Wurundjeri

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aboriginal people at Merri Creek

The Wurundjeri , also known as the Woiwurrung , are an Aboriginal tribe of the Woiwurrung language group of the Kulin Alliance in Australia , which consists of five other tribes. The Wurundjeri lived in the Birrarung Valley area, its tributaries and mainly in the Melbourne area . Before the arrival of the Europeans, the kulin lived as hunter-gatherers for tens of thousands of years. Depending on the season, the availability of food and lifestyle determined their lives in different camps, most of which were near the Birrarung and its tributaries.

The Wurundjeri area extended from the Great Dividing Range over Mount Baw Baw to the east to Mordialloc Creek in the south and the Werribee River in the west. Their land bordered on the other Aboriginal tribes such as the Gunai / Kurnai in the east on the Gippsland , on the Bunurong in the south on the Mornington Peninsula and on the Dja Dja Wurrung and Taungurong in the north.

Surname

Wurundjeri comes from wurun and is based on the manna gum ( Eucalyptus viminalis ) , which is common on the Birrarung river , and on the djeri , a larva on trees.

history

prehistory

The Wurundjeri had lived on their land for 40,000 years, according to Gary Presland. They made a living by fishing, hunting and gathering and lived because of rich sources of food at Port Phillip , also before and after the flooding of their land and the surrounding grasslands in the period 7,000 to 10,000 years ago.

The coastline of Tasmania and Victoria 14,000 years ago (before the sea rose)

At Keilor, an archaeological site, a fireplace was found in 1971, which could be dated by radiocarbon studies to an age of 31,000 years; this makes Keilor one of the oldest human settlements in Australia to be discovered. A prehistoric human skull found there could be dated to an age between 12,000 and 14,700 years.

Archaeological sites in Tasmania and on the islands in the Bass Strait go back to an age of 20,000 to 35,000 years when the sea was about 130 meters deeper than it is today and the Aborigines from the region of southern Victoria could reach Tasmania on this land bridge .

During the Ice Age 20,000 years ago, the present area around Port Phillip was mainland, presumably through which the Yarra and Werribee Rivers flowed, which then turned south and southwest through the basin before flowing into the ocean to the west. Tasmania and the land of what is now the Bass Strait Islands were separated from mainland Australia about 12,000 years ago when the ocean's waters rose by about 50 meters. The area at Port Phillip was formed in the post- glacial period between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago.

Oral traditions and stories of the dream time in the language of the Wada wurrung , Woiwurrung and Bun wurrung describe the flooding of the bay. The Hobson Bay was once a hunting ground for kangaroos . Dreamtime stories describe that the mythical dreamtime figure Bunjil (German: wedge-tailed eagle ) was responsible for the formation of the bay. or that the bay was flooded by the Yarra River , as described in the Yarra Creation Story (German: Yarra creation story ).

The Wurundjeri quarried diorite rock in the Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry (German: Mount-William-Steinbeil-Steinbruch ), from which they formed the high-quality stone axes , which were an important economic and sought-after product in New South Wales and as far as Adelaide was traded. The quarry formed the starting point for a wide network of economic and social development and interrelationships between the different Aboriginal tribes of Victoria. The quarry was in use for more than 1,500 years and covered 18 hectares of land including the underground caves of the quarry area, which reached several meters deep. In February 2008, the area was added to Australia 's National List of Historic Monuments due to its cultural and archaeological importance .

First contacts

Hand-sewn and incised possum fur coat of the Wurundjeri in the Melbourne Museum

The Wurundjeri were familiar with the Europeans and their behavior through their close relationships with the Bunwurrung, as they had contact with the Baudin expedition with the French ship Le Naturaliste on the coast in 1801 and settled on Sullivan Bay near Sorrento when the British settled in 1803 . British convict William Buckley , who had fled and had lived with the Wada worrung for 30 years before John Batman and his men came to the Wurundjeri in 1835, reported George Langhorne in 1836:

"I frequently entertained them (the Wada wurrung), when sitting around the campfires, with accounts of the English People, Houses, Ships - great guns etc. to which accounts they would listen with great attention - and express much astonishment."

