Wetzrille

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A Wetzrille , also sharpening mark , grinding groove or devil's claw , ( English grooved marking ; French polissoir ; Swedish Slipskåror der Sliprännor ) is a notch in stones created by human activity.

Occurrence

The notches can be found on erratic blocks and menhirs , rock walls and smaller stones, later also on secular and sacred buildings ( Egyptian temples). Also medieval buildings, stone crosses and Guide Stones have such traces. Over 3,600 grooves have been found on Gotland . They are single or parallel grooves that come in three forms:

  • Boat
  • spoon
  • cut

There are also round and bowl-like, cup-shaped and concave notches. Stones exclusively cups are Schalensteine called.

Grinding grooves are also often found on the surrounds of wells and cisterns than in the past. Particularly pronounced on borders made of comparatively soft rock, such as B. sandstone. They were created by ropes on the buckets for scooping the water by deflecting them at the border.

Stone age

Occasionally the grooves appear on prehistoric monuments (menhirs). The boat-shaped and spoon-shaped ones may have been created by grinding stone axes. However, so far there is no evidence that Stone Age people created the grooves. Sometimes they appear in association with so-called pans , about four to six cm in size, flat, circular structures.

  • Bro, Sacrificial Spring, Gotland

  • Bunge, museum

  • Hajdeby

  • Stenkyrka

  • Polissoir d'Ossey-les-Trois-Maisons

Iron age

Wetzrillen (French polissoir) from Buno-Bonnevaux France

Source A few centimeters in size, mostly hat-shaped stones with a smooth surface, which are occasionally provided with circumferential, ground grooves, occur occasionally as grave goods in Iron Age urn cemeteries in Lower Saxony and Westphalia . They are more common on rabbits and dogs in Lower Saxony. They were initially interpreted as smooth stones or whetstones. Recently, it has been believed that it could have a cultic significance, given the monumental Rillensteine ​​found in northern Lower Saxony and East Frisia . Regarding their time, it can be said that they were found in Westphalia several times with razors from the Iron Age.

Egypt

Source In Egypt there are such grooves. B. at the temples in Edfu, Luxor, Karnak and Aswan. The correspondence of types and shapes and their position (they are almost exclusively arranged vertically) in relation to the buildings are comparable in Egypt, Germany and Austria. The similarities between European and Egyptian grinding grooves suggest that the attachment is due to the same or a similar intention.

Wetzrillen in the Brilon Provost Church

middle Ages

The younger grooves can be found in Europe on medieval cemetery walls, churches , (Old Lady Kirk on Sanday ) crosses or legal antiquities (courthouse, boundary stone, pillory) mostly outdoors and near the ground.

Explanations

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Numerous explanations of the origin of the grooves and pans have been put forward, such as superstitious ideas, the whetting and sharpening of weapons and tools, or the extraction of stone powder for superstitious or folk medical purposes.

But there is also a mundane explanation: in the Middle Ages until the 19th century, before matches were introduced, fire was made with fire steel . It was used to strike sparks on the sandstone of the churches, which were ignited together with tinder . So the churchgoers lit their lanterns for the way home.

Wetzrillen on Freiburg Minster
Wetzrillen at the Church of St. Michael in Weidenberg (Upper Franconia)
Grooves on a medieval atonement cross

See also

Examples

  • Gotland Sweden
    • Bro ( Gotland ) at a source
    • Bunge (Gotland), museum
    • Hajdeby (Gotland) for outcrop
    • Norrlanda Fornstuga (Gotland), museum
    • Stenkyrka (Gotland) on monoliths
    • Visne (Gotland) on the creek bank
  • Orkney
    • the "ladies fingers" at the Old Lady Kirk on Sanday
  • Czech Republic
    • Romanesque outer pillars of the parish church of St. Jacob in Přelouč in Eastern Bohemia - the stock of grooves there is very extensive, as well as very extensive fields of cup-shaped notches.

See also

Sanding marks (Malta)

literature

  • Joachim Jünemann: Grooves and pans on sacred monuments . In: Contributions to the history of pharmacy , 29. Jg., 1977, No. 4, pp. 24-31
  • Joachim Jünemann: Gleanings on grooves and pans on sacred monuments . In: Contributions to the history of pharmacy , Vol. 31, 1980, No. 7, pp. 49-54
  • Hans Cappel: "Wetzrillen" and other puzzling traces with special consideration of topics from the Saar-Palatinate. In: Saarpfalz. Sheets for history and folklore. No. 3, 2007, ISSN  0930-1011 , pp. 40-50.
  • Karl Kohlstock: Sharpening marks on churches, gravestones, crosses and secular buildings in Thuringia. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History and Archeology. Vol. 38, 1932/33, ZDB -ID 200434-3 , pp. 269-277 ( online ).
  • Udo Liessem: On the question of the grooves on sacred and secular buildings. In: Palatinate home. Vol. 29, No. 2, 1978, ISSN  0031-6679 , pp. 67-69.
  • Willi Wegewitz : The Rillenstein from the forester's lodge Hollenbeck Kreis Stade. In: Stader Yearbook 1982 (=  Stader Archive, NF 72). ISSN  0930-8946 , pp. 7-23.
  • Rudolf Wilms: Wetzrillen on churches in the Zweibrücker area. In: Palatinate home. Vol. 28, No. 3, 1977, pp. 81-86.

Web links

Commons : grooves on medieval church portals  - collection of images, videos and audio files