Waldeck (noble family, Black Forest)

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The Lords of Waldeck were a noble family that is proven in the 12th century in the southern Black Forest .

The extensive property of the family, especially in the Kleiner Wiesental with the castles Alt-Waldeck and Neu-Waldeck and in Oberer Wiesenthal probably goes back to their descent from a branch of the Hessonen . In the first half of the 12th century, two branches of the family donated the majority of their property to the St. Blasien monastery and the diocese of Basel , the presumably last documented mention of a family member dates from 1166.

history

Probably the oldest known family member of the Lords of Waldeck was Wernher, who is mentioned as a nobleman in a document from 1168. However, the document refers to legal transactions clearly in the past; Wernher was probably born before or around 1050. According to the document, he and three other nobles (Eberhard von Eichstetten , Adilgoz von Wehr and Seliger von Grenchen ) were a member of a community of heirs that had divided the area around Schönau in the upper Wiesental . The four named nobles were probably all sons or sons-in-law of a testator who had promoted the development and clearing of the area. The same document shows that Wernher von Waldeck had a brother named Liutfried. A part of his property in Schönau came through Liutfried to his son Walcho von Waldeck. Since he only received part of Wernher's original share, Wernher could have had another brother or son. But it is also conceivable that Liutfried had another son. The more likely case is that Wernher had a son, for whom considerations based on local place names also suggest the name Wernher. In this case, the family could be divided into an older line established by the elder Wernher and a younger line established by Liutfried, the division probably took place at the same time as the division in clearing and development processes.

Walcho von Waldeck was mentioned several times in 1113. On April 7th, with the consent of his wife Mechtild and his son Gerung, he donated almost all of his property to the monastery of St. Blasien . Properties and goods in Hägelberg , Tüllingen , Riehen , Wenkenhof , Leidikon, Obernbasel , Brombach , Blansingen , Rheinweiler , Welmlingen , Efringen , Fahrnau , Raitbach , Atzenbach , Hepschingen , Schönau , Ried , Gresgen , Schweigmatt , Hügelheim , Ebingen , Tailfingen and Neuweiler . Walcho only reserved 3 Jucharte in stones . The property of Walchos in Schönau also came to the St. Blasien Monastery, although it is not entirely clear whether this is already included in the document of April 7, 1113 or whether another donation was made in the near future. The document itself gives Walcho's piety and godliness as the reason for his donation, and later documents show that Walcho probably entered the monastery as a lay brother at this donation. He appeared again in 1113 as a witness at the consecration of the monastery of St. Peter and probably died before 1126. Even before his donation, in February 1113, a “Walcho von Staina” is also documented as a witness at a donation. The external circumstances of this donation and Walcho's possession in stones suggest that this was identical to Walcho von Waldeck. Little is known about Walcho's son Gerung. A later Sanblasian source says that his whereabouts are not known, but a monk Gerung appears as a witness in documents from the monastery of St. Blasien in 1130 and 1141. So it is possible that Gerung also entered the monastery as a full monk and not as a converse like his father.

However, Walcho's donation led to legal disputes as early as 1113/14, because the pastor of Tegernau in the Kleiner Wiesental raised tithe claims to the goods around Schönau in the Upper Wiesental, which now belonged to the St. Blasien monastery. In December 1114 the pastor of Tegernau was defeated, but the legal dispute was continued and only finally settled in 1168.

In 1139 two other family members, Trutwin and Heinrich von Waldeck, appeared as witnesses in a document. Both were also in 1149 in a document from King Conrad III. mentioned, which confirmed the possession of the castles Alt - and Neu-Waldeck donated to it by Trutwin and Heinrich to the diocese of Basel . This donation was probably made around 1147, although the donors might immediately get the castles back as fiefs from the diocese . Trutwin also appeared as a witness around 1147, Heinrich presumably again in 1166 as Vogt of the church of Tegernau. Trutwin and Heinrich can probably be regarded as brothers and as the grandchildren of the younger Wernher, who is not documented. With them, the older line of the sex seems to have died out too. Overall, the following generations of the family can be adopted:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wernher
 
 Liutfried
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wernher (II.)?
 
