Timeline of the Philippine-American War

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1898 - The Spanish-American War

May

  • May 19 - Emilio Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines from his exile in Hong Kong, where he has stayed since the suppression of the Katipunan Revolution from 1892 to 1896.

June

  • June 12th - Most of the Spanish forces are broken ashore and Manila is surrounded. General Aguinaldo signs the Declaration on Filipino Independence and becomes the first President of the Philippines.
  • June 20-21 - capture of Guam ; the United States takes Guam from the Spanish.

July

  • July 4th - The United States seizes the Wake Atoll from the Spanish.
  • July 25 - The United States seizes Puerto Rico from the Spanish.
  • July 25 - August 13 - Final battle of the Spanish-American War: US and Filipino forces defeat Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila .

August

  • August 14 - The United States sends 10,000 soldiers to occupy the Philippines.

September

  • The Philippine Assembly ratifies the Philippine Constitution , which declares the Philippine Republic an independent state.

October

  • October 24 - McKinley comes to a decision during the night. He wakes up and with an answer received from God - afterwards “we have no choice but to take them all, to teach the Filipinos, to improve them and to Christianize them. Then I went back to my bed, went to sleep and slept soundly. "
  • October 28 - McKinley sends new instructions to the Paris delegation: "The release must apply to the entire archipelago or not at all."

December

  • December 10th - Conclusion of the Paris Peace Accords signed by the Spanish and the United States; The US is paying Spain US $ 20 million to acquire Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

1899 - The Philippine-American War (1st year)

January

February

  • February 4th – 5th February - First and largest battle of the Philippine-American War: Battle of Manila (1899) ; The Americans are pushing the Filipino army out of Manila.
  • February 6 - The US Senate votes for the ratification of the Paris Peace Treaty by 57 votes to 27 (2/3 plus one) with only 2 Republican votes against: George Frisbie Hoar from Massachusetts and Eugene Hale from Maine.

March

  • March 31 - American associations occupied Malolos City , the capital of the Philippine Republic on Luzon and ousted Aguinaldo and his government from the place.

April

  • April 11th - "Battle for Pagsanjan" - American snipers are involved in a skirmish with Filipinos outside of Pagsanjan and are able to successfully drive them out. In a second battle as part of the Laguna campaign, General Lawton's troops finally take Pagsanjan.
  • April 12th - "Fight for Paete" - General Lawton's forces break through the road blockade of the Filipinos to Paete in heavy fighting . Paete is taken by the Americans. It is the last action of the Laguna campaign.
  • April 23rd - "Battle at Quingua" - The Philippine general Gregorio del Pilar stops a group of American cavalry scouts in Luzon, but is repulsed after an artillery bombardment and a ground offensive by the infantry.

June

  • June 13 - "Battle for the Zapote Bridge" - Lawton's American forces defeat a large Philippine force under General Maximo Hizon on Luzon, inflicting heavy losses on their opponents in the second-strongest fighting of the Philippine-American War.

November

  • November 11th - "Battle for San Jacinto" - US General Loyd Wheaton pushes the Filipinos out of San Jacinto in Luzon.

December

  • December 2nd - "Battle for Tirad Pass " - On Luzon, 60 Filipino patriots under General del Pilar fight back against an attack by 500 US infantry soldiers for 5 hours before almost all Filipinos, including del Pilar, are dead.
  • December 19 - "Battle of Paye" - On Luzon the Filipino General Licerio Geronimo defeats an American brigade under General Lawton, in which Lawton himself is killed.

1900 - Filipino-American War (2nd year)

April

  • April 15th - "Siege of Catubig" - Filipino guerrillas launch a surprise attack against a unit of the American army and force them to evacuate the town of Catubig on Samar after a four-day siege .

May

June

  • General Arthur MacArthur declares amnesty for 90 days and offers 30 pesos for each rifle given. The amnesty promises complete immunity for the past and freedom for the future . The result of the amnesty is disappointing. It is estimated that many of the locals who surrendered were opportunists who collected the rewards for old-fashioned guns surrendered.
  • June 4th - "Battle for Macahambus" - In the Macahambus Gorge near Cagayan de Misamis, Northern Mindanao (now Cagayan de Oro ), the Filipinos beat an American regiment and inflict heavy losses on the enemy, losing only 5 of their own men.

