. 203-224; here: p. 213.
  15. ↑ a b Woldemar von Hanneken: "A colony in reality: Illusion-free considerations by a former station master in the protected area of ​​the New Guinea Company". In: Die Nation 10 (1896), pp. 154–157; here p. 157. (Reprinted in Ulrike Keller (ed.): Travelers in the South Seas since 1520. Promedia, Vienna 2004. ISBN 3-85371-224-X . pp. 112–131.)
  16. ^ A b Rudolf Fitzner: Deutsches Kolonial-Handbuch, Volume 2. Verlag H. Paetel, Berlin 1901. P. 63.
  17. ↑ a b c Maximilian Krieger (Ed.): New Guinea. (Series: Bibliothek der Länderkunde. ) Alfred Schall, Berlin 1899. p. 237.
  18. ^ Margrit Davies: Public health and colonialism. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2002. ISBN 3447046007 . P. 107.
  19. ↑ About Kaiser-Wilhelmsland In: Illustrated supplement to the German Colonial Newspaper 27, 16th year (1899), p. 245.
  20. ↑ a b Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22 (1911), p. 236.
  21. ↑ Die Nation 16 (1896), p. 249.
  22. ^ Under the Red Cross 1 (1893), pp. 4, 6; Hermann Joseph Hiery : The German South Seas 1884-1914. A manual. Schöningh Paderborn 2001, ISBN 3506739123 , p. 437.
  23. ↑ Woldemar von Hanneken: "A colony in reality: Illusion-free observations by a former station master in the protected area of ​​the New Guinea Company". In: Die Nation 10 (1896), pp. 154–157; here: p. 156. (Reprinted in Ulrike Keller (ed.): Travelers in the South Seas since 1520. Promedia, Vienna 2004. ISBN 3-85371-224-X . pp. 112–131.)
  24. ^ New Guinea Company (ed.): News about Kaiser Wilhelms-Land and the Bismarck Archipelago . Asher & Co, Berlin 1890, p. 7.
  25. ↑ a b Wilhelm Sievers: Australia and Oceania. A general knowledge of the country. Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig / Vienna 1895. p. 432.
  26. ↑ a b c Stephansort and Erima. In: Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 14, 1897, p. 10.
  27. ↑ a b Wilhelm Sievers, Willy Kükenthal: Australien, Ozeanien und Polarländer (general geography), Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1902. p. 280.
  28. ↑ Der Tropenpflanzer 2, 1898, p. 126. Note: Misprint in the Tropenpflanzer : Instead of 79,300 pounds as stated there, 79,800 pounds were sent
  29. ↑ Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 31, Volume 16 (1899), p. 278.
  30. ↑ Georg Wegener : Germany in the Pacific. Bielefeld 1903, p. 111.
  31. ^ Rudolf Schlechter: Travel report of the gutta-percha and rubber expedition to the South Pacific colonies. In: Der Tropenpflanzer 5, May 1902, pp. 213-234; here: pp. 225–226.
  32. ^ Annual report of the New Guinea Company, Berlin . In: Der Tropenpflanzer 7, 8th year (1904), pp. 384–388; here: p. 386.
  33. ↑ Der Tropenpflanzer 16 (1912), p. 204.
  34. ↑ Der Tropenpflanzer , 2nd year (1898), p. 126.
  35. ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations of the German Reichstag 209 (1905); P. 3312.
  36. ^ Annual report of the New Guinea Company, Berlin . In: Der Tropenpflanzer 7, 8th year (1904), pp. 384–388; here: p. 387.
  37. ^ A b c Bob McKillop, Michael Pearson: End of the Line: A History of Railways in Papua New Guinea. University of Papua New Guinea, 1997, ISBN 998084096X . Pp. 11-14.
  38. ↑ Gustav Meinecke (ed.): Colonial Yearbook 1895. Carl Heumanns Verlag, Berlin 1896. P. 127.
  39. ^ Maximilian Krieger: About the trading companies of our South Seas colonies. In: A. Seidel (Ed.): Contributions to colonial policy and colonial economy. Wilhelm Süsserott, Berlin 1899–1900. P. 40.
  40. ^ Bob McKillop, Michael Pearson: End of the Line: A History of Railways in Papua New Guinea. University of Papua New Guinea, 1997, ISBN 998084096X .