 Walcho
 
 Maechthild
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NN
 
 Gerung
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trutwin
 
 Heinrich
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ownership and origin

Property of the Lords of Waldeck

The property donated by Walcho von Waldeck in 1113 was almost entirely in what is now the district of Lörrach and had a focus on the Small and Upper Wiesental, but parts were also in the old settlements near the Rhine. Somewhat out of the way were goods in the three towns of Tailfingen, Ebingen and Neuweiler, which are located in what is now the Zollernalb district . The property of Trutwin and Heinrich von Waldeck is not mentioned in detail when they were donated to the diocese of Basel; However, the two castles Alt- and Neu-Waldeck were also in the Kleiner Wiesental, and the presumed bailiwick of Heinrich over the church in Tegernau suggests that this and with them the village and court also belonged to them. Further ownership in Gresgen is also conceivable. Overall, the Lords of Waldeck were probably "among the wealthier families in southern Breisgau". The focus of ownership suggests that the younger line around Liutfried and Walcho primarily promoted the colonization of the Upper Wiesental, while the older line concentrated more on the Kleiner Wiesental.

The geographical distribution of the ownership of Walcho, with isolated goods in the Altsiedelland and near Albstadt and a concentration in the colonization area of ​​the southern Black Forest suggests ancestry from the Hessons (also "Hesso-Dietrich-Kinship" or "Hesso-Lampert-Kinship"). The apparent kinship with the gentlemen from Eichstetten confirms this even further. In addition, there are apparently connections to the Habsburgs : like Walcho von Waldeck, a Rudolf von Habsburg owned property near Ebingen and Tailfingen as well as in southern Breisgau in the 11th century. The name Wernher can also be found in the names of both families at the same time.

The successors of the family after their extinction were of course the two church institutions that were donated, St. Blasien and Basel. Any remaining property that was not affected by the donations could also have come to the Röttler and especially to their sidelines, the Rotenberger . These were probably rights of domination in Gresgen and the properties around Tegernau with several hamlets and a village, Dinghof and church bailiwick Tegernau, perhaps also the castles Neu- and Altwaldeck with accessories as Basel fiefs. How exactly the lords of Rötteln became heirs of the Waldeckers is still unclear. Although both families go back to the Hesso-Dietrich clan, this alone would probably not explain an heir to the Röttler, so a later marriage between the two families is likely; The last men from Waldeck, Trutwin and Heinrich, appear several times as witnesses with Dietrich von Rötteln. If there was a marriage relationship, it probably happened before the Röttler split into the main line of the same name and the side line of the Rotenberg; the inherited property in the Kleiner Wiesental then apparently came to the Rotenbergs for the most part when the line was divided. Smaller remnants of the Waldeck property near Schönau could also have come to the St. Trudpert monastery in the Münstertal .

The Lords of Waldeck in the local power structure

During the time of the Lords of Waldeck there was a strong competitive situation between the Zähringers and the diocese of Basel, which also had an impact on the local nobility and led to the formation of groups. The Waldeckers seem to be more closely associated with the Basel diocese. Walcho's donation to the St. Blasien monastery in 1113 came at a time when it was still being guarded by a nobleman appointed by the Basel monastery, and Walcho also appears in the same year as a witness to a donation to the Basel diocese. In the following years there was a conflict between St. Blasien and Basel and in 1125 Emperor Heinrich V granted the monastery free election as bailiff , after which the monastery Konrad von Zähringen elected bailiff. The next donation from the von Waldecks to a religious institution was made around 1149 directly to the diocese of Basel, which in turn could indicate a distance to the Zähringers. The testimony of Trutwin and Heinrich in 1139 on the occasion of a donation to the St. Ulrich monastery in the Black Forest also suggests such a thing ; Most of the witnesses appearing there are viewed in research as not belonging to the Zähringer environment, in some cases even openly hostile to Zähringer.