"I often talked to the Wada worrung when they were sitting around their campfires, telling them about the British people, their houses and ships - big cannons, etc., about which they listened with great attention and expressed great astonishment."

The Bunwurrung lived along Port Philip and on the western coast and were also prepared to defend their camps against the sealers in the period from 1809 to 1833, who often entered their camps by force, murdered men and their wives in the sealer camps kidnapped the islands on Strait Street as sexual partners.

James Fleming, a member of Charles Grimes ' expedition , which explored the so-called Cumberland with the Maryribynong River and the Yarra River as well as the Dights Falls in February 1803, reported that Aboriginal pockmarks were due to an epidemic of the Aboriginal tribes in the area of Point out Port Phillip before 1803, so their population must have been reduced before 1803. Author Broome estimates that two smallpox epidemics may have reduced the population of the Kulin strains in the 1790s and 1830s. The Wurundjeri pass this disease on in their oral tradition as Mindye . This disease produced the rainbow serpent , which hissed white particles from the northwest and directed them against those who did evil deeds and made them sick if they inhaled them.

Batman Treaty

Drawing by a painter from the 1880s about the signing of the Batman's Treaty

On June 6, 1835, John Batman met eight Wurundjeri elders , including Bebejan and Billibellary , the traditional owners of the land around the Yarra River. The meeting took place on the bank of a small river, presumably on Merri Creek , and the contract documents were signed by all parties with an exchange of items. The purchase price was paid and signed with axes, knives, scissors, flannel jackets, red shirts and the same annual handover of these products. In return, Batman received 2,000 km² of land on the Yarra River and around Corio Bay . The value of the goods that Batman handed over was about 100 pounds sterling at today's value . As a further consideration, the Voivurrung handed over woven baskets that were used to store weapons and two possum fur coats, [as well as? unclear] high quality products. After the contract was signed, Aborigines and the members of the Batman group celebrated with a traditional celebration called the corroboree .

This treaty, which went down in history as the Beatmans Treaty , was significant as it was the first and only document documenting the purchase and occupation of Aboriginal land by European settlers. The Beatmans Treaty was immediately declared invalid by the British colonial government. In 1835, Governor Richard Bourke proclaimed the doctrine of terra nullius , a doctrine on which British settlement was based and which meant that Australian land was no one, that Aborigines could neither own nor sell or assign it. According to this doctrine, the Australian land could only be sold to individual buyers by the British Crown.

There is the opinion that the Aborigines have by no means concluded a contract with the European settlers, but that John Batman misinterpreted the traditional ceremony, the tanderrum , because this ritual only ensures protection for travelers passing through and the temporary use of their land, water and food and their hospitality too.

Dispossession and conflict

Watercolor by W. Knight: Wurundjeri in what is now Collins Street in Melbourne (1839)

Derrimut , an Arweet of the Bunurong , informed the early European settlers in October 1835 of an impending attack "up-country people". The colonists armed themselves and the attack could be averted. Also Benbow from the Bunurong and Billibellary of the Wurundjeri protected the settlers, because this protection for them was a component of the tanderrum, their hospitality.

When the Border Police, led by Commissioner of Lands Captain Henry Gisborne, captured the leader of the Wurundjeri Jaga Jaga at the Battle of Yering in 1840 , a violent confrontation with 50 Wurundjeri developed.

In 1843, Billibellary requested settlement land for the Wurundjeri and in August 1850, Voivurrung requested land at Bulleen , which William Thomas rejected because it was too close to the white settlements. In 1852, the Voiwurrung received 782 acres along the Yarra at Warrandyte because they claimed that the Boonwurrung had received 340 acres on Mordialloc Creek. These areas could not be entered by the whites and were not permanent camps, but they had been set up as depots for the food trade and for blankets to keep the tribes away from the growing settlement area around Melbourne. The Aboriginal Protection Board revoked ownership of both areas in 1862 and 1863, arguing that they were too close to Melbourne.

