Fur trade and Côtes du Vivarais AOC: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Alberta 1890s fur trader.jpg|thumb|right|An [[Alberta]] fur trader in the 1890s.]]
[[Image:Côtes du Vivarais.png|thumb|250px|Location of Côtes du Vivarais]]
[[Image:Nizhny_Novgorod_fur_Skins.jpg|thumb|Fur trade in Nizhny Novgorod (before 1906)]]
The '''fur trade''' is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal [[fur]].


'''Côtes du Vivarais''' is a [[wine]]-growing [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée|AOC]] in the northwestern extreme of the southern [[Rhône (wine region)|Rhône wine region]] of [[France]]. The wines are produced in 9 [[communes of France|communes]] of the [[Ardèche]] [[departments of France|department]], and in 5 communes of the department of the [[Gard]]. The region is bisected by the deep [[Gorges de l'Ardèche|Gorges of the Ardèche]] and is shares the same latitudes as the [[Coteaux de Tricastin AOC]] on the left bank of the [[Rhône]]. The wine became a [[VDQS]] in 1962 and was awarded the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée in 1999.
==Russian fur trade==
Before the colonization of the Americas, [[Russia]] was a major supplier of fur-pelts to [[Western Europe]] and parts of [[Asia]]. Fur was a major Russian export as trade developed in the early middle-ages, first through the Baltic and Black Seas, and with the development of railways through the European city of Leipzig (Germany). Originally, the majority of raw furs exported from Russia were the pelts of [[marten]]s, [[beaver]]s, [[wolf|wolves]], [[fox]]es, [[squirrel]]s and [[hare]]s. Between the 16th and 18th centuries Russians tamed [[Siberia]], a region rich in many mammal species such as [[arctic fox]], Lynx, [[sable]], [[sea otter]] and stoat ([[ermine]]). In the search for the prized [[sea otter]] (pelts first used in China), and, later the [[northern fur seal]], the [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]] expanded into North America, notably [[Alaska]]. Between the 17th and second half of the 19th century, Russia was the largest supplier of fur in the world. On the discovery of North America, with its vast forests and wild-life in particular the Beaver, it too became a major supplier of fur pelts for the fur-felt hat and fur trimming & garment trades of Europe. Fur was a major source of warmth, as wool cloth was just being developed. All this prior to the organisation of coal distribution. The Fur trade played a vital role in the development of Siberia, the [[Russian Far East]] and the [[Russian colonization of the Americas]]. To this day sable is a regional symbol of Ural [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk oblast]] and Siberian [[Novosibirsk Oblast|Novosibirsk]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]] and [[Irkutsk Oblast|Irkutsk]] [[Oblast|oblasts]] of Russia.