Castles

Two castles belonging to the family, Alt- and Neu-Waldeck, are mentioned in a document in 1149. In the presumed development area of ​​the Lords of Waldeck, however, there are references to four castle locations: a "fort" near Bürchau , the "Burstell" near Raich and two lost castles near Tegernau, now known as "Schloss Tegernau" and "Krandelburg". According to a source from the 16th century, at least one of the two Waldeck castles must have been near Tegernau. Alt-Waldeck Castle, on the other hand, was located on the "Burstell" near Raich-Hohenegg for a long time, but this was criticized by Werner Meyer . Meyer suggested, however, to accept both old and new Waldeck near Tegernau. Klaus Schubring agreed. From a fiefdom description from the 15th century, in which Alt-Waldeck is used as a place name, he concluded that the "Tegernau Castle" closer to Tegernau was Neu-Waldeck, while the "Krandelburg" further south was formerly Alt-Waldeck was called. The two castles were probably built in the same era and used side by side for a long time. Ceramic finds from Krandelburg / Alt-Waldeck were dated to the 10th and 11th centuries, those from Schloss Tegernau / Neu-Waldeck to the 10th to 13th centuries. Today only neck ditches and wall and wall remnants remain of both castles. It is unclear whether the two lost castles at Bürchau and Raich-Burstell also go back to the Lords of Waldeck, but it is possible.

coat of arms

View of the St. Blasien monastery around 1562. In fourth position in the first row is the coat of arms of the “Baselamt” ascribed to Walcho von Waldeck.

There is no direct tradition of the coat of arms of the Lords of Waldeck. According to later Sanblasian sources, the coat of arms of Walcho von Waldeck showed a black St. Andrew's cross on a gold background. This coat of arms was also used by the monastery for its properties around Basel (“Baselamt”), which were largely based on Walcho's donation. Whether Walcho actually carried such a coat of arms is doubtful, because noble coats of arms were not yet the norm during his lifetime in the early 12th century.

literature

  • Johann Wilhelm Braun (edit.): Document book of the monastery Sankt Blasien in the Black Forest. From the beginning until 1299 . Part I: Edition; Part II: Introduction, directories, registers, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-17-017985-3 . (= Publications of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg: Series A, Sources; Volume 23)
  • Stephan E. Maurer: The Lords of Waldeck . In: Das Markgräflerland, Volume 2013, pp. 121–138
  • Stephan E. Maurer: From the quarter to the twenty-fourth: The development of ownership in the Schönauer valley. In: Das Markgräflerland, Volume 1/2015, pp. 124-131
  • Columban Reble : Liber Originum Monasterij Sancti Blasij In Silva Hercynia: That is: An old-written book from the origin of the Gotts-Haus St. Blasien on the black forest . Waldshut, 1716, pp. 115-117 online
  • Klaus Schubring : Tegernau, the Kleine Wiesental and the Obere Wiesental 900 years ago . In: Das Markgräflerland, Volume 2014, pp. 7–22
  • Klaus Schubring : The final development of the Kleiner Wiesental. In: Das Markgräflerland, Volume 2015, pp. 49–63
  • Thomas Simon : manorial rule and bailiwick. A structural analysis of late medieval and early modern rule formation. Dissertation, University of Freiburg i. Br. 1992, Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-465-02698-5 .
  • Johannes Waldschütz: Walcho von Waldeck and the first mention of Riehen . In: Jahrbuch z'Rieche 2013, pp. 100–107, ( digitized ).

Remarks

  1. ^ Document book St. Blasien, number 215
  2. ↑ Schubring, Tegernau, the Kleine Wiesental and the Obere Wiesental 900 years ago , p. 15
  3. ↑ Maurer, The Lords of Waldeck , p. 127ff.
  4. ^ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , p. 50f.
  5. ↑ The actual document is no longer available, there are only copies of a German translation; for this see, among other things, the journal for the history of the Upper Rhine , Volume 2, 1851, p. 194 ( online ) or the document book St. Blasien, certificate no. 95
  6. ^ Maurer, The Lords of Waldeck , p. 122; Schubring, Tegernau, the Kleine Wiesental and the Obere Wiesental 900 years ago , p. 11, Waldschütz, Walcho von Waldeck , p. 102 and 105
  7. ↑ Maurer, The Lords of Waldeck , p. 123
  8. ↑ Schubring, Tegernau, the Kleine Wiesental and the Obere Wiesental 900 years ago , p. 11
  9. ↑ Maurer, The Lords of Waldeck , p. 124
  10. ↑ Maurer, Die Herren von Waldeck , p. 122 and note 27, Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , p. 50f.
  11. ↑ Schubring, Tegernau, the Kleine Wiesental and the Obere Wiesental 900 years ago , p. 13
  12. ↑ Maurer, Die Herren von Waldeck , p. 124ff., Schubring, The final development of the small meadow valley , p. 51
  13. ↑ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , p. 52
  14. ↑ Schubring, Tegernau, the Kleine Wiesental and the Obere Wiesental 900 years ago , p. 18ff.
  15. ^ Waldschütz, Walcho von Waldeck , p. 104
  16. ↑ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , p. 50
  17. ↑ Maurer, The Lords of Waldeck , p. 131ff.
  18. ↑ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , p. 50
  19. ↑ Otto Konrad Roller : The story of the noble lords of Rötteln. (= Sheets from the Margraviate of Schopfheim, born in 1927). Schopfheim 1927, p. 8f .; Maurer, The Lords of Waldeck , p. 133f.
  20. ↑ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , pp. 52 and 58–61
  21. ^ Maurer, From the quarter to the twenty-fourth , p. 130, Albrecht Schlageter : Settlement history in the area around the Belchen. With attachment: The Nonnenmattweiher. In: LfU (Ed.): The Belchen. Historical and natural history monograph of the most beautiful Black Forest mountain, nature and landscape conservation areas Baden-Württemberg 13, Karlsruhe 1989, pp. 87–125, here p. 97f.
  22. ↑ See in detail Heinz Krieg and Thomas Zotz: The Adel im Breisgau and the Zähringer. Group formation and scope for action , Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins 150 (2002), pp. 73–90
  23. ↑ Maurer, Die Herren von Waldeck , p. 134f., Waldschütz, Walcho von Waldeck , p. 103f.
  24. ↑ See also the St. Blasien document book, No. 125
  25. ↑ Florian Lamke: Cluniacenser on the Upper Rhine. Conflict resolution and noble group formation in the time of the investiture dispute , Freiburg / Munich 2010, p. 202, Maurer, Die Herren von Waldeck , p. 135
  26. ↑ Heinz Krieg and Thomas Zotz: The nobility in Breisgau and the Zähringer. Group formation and scope for action , Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins 150 (2002), pp. 73–90, here p. 89
  27. ^ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , p. 52f.
  28. ↑ Werner Meyer: Castles from A to Z - Burgenlexikon der Regio, p. 14
  29. ↑ Werner Meyer: Burgen von A to Z - Burgenlexikon der Regio, p. 9 and p. 23
  30. ↑ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , pp. 52–58
  31. ↑ Werner Meyer: Burgen von A to Z - Burgenlexikon der Regio, p. 9 and p. 23. Meyer referred to the Krandelburg as Neu-Waldeck and Schloss Tegernau as Alt-Waldeck. The designation here follows the more recent findings of Schubring.
  32. ↑ Schubring, The final development of the Kleiner Wiesentals , p. 58
  33. ^ Waldschütz, Walcho von Waldeck , p. 100
  34. ^ Waldschütz, Walcho von Waldeck , p. 106
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 1, 2015 .