Social breakdown

The Wurundjeri and Bunwurrung bore the brunt of the effects of British colonization of Melbourne from 1835 onwards with a rapid decline in their populations. In the following 27 years after Melbourne was founded, the number of 207 Aborigines belonging to the Voivorung and Bunurong language area was reduced to 28 people. Numerous Aborigines died from disease, including venereal diseases that were spread through Europeans. The birth rate of Wurundjeri and Bunurong fell between 1938 and 1948 to 5 births a year, compared to 52 deaths in the same period. There were also infanticide, William Thomas noted in 1844 that “Infanticide I am persuaded is most awfully on the increase though it cannot be detected - their argument has some reason 'No good pickaninnys now no country'” (German: “Ich bin convinced that the terrible rise in infanticide cannot be detected if the reason is: «No good Aboriginal baby, no good country» ").

Native Police Corps

Under the direction of Charles La Trobe and the government, a Native Police Corps was set up in 1842 with the aim of integrating the Aborigines into civil society. The Corps was stationed at Narre Warren and later at Merri Creek , and continued operations until it was disbanded in January 1853. The Warundjeri Billibellary leader initially cooperated because he believed the Corps would be successful and important, but resigned when he found out that the Corps was being used to capture and even kill Aborigines. He then did everything possible to weaken the corps, parts of the corps deserted and only a few Aborigines stayed there for more than three to four years. Membership in the corps meant that they were no longer allowed to attend ceremonies, gatherings, and rituals of their tribes.

Coranderrk

In 1863, the surviving Wurundjeri and Woiwurrung-speaking Aborigines were forcibly relocated to the Coranderrk mission station near Healesville . Although they sent numerous petitions , letters, and delegations to the colonial and federal governments, they were not given any guarantees of this land as a substitute for their lost land. Coranderrk was a mission station until 1924 when it was closed and the staff moved to Lake Tyers in Gippsland .

Wurundjeri today

The descendants of the Woiwurrung / Wurundjeri descend from Bebejan through his daughter Annie Borate ( Boorat ) and their son Robert Wandin ( Wandoon ). Bebejan was a Ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri and was present when the Batman's Treaty was signed in 1835. Joy Murphy Wandin, a Wurundjeri elder, explained the importance of protecting the Wurundjeri culture:

“In the recent past, Wurundjeri culture was undermined by people being forbidden to 'talk culture' and language. Another loss was the loss of children taken from families. Now, some knowledge of the past must be found and collected from documents. By finding and doing this, Wurundjeri will bring their past to the present and recreate a place of belonging. A 'keeping place' should be to keep things for future generations of our people, not a showcase for all, not a resource to earn dollars. I work towards maintaining the Wurundjeri culture for Wurundjeri people into the future. "

“In the recent past the Wurundjeri culture has been undermined by people who forbade reporting on the culture and the language. Another loss was the taking away of their children by actions of the lost generation . Today, knowledge of the past can be proven by documents. Discovering the past and caring for it will bring the past to the Wurundjeri to present it and determine its place in history. A 'stopping place' will help them preserve things for future Wurundjeri generations, no display for everyone, no sources to earn dollars. I continue to work mainly to ensure that the Wurundjeri culture is preserved for them in the future. "

In 1985, the Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council was established in accordance with the legal requirements of the Commonwealth and the Government of Victoria to maintain the growing awareness of Wurundjeri culture and history in a growing community.

The Wurundjeri Elders greet them at the frequent events for strangers: Wominjeka yearmenn koondee-bik Wurundjeri-Ballak , that means, Welcome to the land of the Wurundjeri .

