Valerian growth
| Valerian growth | ||||||||||||
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Real valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Valerianoideae | ||||||||||||
| Raf. |
The valerian family (Valerianoideae) have the rank of a subfamily in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae), formerly a separate family Valerianaceae within the plant order of the cardiac plants (Dipsacales).
description
Appearance and leaves
They are predominantly perennial or biennial, rarely annual herbaceous plants , less often shrubs , whereby the different growth forms occur mainly in the Andes. Tap roots or rhizomes are formed as persistence organs. White, multicellular hairs ( trichomes ) may be present on the parts of the plant .
The leaves are distributed at the base and / or opposite to the stem axis . The leaf blades are simple or pinnate with smooth or differently toothed leaf edges.
Generative characteristics
The flowers stand above the bracts and bracts in simple or compound, zymous inflorescences .
The mostly hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual flowers are radially symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical with a double flower envelope . The calyx is five-lobed in Nardostachys , indistinctly toothed in Patrinia and bristly, feathery, and papus-like in Valeriana . The mostly whitish or reddish petals are fused tubular, sometimes two-lipped with rarely three to usually five corolla lobes. The flowers of the genera regarded as original still have four stamens ; in the other genera there is a reduction in the number of stamens down to a single one. The stamens are inserted near the base of the corolla tube. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown. Only one of these carpels is fertile with only one hanging ovule . The stylus ends in a simple or trilobed scar.
The calyx enlarges in most species and grows into hair, feathery hair, hooks, wings, etc. during fruit ripening, which help in the spread of the achena-like closing fruits . In the spur flowers ( Centranthus ) different types of fruits form on one and the same plant. Each seed per fruit has a large, straight embryo , but no endosperm .
ingredients
The plant parts have a characteristic odor, which is caused by monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid essential oils .
Systematics and distribution
The Valerianaceae family was established by August Johann Georg Carl Batsch . The Valerianaceae family was generally regarded as a transitional family between the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae) and the cardiac family (Dipsacaceae). Some authors place them in the rank of a subfamily Valerianoideae in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). Here we follow the view of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , which, according to APG III 2009 and APG IV 2016, places these genera in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). In the rank of a family Valerianaceae Batsch , subfamily Valerianoideae Raf. or a tribe Valerianeae Dumort. it contains eight genera with about 350 species.
Genera and their distribution
The overwhelming number of species of valerian plants occurs in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere and in the Andes . They are completely absent in tropical Africa, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia and Australia. The almost worldwide areas , with the exception of Australia and New Zealand, are mostly in higher elevations and often in montane regions.
- Spornflowers ( Centranthus DC. ): The range extends with nine species and seven subspecies from Macaronesia , the Mediterranean region and southern, European Russia to the Caucasus region .
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African valerian ( Fedia Gaertn. , Syn .: Mitrophora Neck. Ex Raf. ): The three or so species are common in the western Mediterranean; for example with:
- Cornucopia fedie ( Fedia cornucopiae (L.) Gaertn. )
- Narden ( Nardostachys DC. ): The range of one or two species is in the Himalayas , such as:
- Golden Baldrian ( Patrinia Juss. , Syn .: Fedia Adans. , Fuisa Raf. ): The approximately 20 species are distributed in Central Asia and East Asia.
- Plectritis ( Lindl. ) DC. (Syn .: Aligera Suksd. ): The fiveor sospecies are distributed from western North America to western South America .
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Pseudobetckea ( Höck ) Lincz. : It contains only one type:
- Pseudobetckea caucasica ( Boiss. ) Lincz. : It isnative tothe Caucasus .
- Valerians ( Valeriana L. , Syn .: Aretiastrum (DC.) Spach , Astrephia Dufr. , Belonanthus Graebn. , Phuodendron (Graebn.) Dalla Torre & Harms , Phyllactis Pers. , Stangea Graebn. ): Which are about 150 to 250 species Widespread in the temperate zones of Europe , Asia , Africa and the New World and partly also in the tropics of South America.
- Lamb's lettuce ( Valerianella Mill. , Syn .: Siphonella (Torr. & A.Gray) Small ): The approximately 80 species are native to Eurasia , North Africa and North America.
swell
- The Valerianaceae family on the AP website (sections description and systematics).
- The Valerianaceae family at DELTA . (Section description)
literature
- Deyuan Hong, Fred R. Barrie, Charles D. Bell: Valerianaceae . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 661–671 (English, as a separate family Valerianaceae). , PDF file (sections Description, Distribution and Systematics).
- Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan 101: Valerianaceae . Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1976, p. 1–21 (English, online ).
- Charles D Bell, Michael J Donoghue: Phylogeny and biogeography of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) with special reference to the South American valerians . In: Organisms, Diversity & Evolution . tape 5 , no. 2 , 2005, p. 147–159 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ode.2004.10.014 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 161, 2009, pp. 105-121.
- ↑ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, Volume 181, pp. 1-20. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12385
- ↑ Nereida Xena de Enrech, Joël Mathez: Genetic control of fruit polymorphism in the Genus Fedia (Valerianaceae) in the light of dimorphic and trimorphic populations of F. pallescens . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . tape 210 , no. 3-4 , 1998, ISSN 1615-6110 , pp. 199-210 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00985668 (English).
- ^ Deyuan Hong, Fred R. Barrie, Charles D. Bell: Valerianaceae . Patrinia. In Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 662 (English). (Section description)