{{Infobox
==North American fur trade==
|name=Infobox Wine Region
The North American fur trade was a central part of the early [[European colonization of the Americas|history of contact]] in [[New World|The New World]] ([[North America]]) between [[European-American]]s and [[Native Americans in the United States]] and [[First Nations]] in [[Canada]]. In 1578 there were 350 European fishing vessels at [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and sailors began to trade metal implements (particularly knives) for the natives' well worn pelts. These beaver robes (are blankets of sewn together, native tanned, beaver pelts) known as "castor gras" in French and "coat beaver" in English, were soon recognized by the newly-developed felt hatmaking industry as particularly useful for felting. Some commentators, seeking to explain the term "castor gras", have assumed that coat beaver was rich in human oils from having been worn so long (much of the top-hair was worn away through usage, exposing the valuable under-wool), and that this is what made it attractive to the hatters. This seems unlikely, since grease interferes with the felting of wool, rather than enhancing it. By the 1580s, beaver "wool" was the major starting material of the French felt-hatters, and the material had begun to be used in England soon after (particularly after the hueganoes people arrived from France).
|labelstyle= background:#FBECCD; color:#104000;
|abovestyle= background:#673A37; color:#F2AFB8;
|above=Rhône Valley (wine region)
|image={{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Image:{{{image}}}|300px|]]}}
|caption={{{caption|}}}
|label1=Official name
|data1={{{official name|Côtes de Vivarais AOC}}}
|label2=Other names
|data2={{{other names|}}}
|label3=Appellation type
|data3={{{type|AOC}}}
|label4=Year established
|data4={{{year|VDQS 1962; AOC 1999}}}
|label5=Years of wine industry
|data5={{{wine years|2,000}}}
|label6=Country
|data6={{{country|France}}}
|label7=Part of
|data7={{{part of|Rhône Valley}}}
|label8=Other regions in {{#if:{{{part of|}}}|{}|vicinity}}
|data8={{{similar|Côtes du Rhône, Costières de Nîmes}}}
|label9=Sub-regions
|data9={{{sub regions|}}}
|label10=Location
|data10={{{location|}}}
|label12=Climate region
|data12={{{climate region|mediterranean with cool mountain winds}}}
|label13=Soil conditions
|data13={{{soil|limestone marl}}}
|label14=Total area (ha)
|data14={{{total size|}}}
|label15=Planted area (ha)
|data15={{{planted|554}}}
|label16=Yield (hl/ha)
|data16={{{hl per ha|52}}}
|label17=Yield (hl)
|data17={{{hl|20,600}}}
|label18=No. of vineyards
|data18={{{vineyards|138}}}
|label19=Grapes produced
|data19={{{grapes|grenache noir, syrah, carignan, cinsault, grenache blanc, clairette, marsanne}}}
|label20=Varietals produced
|data20={{{varietals|}}}
|label21=No. of wineries
|data21={{{wineries|33}}}
|label22=Wine produced
|data22={{{wine produced|red, white, rosé}}}
|label23=Official designation(s)
|data23={{{designation|}}}
|label24=Data
|data24={{{Data|2005}}}
|label25=Key
|data25={{{comments|ha: hectares, hl: hectolitres, hl/ha: hectolitres per hectare}}}
|
}}<noinclude>


</noinclude>
===Early Organization===
The first organized attempt to control the fur trade in [[New France]] was undertaken by Captain Chauvin. In 1599 he acquired a [[monopoly]] from [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] and tried to establish a colony at the mouth of the [[Saguenay River]] ([[Tadoussac, Quebec]]). French explorers (and [[Coureur des bois]]--[[Étienne Brûlé]], [[Samuel de Champlain]], [[Pierre-Esprit Radisson|Radisson]] and [[Médard des Groseilliers|Groseilliers]], [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|La Salle]], [[Pierre-Charles Le Sueur|Le Sueur]]), while seeking routes through the continent, established relationships with [[Amerindians]] and continued to expand the trade of [[fur pelt|fur pelts]] for items considered 'common' by the Europeans. Mammel winter pelts were prized for warmth, and particularly beaver pelts for the beaver wool-felt Hats, which were a very expensive status symbol in Europe. The demand for these beaver wool-felt hats was such that the Beaver in Europe and European Russia had largely disappeared through over exploitation.


==Wines==
In 1613 [[Henry Christiansen]] and [[Adriaen Block]] headed expeditions to establish fur trade relationships with the [[Mohawks]] and [[Mohicans]]. By 1614 the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] were sending vessels to [[Manhattan]] to secure large returns from fur trading.
Red wines account for 80% of the production and are made from [[Grenache Noir]] minimum 30%, and [[Syrah]], minimum 40% with [[carignan]] at less than 10% (until the harvest of 2017), and [[Cinsault]] at less than 10% (from the harvest of 2018) as secondary varieties.


Rosé wines account for 15% of the production and are made from Grenache Noir, Syrah and Cinsault at .
[[Pierre-Esprit Radisson|Radisson]] and [[Médard des Groseilliers|Groseilliers]], bitter with the rejection of their first big unlicenced fur haul, pulled the [[Great Britain|British]] into the trade in 1668. They convinced businessmen in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] and [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] that there was a tremendous amount of money to be made in the best fur country north of [[New France]]. This was the spark that would become the first commercial corporation in North America and largest fur trading company in the world, The [[Hudson's Bay Company]].