Structure, boundaries and land use

Among the Wurundjeri there were six Aboriginal communities who owned common land and called themselves clans, linked by cultural and common interests, totems , trade interests, and marriage rules. Linked to the land and resources, the Birrarung and other clans limited their resources in terms of sustainability . For example, if a river or stream had few fish outside of regular fishing times or due to heavy fishing, the clan limited fishing until the stock had recovered. During these times, other food sources were used. That secured the preservation of resources . In most of the Kuline areas, violations were punished by people passing through with javelin throwing. Today these rules are no longer valid because the traditional clan areas, language groups and borders no longer exist and the descendants of the Wurundjeri live in modern Australian society.

Clans

It is generally accepted that prior to the colonial settlement there were six clans living in the following areas:

  • Wurundjeri-Balluk & Wurundjeri-Willam : Yarra Valley , Yarra River catchment area to Heidelberg
  • Balluk-Billam : South of the Yarra Valley extending down to Dandenong, Cranbourne, Koo-wee-rup Swamp
  • Gunnung-Willam-Balluk : east of the Great Dividing Ranges and north to Lancefield
  • Kurung-Jang-Balluk : Werribee River to Sunbury
  • Marin-Balluk (Boi-berrit) : Land west of the Maribyrnong River and Sunbury
  • Kurnaje-Berreing : Land between the Maribyrnong and Yarra Rivers

Diplomacy of the Tanderrum

When strangers traversed the land of the Kulin they were invited to a ceremony, the Tanderrum (freedom of the bush). After this ritual, safe and peaceful passage and temporary permission to use the land and resources by non-tribal members was possible. It was a diplomatic ritual that included hospitality and an exchange of gifts.

languages

The Wurundjeri are part Woiwurrung -Sprachgruppe and each clan speaks that language with a slight deviation. Some basic terms clarify this below:

  • bulluk , balluk : swamp
  • Nira : quarry
  • willam , wilam , Illam , yilam : hut, camp, bark
  • gunung , gunnung : river
  • ngamudji : Red color of the sunset, white man
  • The Jindyworobak Movement claims that in Voivurrung jindi worobak means to append or join.

Dream time

Like all Kulin, the Wurundjeri had a strong bond with their land, which they believe was the story of creation and is called dreamtime . The dream time goes back far into the past, when creation beings shaped the earth and the first humans traveled through the land. These indigenous traditional and religious stories are transmitted orally and are based on two aspects, worshiping the land and believing in its dream time.

For the Aborigines, dream time is both a creation story and a reality in everyday life. There are many different Aboriginal groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure and language. Their cultures overlap to a greater or lesser extent and developed over time. The two Wurundjeri related totems are Bunjil , the wedge-tailed eagle and Waang , the crow .

Dreamtime stories

  • Bunjil & Pallian Creation Story : Bunjil is the creative spirit of Kulin.
  • Yarra River Creation Story : Formation of the Birrarung River.
  • Mindi : Mindi is a rainbow snake that came from the northwest and spread disease among those who had committed evil deeds, but it could not do so without Bunjil's permission.

Marn Grook

1857: Never let the ball touch the ground - the name Marn Grook or marngrook refers to an early form of football game among native Australians (excerpt from an etching by the animal painter Gustav Mützel based on a drawing by the German Australia explorer Wilhelm von Blandowski )

William Thomas , a Protector of Aborigines in Victoria, testified that the Wurundjeri played a ball game called Marn Grook in 1841, Robert Brough-Smyth reported in The Aborigines of Victoria in 1878 :

“The men and boys joyfully assemble when this game is to be played. One makes a ball of possum skin, somewhat elastic, but firm and strong. The players of this game do not throw the ball as a white man might do, but drop it and at the same time kicks it with his foot. The tallest men have the best chances in this game. Some of them will leap as high as five feet from the ground to catch the ball. The person who secures the ball kicks it. This continues for hours and the natives never seem to tire of the exercise. "