  41. ^ Walter Kolbe: Cattle breeding in New Guinea and its importance for the development of the country . In: Der Tropenpflanzer 4, 8th year, (1904), pp. 165-182; here: p. 177.
  42. ^ "Journal for Colonial Policy, Colonial Law and Colonial Economy", Volume 14 (1912), p. 282.
  43. ^ Johannes Grüntzig, Heinz Mehlhorn: Robert Koch. Plague hunters and Nobel Prize winners. Spektrum, Heidelberg, 2010, ISBN 382742710X , p. 533.
  44. ^ A b Margrit Davies: Public health and colonialism. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2002. ISBN 3447046007 . P. 95.
  45. ↑ Gustav Meinecke (ed.): Colonial Yearbook 1895. Carl Heumanns Verlag, Berlin 1896. P. 124 and 252.
  46. ^ Margrit Davies: Public health and colonialism. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2002. ISBN 3447046007 . P. 96.
  47. ^ Robert Koch: Third report on the activity of the malaria expedition. Stay in Stephansort in December 1899 . In: Georg Gaffky , Eduard Pfuhl, Julius Schwalbe (eds.): Collected works by Robert Koch 2, part 1, Thieme, Leipzig 1912, pp. 404–411; Colonial Department of the Foreign Office (ed.): Deutsches Kolonialblatt. Official journal of the Reichskolonialamt, Volume 11. Verlag von Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1900. P. 946.
  48. ^ Robert Koch: Third report on the activity of the malaria expedition. Stay in Stephansort in December 1899 . In: Georg Gaffky , Eduard Pfuhl, Julius Schwalbe (eds.): Collected works by Robert Koch 2, part 1, Thieme, Leipzig 1912, pp. 404–411; here: pp. 410-411; Robert Koch: Fourth report on the activities of the malaria expedition, covering the months of March and April 1900. In: Georg Gaffky , Eduard Pfuhl, Julius Schwalbe (eds.): Collected works by Robert Koch 2, part 1, Thieme, Leipzig 1912, pp. 412–415; Robert Koch: Fifth report on the activities of the malaria expedition. Investigations in New Guinea between April 28 and June 15, 1900 . In: Georg Gaffky , Eduard Pfuhl, Julius Schwalbe (eds.): Collected works by Robert Koch 2, part 1, Thieme, Leipzig 1912, pp. 412–415; Hugo Kronecker : Hygienische Topographie In: A. Pfeiffer (Hrsg.): 21st annual report on the progress and achievements in the area of ​​the hygiene. Born in 1903 . Friedrich Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig, 1905. p. 68.
  49. ^ Deutsches Kolonialblatt , Volume 26 (1915), p. 287.
  50. ↑ Hermann Joseph Hiery : The German South Seas 1884-1914. A manual. Schöningh Paderborn 2001, ISBN 3506739123 , p. 436.
  51. ^ A b Hermann Joseph Hiery : The German South Seas 1884-1914. A manual. Schöningh Paderborn 2001, ISBN 3506739123 , p. 435.
  52. ↑ a b News from the German protected areas. In: Deutsches Kolonialblatt , 1899, pp. 86–93; here: p. 90.
  53. ^ Johannes Grüntzig, Heinz Mehlhorn: Robert Koch. Plague hunters and Nobel Prize winners. Spektrum, Heidelberg, 2010, ISBN 382742710X , p. 501.
  54. ↑ Hermann Joseph Hiery (ed.): The German South Sea 1884-1914. A manual. Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-506-73912-3 , p. 815.
  55. ↑ Hermann Joseph Hiery (ed.): The German South Sea 1884-1914. A manual. Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-506-73912-3 , p. 816.
  56. ↑ Day by Day. Major events in the battle against the forces of Japan from Pearl Habor to VJ-Day. In: Air Force. Official Service Journal of the US Army Air Forces 28/9, September 1945, p. 31 ff .; here: p. 32.
  57. ↑ https://www.awm.gov.au/battle-honour/E404/ Australian War Memorial - Bogadjim

Coordinates: 5 ° 26 ′ 40.3 ″  S , 145 ° 44 ′ 39.7 ″  E