White wines comprise 5% of the production and are made from [[Clairette]], [[Grenache Blanc]], [[Marsanne]].
Meanwhile, in the [[Colonial America#Lower South|English southern colonies]] (established around 1670), the [[deerskin trade]] was established based on the export hub of [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. Word spread amongst Native hunters that the Europeans would exchange pelts for European-manufactured goods that were highly desired in native communities. Axe heads, knives, awls, fish hooks, cloth of various type and color, woolen blankets, linen shirts, kettles, jewelry, glass beads, [[musket]]s, ammunition and powder were some of the major items exchanged on a 'per pelt' basis.
==Economy==
Wines have been produced in the region for over 2,000 years. In the region extending from the Rhône valley to the Cévennes and the Ardèche mountains - both foothills of the [[Massif Central]] - vines were cultivated by the Helvians, an ancient Gallic tribe. Pliny the Elder reported about a vine in Helvie “that flowers in a day, which protects it from accidents”; the region would wait however, until the Middle Ages before the production was well established and the wine became well known. With the planting of the traditional Rhône valley varieties of Grenache Noir, Syrah, Grenache Blanc and Marsanne in the early second half of the 20th century, cooperative wineries were formed to increase production to a commercial scale. The Côtes du Vivarais wines are produced on a total of 554 hectares by 149 concerns which include 138 growers, 22 small private wineries, and the 11 cooperative wineries which cater for about 90% of the production.


The vineyards are at an altitude of 250 metres on either side of the [[gorge]] and are located in the Ardèche communes of [[Bidon]], [[Gras]], [[Labastide-de-Virac]], [[Lagorce, Ardèche|Lagorce]], [[Larnas]], [[Orgnac-l'Aven]], [[Saint-Montan]], [[Saint-Remèze]], and [[Vinezac]], and in the Gard communes of [[Barjac, Gard|Barjac]], [[Le Garn]], [[Issirac]], [[Montclus, Gard|Montclus]], and [[Saint-Privat-de-Champclos]].<ref>INAO, April 2007</ref>
The trading posts also introduced many types of alcohol (especially brandy and rum) for trade.<ref>[http://www.montana.edu/wwwai/imsd/alcohol/Jessyca/furtrade.htm Introduction of alcohol through the fur trade]</ref> European traders flocked to the continent and made huge profits off the exchange. A metal axe head, for example, was exchanged for one beaver pelt (also called a 'beaver blanket'). The same pelt could fetch enough to buy dozens of axe heads in England, making the fur trade extremely profitable for the European nations. The one iron axe head replaced a stone axe head that Native would have had to make by hand, so it was very profitable for the Natives also.


==See also==
===Socio-economic ties===
*[[French wine]]
Often, the political benefits of the fur trade became more important than the economic aspects. Trade was a way to forge alliances and maintain good relations between different cultures and as marriages were the currency of diplomatic ties of that time, the trade was the beginning of the [[Métis]] (mixed European and Native American parentage). Consequently, there was much rivalry between different European-American governments for control of the fur trade with the various native societies. [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] sometimes based decisions of which side to support in time of war upon which side provided them with the best trade goods in an honest manner. Because trade was so politically important, it was often heavily regulated in hopes (often futile) of preventing abuse. Unscrupulous traders sometimes cheated natives by plying them with alcohol during the transaction, which subsequently aroused resentment and often resulted in violence.


==References==
The fur trade was also known as Fur is murder because it is,Try to find this,Im not trying to mess up anything just spread the message of evil fur trade.Fur is murder,Sorry if this makes you mad,lol.yeah right,Wolf-Avatar typed this. to a close as game was depleted by overhunting. [[John Jacob Astor]] (who controlled the largest [[American Fur Company|American fur trading company]]) recognized that all fur-bearing animals were becoming scarce and retired in 1834. Expanding European settlement displaced native communities from the best hunting grounds, and demand for furs subsided as European fashion trends shifted. The [[Indigenous people of the Americas|Native American's]] lifestyle was forever altered by the trade, in order to continue obtaining European goods on which they had become dependent and to pay off their debts, they often resorted to selling land to the European settlers, which caused resentment on the side of the Native American aboriginals that would help ignite future wars.
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
After the [[United States]] became independent, trading with Native Americans in the U.S. was nominally regulated by the [[Indian Intercourse Act]], first passed on [[July 22]], [[1790]]. The [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] issued licenses to trade in the [[Indian Territory]], which in 1834 consisted of most of the United States west of the [[Mississippi River]], where [[mountain men]] and traders from [[Mexico]] freely operated.
*[http://www.inter-rhone.com Committee for the promotion of the production, economy and marketing of Rhône Wine]