“The men and boys gather with joy when this game is to be played. The ball is made of possum skin, a bit elastic but firm and stable. Instead of throwing the ball like the whites would, the participants in this game drop the ball and kick it. The tallest men have the best odds in this game. Some of them jump up to five feet to catch the ball. The person who catches the ball plays it. This game continues for hours and the Aborigines never seem to get tired of this exercise. "

The game was very popular with the Wurundjeri-William clan, with two teams playing on the basis of the traditional totems Bunjil and Waang . Robert Brough-Smyth saw the same game at the Coranderrk mission station , where Ngurungaeta William Barak disappointedly described the game there as an imported game, just as cricket and the playing Aborigines asked to play the traditional Marn Grook . There is debate as to whether this game influenced Australian Rules Football or whether this game was adopted.

After 1862, the Wurundjeri were "often seen with their possum coats and armed with spears as they retreated north of Collingwood and camped with their dogs there, played football with a possum fur ball , and fought with other Aborigines," said explorers McFarlane and Roberts the Herald Sun .

Significant historical places

Bolin Bolin Billabong in Bulleen
Sacred trees in Fitzroy Garden in Melbourne, the tree scars come from using the bark for a canoe

There are a number of significant Wurundjeri sites, particularly those found near the Yarra , Maribyrnong River, and Merri Creek , where corroborees held, exchanges of news and items between the clans and perhaps with the neighboring Aboriginal people with music and dancing .

  • Kings Domain Restplace is a burial place for 38 Aborigines built in 1985 near Museum Victoria - including Wurundjeri who are buried there.
  • Queen Victoria Market is the graveyard of numerous Aboriginal and European settlers.
  • Corner Franklin and Bowen Street : First place of execution for Aborigines in Melbourne on January 20, 1842. It was the Tasmanian Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner who had set up a guerrilla at Western Port .
  • Jolimont : intersection of the Kulin lands around the MCG and Yarra Park . There are also sacred trees in Fitzroy Garden
  • Bundoora Park : Traces on trees by removing bark and another 15 archaeological sites.
  • Burnley Park : Corroboree Tree
  • Fawkner Park : Important Aboriginal camp
  • Bolin Bolin Billabong in Bulleen : place of sacred and social interaction between clans.
  • Gellibrand Hill and Moonee Ponds Creek Valley : An archaeological site found in 1991 with 31 sites of Aboriginal camps , scrubs and sacred trees.
  • Yarra River : This most important cultural river flows through the Wurundjeri area and was the main source of food and place of their gathering.
  • Warrandyte : A ravine in the middle reaches of the Birrarung, which is named after the dreamtime figure Bunjil .
  • Pound Bend : Warrandyte
  • Mt William Aboriginal Stone Ax Quarry at Lancefield : the place where stone axes are made
  • Dights Falls : Place for corroborees and place of the mission school and Native Police Corps
  • Heath Scarred Tree , Templestowe
  • Merri Creek is believed to be the site of the Wurundjeri Elder's contract with John Batman
  • Solomons Ford on the Maribyrnong River : site of the Wurundjeri fish and eel ladders.
  • Lily Street Lookout , Avondale Heights : Place for making stone tools and weapons
  • Brimbank Park in Keilor is the site of 25 Kulin archaeological sites.
  • Taylors Creek Quarry , Keilor.
  • The Sunbury Earthen Rings , Sunbury
  • Coranderrk : Aboriginal mission station near Healesville

Well-known Wurundjeri

William Barak as Coranderrk

Well-known Wurundjeri during the time of British colonization were:

Other well-known Wurundjeri are:

literature

  • Richard Broome: Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800. Allen & Unwin , Crows Nest, NSW 2005, ISBN 1-74114-569-4 .
  • Meyer Eidelson: The Melbourne Dreaming: A Guide to the Aboriginal Places of Melbourne. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra 1997, ISBN 0-85575-306-4 .
  • Isabel Ellender, Peter Christiansen: People of the Merri Merri: The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days. Merri Creek Management Committee, East Brunswick, Victoria 2001, ISBN 0-9577728-0-7 .
  • Gary Presland : Aboriginal Melbourne: The lost land of the Kulin people. McPhee Gribble, Ringwood, Victoria 1994, ISBN 0-9577004-2-3 .
  • Gary Presland: The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region. Harriland Press, Forest Hill, Victoria 1997, ISBN 0-646-33150-7 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ellender and Christiansen, (2001), p. 35.
  2. ↑ Presland, (1997) p. 1: "" There is some evidence to show that people were living in the Maribyrnong River valley, near present day Keilor , about 40,000 years ago. "(German:" There are evidence that show that these people lived in the Maribynong river valley for over 40,000 years, near what is now the so-called place Keilor. ")
  3. ↑ Presland, (1994)
  4. ↑ a b Gary Presland, Keilor Archaeological Site , eMelbourne website. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  5. ↑ Peter Brown, The Keilor Cranium , Peter Brown's Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology . Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  6. ^ Hanna Steyne: Investigating the Submerged Landscapes of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. ( Memento of February 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 504 kB). Heritage Victoria, Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  7. ^ A b David Rhodes, Terra Culture Heritage Consultants: Channel Deepening Existing Conditions Final Report - Aboriginal Heritage. ( Memento of October 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Prepared for Parsons Brinckerhoff & Port of Melbourne Corporation, August 2003. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  8. ^ Hanna Steyne: Investigating the Submerged Landscapes of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. ( Memento of April 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 504 kB). Heritage Victoria, who sources (Lambeck & ChaS.ell 2001). Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  9. ↑ Hanna Steyne: Investigating the Submerged Landscapes of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria ( Memento of April 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 504 kB). Heritage Victoria, who sources (Bird 1993, Bowler 1966, Holdgate et al. 2001). Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  10. ↑ a b Ian Hunter, Yarra Creation Story ( Memento of the original from November 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.freshwater.net.au archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Wurundjeri Dreaming. Recorded 2004-2005. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  11. ↑ McBryde 1984, p. 44.
  12. ↑ Presland: (1994)
  13. ↑ National Heritage List: Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry. ( Memento of March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts . Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  14. ↑ Langhorne 1836 In: Tim Flannery (Ed.): Introduction to The Life and Adventures of William Buckley, by John Morgan, 1852. 2002, ISBN 1-877008-20-6 .
  15. ^ David Rhodes, Terra Culture Heritage Consultants: Channel Deepening Existing Conditions Final Report - Aboriginal Heritage. ( Memento of July 20, 2008 in the web archive archive.today ) p. 23. Prepared for Parsons Brinckerhoff & Port of Melbourne Corporation, August 2003. Retrieved on November 3, 2008.
  16. ↑ James Fleming: A journal of Grimes' survey: the Cumberland in Port Phillip January-February 1803 . Edited by John Currey, 2002, ISBN 0-949586-10-2 as referenced in David Rhodes, Terra Culture Heritage Consultants: Channel Deepening Existing Conditions Final Report - Aboriginal Heritage. ( Memento of July 20, 2008 in the web archive archive.today ) p. 24. Prepared for Parsons Brinckerhoff & Port of Melbourne Corporation, August 2003. Retrieved on November 3, 2008.
  17. ↑ Broome, (2005), pp. 7-9.
  18. ^ National Museum of Australia, Canberra, The Deed , Batmania. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  19. ^ Carolyn Web, History should have no divide , The Age , June 3, 2005. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  20. ↑ Ellender, Christiansen, 2001, pp. 18-23.
  21. ↑ Broome 2005, pp. 10-14.