September

  • September 13th - "Battle for Pulang Lupa" - On Marinduque , Filipino resistance fighters under Colonel Maximo Abad attack 55 American soldiers, kill or wound most of them and take everyone prisoner.
  • September 17th - "Battle for Mabitac " - Philippine units maneuver American forces out of Luzon.

November

  • November 2nd - William McKinley wins the presidential election against Democrat William Jennings Bryan . Bryan was beaten, among other things, by Aguinaldo's support for the Democratic Party. Albert J. Beveridge , the newly appointed Senator of the US state Indiana, appears repeatedly during the campaign as the "golden speaker" of republican imperialism. He debates with Senator George Frisbie Hoar about his trip to the Philippines, he did not want to get a direct picture of the war there and as proof he pulls out a gold nugget of the potential wealth of this country and exclaims: "I was there".

1901 - Philippine-American War (3rd year)

March

  • March 23 - The American general Fred Funston orders the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo in his camp in Palanan with the help of Macabebe scouts - Aguinaldo then pledges his loyalty to the USA and tries to persuade his followers to surrender. However, the resistance remains tough.
  • The Lonoy Massacre - In a mutual raid, US infantrymen launch a surprise attack on local residents of Bohol , killing more than 400 people.

April

Emilio Aguinaldo published a statement on April 20th calling on the Filipino Resistance to surrender. This results in Gen. Baldomero Aguinaldo on April 29th in the province of Cavite .

May

  • May 27 - The United States First Supreme Court hears the Insular Cases . He decides that the colonies are constitutional and that the constitutional rights of the United States do not need to be accountable to colonial residents.

September

  • September 28 - The Balangiga Massacre - Over 70 Americans are killed in a surprise attack on Samar Island . This event is considered to be the most notorious occurrence of the entire war. General Jake “Howling Wilderness” Smith then orders retaliation against the civilian population of Samar.

December

1902 - Philippine-American War (4th year)

January

  • January 31st - The Lodge Committee begins. Senator George Frisbie Hoar urges the Congressional Committee of Inquiry to investigate the conduct of the war through the American Senate Committee in the Philippines, led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . Witness reports by American soldiers paint a picture of the regular brutality and torture carried out.

February

  • February 17 - Filipino general Vicente Lukbán is arrested in Samar. The resistance in the interior of the island of Samar continues.

March

  • March 2 - The court martial begins against the US Marine Major Littleton Waller for the execution of 11 rebellious Filipino companions on Samar in January. The court votes 11-2 for an acquittal.

April

  • The Philippine general Miguel Malvar surrenders in Luzon, followed by 3,000 of his men. He is the last Filipino general to surrender in this war.

May

  • The court martial begins of US General Jacob H. Smith for his orders to kill all men over 10 years old on Samar. The general is convicted of wrongdoing, verbally warned and sent back to the army. He will then retire.

June

July

1903 - guerrilla war

  • The guerrilla war continues.
  • December 23 - William Howard Taft , civil governor of the Philippines, negotiates with Pope Leo XIII. The United States is buying land in the Philippines from the Dominican Order for a total of $ 7.2 million and reselling it to Filipinos, mostly non-resident landowners.

1904 - guerrilla war

  • The guerrilla war continues.

1906 Moro Rebellion

  • The guerrilla war continues.
  • March 5th – 7th March - Bud Dajo massacre - A thousand Moros entrench themselves in an extinct volcanic crater on Mindanao and fight a large number of American soldiers before practically all Moros have been killed. This behavior of the US troops was sharply criticized by Mark Twain in The Moro "Battle" (1906).

1907–1912 - Moro Rebellion

  • The guerrilla war continues.

1913 - end of the war

  • The United States holds out the prospect of possible Filipino independence (independence finally took place on July 4, 1946).
  • The Filipino-American War is over.

literature

  • Stuart Creighton Miller: "Benevolent Assimilation". The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903 . Yale University Press, New Haven et al. CT 1982, ISBN 0-300-02697-8 , pp. 161 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Philippine-American War in the English-language Wikiquote .