Marsh soft orchis

Marsh soft orchis
	Marsh soft orchids ( Hammarbya paludosa )
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Epidendroideae
Tribe :	Malaxideae
Genre :	Soft orchids
Type :	Marsh soft orchis
Scientific name of the genus
	Hammarbya
	Kuntze
Scientific name of the species
	Hammarbya paludosa
	( L. ) Kuntze

The marsh Weichorchis ( Hammarbya paludosa ) is the only kind of monotypic genus Weichorchis ( Hammarbya ) in the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). It is one of the smallest and rarest orchids found in Europe.

Some botanical authors assign it to the genus Malaxis as the species Malaxis paludosa . A scientific agreement on this question has not yet been reached. Due to various similarities, the genera Hammarbya , Liparis and Malaxis are recorded in the tribe Malaxideae.

Name declaration

The generic name Hammarbya is etymologically assigned to the country estate Carl von Linnés , Hammarby near the city of Uppsala . Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze , who invented the name, wrote that it was "... dedicated to the most famous naturalist of all time, Mr. von Hammerby", that is to say, dedicated to Carl von Linné. The type epithet paludosa is the Latin word paludosus = "swampy, rich in swamps" as an indication of the occurrence of this species.

The German generic names Weichstendel , Weichorchis or Weichwurz came about when Hammarbya paludosa was still assigned to the genus Malaxis . No name has yet been able to assert itself unequivocally from the species names marsh soft orchid , marsh softwort , marsh soft leaf or soft stendel .

description

Marsh soft orchid
( Hammarbya paludosa )
flowers

The marsh soft orchid is a perennial rhizome geophyte with a vertical rhizome , a lower-lying, previous year's false tuber and an about 1 to 2 centimeters higher, above-ground, fresh air tuber that follows the growth of the sphagnum cushion normally surrounding the plant .

Fully grown plants form a stem that can reach a height of 7 to 17 centimeters. At the base of the stem are two upright, oblong-egg-shaped, but unequal sized rosette leaves . These different foliage leaves are about 1.7 to 3 inches long and 0.4 to 1 inches wide.

The loose inflorescence is 3 to 9 centimeters long and has 8 to 40 inconspicuous, green to green-yellow flowers attached to the stem . The lanceolate bracts are about as long as the ovary .

The spurless lip (labellum) is about 2 to 3 millimeters long and 1.6 to 2 millimeters wide. It is drawn with four dark green vertical stripes, has a concave shape and points upwards through a double resupination , that is, through a rotation through 360 °. The lateral sepals (sepals) are directed upwards, are about 2.8 to 3.2 millimeters long and 1.2 to 1.3 millimeters wide. The middle sepal points down and is about 3.1 to 4.2 millimeters long, 1.4 to 1.6 millimeters wide and simulates the lip. The ovate-lanceolate petals (petals) point outwards and are rolled backwards.

The allogamous species pollinated by parasitic wasps, mosquitoes, sciarid gnats and small bees also forms brood buds on the tips of the leaves, which contribute to vegetative reproduction and lead to the formation of tufts.

The flowering time extends from the beginning of July to the end of August, depending on the altitude and location, with the main flowering time being mid-July to mid-August.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

Ecology and diffusion

The bottom-Weichorchis is in high and intermediate bogs , on wet, moderately acidic Torfschlammböden up to a height position to be found of 1,160 meters. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 37–1160 meters, France 0–900 meters, Switzerland 884–1100 meters, Austria 500–777 meters, Italy 1080 meters, Slovenia 150–460 meters. In Europe, the species thrives between 0 and 1160 meters above sea level.

It is found in plant communities of the Rhynchosporion albae association, often together with white mosses of the Sphagnum subsecundum group .

(For a breakdown, see: Plant sociological units according to Oberdorfer ).

The swamp soft orchid is a floral element of the southern temperate to boreal Florence zone. Their distribution area extends in the northern hemisphere from North America to East Asia , over large parts of northern and central Europe . The southern distribution ends in southwest France and northern Italy .

Germany

The formerly more numerous occurrences in the North German lowlands are extinct apart from a few remaining areas. Today's main distribution area is in the foothills of the Alps .

Austria

At the Almsee in Upper Austria, a site of this orchid species, now widely regarded as almost extinct, was discovered recently.

Switzerland

In Switzerland there is only a very rare occurrence of this species in the Einsiedeln area.

Conservation and endangerment

The swamp soft orchid is threatened with extinction across Europe and is therefore on the red lists . Like all orchid species occurring in Europe, it is therefore under the strictest protection of European and national laws. Here is the number of entries in the Red Lists:

Germany: 2
Federal states: Baden-Württemberg : 1, Bavaria : 2, Berlin : 0, Brandenburg : 1, Bremen : 1, Hamburg : 0, Hesse : 0, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania : 1, Lower Saxony : 1, North Rhine-Westphalia : 1, Rhineland Palatinate : 0, Saarland : 0, Saxony-Anhalt : 0, Saxony : 0, Schleswig-Holstein : 1, Thuringia : 1
Switzerland: Very rare
Austria: k. A.

The removal of peat and the draining of moors for other uses, such as afforestation, have doomed this rare orchid species to extinction in many areas. The few remaining deposits must be placed under strict protection. This also means, among other things, that entering the last habitats is completely prohibited.

Systematics

Hammarbya paludosa (A)
Illustration in:
CAM Lindman :
" Pictures ur Nordens Flora "
Stockholm (1917–1927)
Plate 417 (left)

The current scientific name is: Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze and was published in 1891.

In addition to the first description name , Ophrys paludosa L. , the Basionym from 1753, there are some synonyms :

Orchis paludosa (L.) Pall. (from 1776)
Epipactis paludosa (L.) FW Schmidt (1795)
Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw. (1800, accepted by some authors)
Sturmia paludosa (L.) Rchb. (1829)

The species is not very variable and only one variety has been described:

Hammarbya paludosa var. Robusta Verm. 1949.

Sources and further information

literature

Standard literature on orchids

Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8 (good work on the subject of systematics).
Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .

Individual evidence

↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2016. ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 , doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016
↑ ^a ^b ^c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 285 .
↑ ^a ^b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition Volume 8, page 431. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
^ Karl-Peter Buttler: Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .