Wawilow Institute for Optics

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The Wawilow Institute for Optics (GOI) ( Russian: Государственный оптический институт имени С. И. Вавилова (ГОИ)) in St. Petersburg is a research facility for research in the field of optics and the development of optical devices and systems.

history

After the beginning of the First World War , the Russian army immediately learned of the shortage of optical devices because imports from Germany were interrupted and the corresponding industry in Russia was lacking. Therefore, Dmitri Roshdestvensky , head of the Physics Institute of the University of St. Petersburg and chairman of the Department of Optotechnology of the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia (KEPS) at the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN) , started with a group of scientists ( IV Grebenchtschikow , AI Tudorowski and later GG Sljusarew , JG Jachontow , NN Katschalow , AA Lebedew and IW Obreimow ) to manufacture optical glass in the Imperial Porcelain Manufactory St. Petersburg . Production ended with the economic standstill after the October Revolution .

On Roshdestvensky's initiative, after the October Revolution, the Optics Institute (GOI) was founded in Petrograd from his department for optotechnology and Tudorowski's optical laboratory and calculation office by decree of the People's Commissar for Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, of which Roshdestvensky became the scientific director. Roschdestvensky's most important employees included AN Terenin , WA Fock , JF Gross , SE Frisch , AA Gerschun , AN Sacharjewski , WK Prokofjew and LW Schubnikow . The institute was divided into a scientific department and a technical department with a computing office and optical and mechanical workshops. The institute was given the right to import required aids duty-free. The institute was initially housed in the University's Physics Institute. Then the former AI Kolesnikow chocolate factory and neighboring houses were made available. By purchasing the necessary equipment abroad, it quickly became an internationally outstanding research institute, which was visited by Niels Bohr , Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie , Paul Langevin , Jean-Baptiste Perrin , Max Planck , CV Raman , Paul Ehrenfest and others.

In 1922 an optical association was formed , which in 1925 transformed into the Russian Optical Society .

In 1923 the GOI consisted of the scientific department under Roschdestwenski, the computing office under Tudorowski, the department for geometric optics under SO Maisel and the laboratory for optical glass under Grebenschtschikow. The number of employees rose to 600 by 1936. An apprenticeship was set up for the students . The main areas of work included spectroscopy , opto-technology, photography , photometry and applied optics. There were laboratories for physiological optics, color, and chemistry . From 1931 the GOI published the Journal of Optical Technology .

The GOI worked closely with the optics and glass industry, in particular with the Leningrad Optical Glass Factory (LenSOS) , which grew out of glass production in the Imperial Porcelain Manufactory in St. Petersburg, and which increased production to 200 tons by 1933 and made the country independent of imports made. Because of disputes over industrial participation, Roschdestwenski resigned from his position as director in 1932 and limited himself to heading the scientific department (until 1939). At the insistence of the industry, Roshdestvensky's successor as director was CPSU member II Orlowski instead of the recommended SI Wawilow , who became vice-director of science. The directors then changed frequently until DP Chekhmataev took over the office (until 1950).

During the German-Soviet War , most of the GOI was evacuated to Yoshkar-Ola and housed in the local forest institute. The task now was to provide the army and navy with the necessary optical equipment. The remaining part in Leningrad worked on the darkening and camouflage of ships and public buildings and was available for special tasks of the Baltic Fleet and the Leningrad Front . Photo lenses for aerial photography were developed.

After the war, research and development continued at the GOI, with the academic staff enjoying relative freedom in taking up new research directions. So did JN Denisjuk the holography his main focus. Other new areas of work were fiber optics and laser technology . The directors and scientific deputy directors during this period included MM Miroshnikov , BA Jermokow , GT Petrowski , WN Wassiljew , AN Terenin and JN Zarewski .

In 1951 the name SI Wawilows was added to the institute name. In 1976 the GOI was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for its achievements . 1998 gave Crimean Astrophysical Observatory a 1974 discovered minor planet named (5839) GOI . In 2012 the GOI became an Open Joint-Stock Company and in 2015 a public limited company .

Scientific importance

The GOI's contributions to atomic and molecular spectroscopy , luminescence , photochemistry , the theory of glasses, nonlinear optics , light field theory, photometry, holography, fiber optics, laser technology and thermography are recognized worldwide . The used thin-film technology and nanotechnology for optical systems. In addition to glasses, crystalline and ceramic materials are used as well as unconventional materials such as beryllium . The GOI polishing paste is known and used worldwide .

Developed microscopes , the first Russian electron microscope , ruby lasers , helium-neon laser , thermal imaging cameras for medical and industrial lenses - mirror systems for satellite and a database for the simulation of optical systems under diverse conditions including space conditions .

The GOI works closely with the University of Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO) and the Joffe Institute . We have contacts with research centers and research institutions of large companies, particularly in the USA , the United Kingdom , Germany , France , Canada , China and South Korea .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Акционерное общество "Государственный оптический институт имени С.И. Вавилова" (accessed February 3, 2017).
  2. ↑ a b Гуло Д. Д., Кононков А. Ф., Осиновский А. Н .: Из истории основания Государственного оптического института (К 45-летию со дня основания). In: История и методология естественных наук: Сборник . MGU , Moscow 1965, p. 273-292 .
  3. ↑ Мирошников М. М .: Государственный оптический институт и его научная школа . In: Оптический журнал . tape 75 , no. 11 , 2008, p. 3-14 .
  4. ↑ Государственный Оптический Институт им. С.И. Вавилова (accessed January 3, 2016).
  5. ↑ a b Воспоминания об академике Д. С. Рождественском . Nauka, Leningrad 1976.
  6. ↑ Journal of Optical Technology (accessed February 3, 2017).
  7. ↑ Иванова Р. Н .: Государственный оптический институт (ГОИ) в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг . In: Оптический журнал . 1995, p. 5-33 .
  8. ↑ В. Н. Новиков: Оптика в войне (accessed February 3, 2017).
  9. ↑ Постановление СМ СССР . In: Izvestia . No. 21 , 1951.
  10. ↑ Устав Открытого акционерного общества «Государственный оптический институт имени С.И. Вавилова » (accessed February 3, 2017).