  22. ^ National Archives of Australia, Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK). ( Memento of July 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  23. ^ Ian D. Clark, "You have all this place, no good have children ..." Derrimut: traitor, savior, or a man of his people? , in the Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society , December 1, 2005. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  24. ↑ Kath Gannaway: Important step for reconciliation ( Memento of September 18, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Star News Group, January 24, 2007. Accessed November 1, 2008.
  25. ↑ Ellender and Christiansen, (2001), pp. 65-67.
  26. ↑ Broome, (2005), pp. 106-107.
  27. ↑ Broome, (2005), p. 126.
  28. ↑ Presland, (1994), pp. 104-105.
  29. ^ William Thomas: Quarterly Report. November 30, 1844, quoted in p. 60, Rowley CD, The Destruction of Aboriginal Society , Penguin Books, 1970, ISBN 0-14-021452-6 .
  30. ↑ Broome, (2005), p. 92.
  31. ^ Shirley W. Wiencke, When the Wattles Bloom Again: The Life and Times of William Barak, Last Chief of the Yarra Yarra Tribe . Published by SW Wiencke, 1984, ISBN 0-9590549-0-1 .
  32. ↑ Ellender and Christiansen, (2001), pp. 87-92.
  33. ^ Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council, Decision in relation to an AS.lication by Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Inc to be a Registered Aboriginal Party , date of Decision: August 22, 2008. Accessed November 2, 2008.
  34. ↑ Wurundjeri Lineage of the Hunter Family ( Memento of the original from November 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.freshwater.net.au archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Melbourne's Freshwater Systems - community natural history. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
  35. ↑ Joy Murphy Wandin cited in Ellender, Christiansen, (2001), p. 121.
  36. ↑ Interview with Megan Goulding, CEO Wurundjeri Inc. In: The Abbotsford Convent Muse. Issue 18 ( September 30, 2009 memento in the Internet Archive ) September 2007. Accessed November 1, 2008.
  37. ↑ James Wandin : An address to the Parliament of Victoria. ( Memento of June 21, 2009 on the Internet Archive ) Victorian Parliamentary website. May 26, 2000. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  38. ↑ Martin Flanagan, Tireless ambassador bids you welcome . In: The Age . January 25, 2003. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
  39. ↑ Thomas Bride (ed.): Letters from Victorian Pioneers. Public Library of Victoria, 1898. as referenced from Rowville-Lysterfield Community News, BELIEFS OF THE ABORIGINES PART 3 - Mindye. ( Memento of February 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) September 1999 and April 2001, accessed on November 6, 2008.
  40. ^ Isabel Ellender, Peter Christiansen: People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days. Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001, ISBN 0-9577728-0-7 , p. 45.
  41. ^ Richard Hinds: Marn Grook, a native game on Sydney's biggest stage. In: The Age . May 24, 2002, accessed June 2, 2014.
  42. ^ David Thompson: Aborigines were playing possum. ( Memento of 8 April 2008 at the Internet Archive ) In: Herald Sun . September 27, 2007, accessed June 2, 2014: “[…] often seen in their possum skin coats, armed with spears, and retreating mainly to the unsold hill north of Collingwood where they camped with their dogs, played football with a possum -skin ball and fought with other Aborigines ".
  43. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 8-9.
  44. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 76-77.
  45. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 80-81.
  46. ^ Joseph Toscano: Read We Forget. The Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner Saga. Anarchist Media Institute, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9758219-4-7 .
  47. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 14-17.
  48. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 90-91.
  49. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 18-19.
  50. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 86-87.
  51. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 20-21.
  52. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 98-99.
  53. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 6-7, 24-25.
  54. ↑ McBryde, (1984)
  55. ↑ National Heritage List: Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry. ( Memento of March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts . Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  56. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 28-31.
  57. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 22-23.
  58. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 32-37.
  59. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 60-61.
  60. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 62-63.
  61. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 64-69.
  62. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 70-71.
  63. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 92-97.
  64. ↑ Eidelson, (1997), pp. 113-114.