*[http://www.ardeche-wines.com/article.php3?id_article=18 Ardèche Wines]
Early exploration parties were often fur trading expeditions, many of which mark the first recorded instance of Europeans reaching particular regions of North America. For example, [[Abraham Wood]] sent fur trading parties on exploring expeditions into the southern Appalachian Mountains, discovering the [[New River (Kanawha River)|New River]] in the process. [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]] was a fur trader who explored much of the [[Fraser River]]

===Partial list of fur trading posts and forts===
By the early 1800s several companies established strings of fur trading posts and forts across North America.
*[[Fort Astoria]]
*[[Fort Boise]]
*[[Fort Colville]]
*[[Fort Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]
*[[Fort Frontenac]] (originally Fort Cataraqui), [[Ontario]] built 1673
*[[Fort de la Corne]], [[Saskatchewan]] - later Fort a la Corne, furthest west Imperial French post in North America.
*[[Fort Carlton]], [[Saskatchewan]]
*[[Fort Lisa]], [[Nebraska Territory]]
*[[Cabanne's Trading Post]], [[Nebraska Territory]]
*[[Fontenelle's Post]], [[Nebraska Territory]]
*[[Fort Detroit]], [[Michigan]]
*[[Fort Vincennes]], [[Indiana]]
*[[Fort Garry]], [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]]
*[[Fort Gibraltar]], [[Winnipeg]]
*[[Lower Fort Garry]], [[Manitoba]]
*[[Massacre Isle]], [[Alabama]]
*[[Fort Vancouver]], [[Oregon Territory]]
*[[Fort Mackinac]], [[Michigan]]
*[[Fort Nassau]], [[New Netherland]]
*[[Fort Orange]], [[New Netherland]]
*[[Fort Duquesne]], [[Pennsylvania]]
*[[Fort Bridger]], [[Nebraska Territory]]
*[[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]]
*[[Fortress of Louisbourg]], [[Nova Scotia]]
*[[Fort Michilimackinac]], [[Michigan]]
*[[Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)]]
* [[Fort McMurray]] (Alberta)
*[[Fort Snelling, Minnesota]]
*[[Old Fort Providence, Northwest Territories]]
*[[Fort Nisqually]]
*[[Fort Kaministiquia]], [[Ontario]]
*[[Fort William, Ontario]]
*[[Fort de Buade]], [[Michigan]]
*[[Fort Ross, California]]
*[[Fort Hall]], [[Oregon Country]]
*[[Fort St. Joseph (Niles)]], [[Michigan]]
*[[Fort Vasquez]], [[Colorado]]
*[[York Factory]], [[Manitoba]]
*[[Fort Buenaventura]], [[Utah]]
*[[Kootanae House]]
*[[Kullyspell House]]
*[[Rocky Mountain House]]
*[[Spokane House]]
*[[Saleesh House]]

===Present===
There are about 80,000 trappers in [[Canada]] (based on trapping licenses), of whom about half are Indigenous peoples.<ref>[http://www.fur.ca/index-e/aboriginal/index.asp?action=aboriginal&page=metis Fur Institute of Canada - Institut de la fourrure du Canada]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Beaver Wars]]
* [[Fur brigade]]
* [[History of Siberia]]
* [[Hudson's Bay Company]]
* [[North West Company]]
* [[Mountain men]]
* [[Manuel Lisa]]
* [[René Auguste Chouteau]]
* [[Coureurs de bois]] (and voyageurs)
* [[Russian-American Company]]
* [[Harold Innis and the fur trade|Harold Innis and the Canadian fur trade]]
* [[The Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade]]
* [[Trapping]]
* [[Science and technology in Canada]]

== References ==
* [[Bernard DeVoto]] (1947) ''[[Across the Wide Missouri]]''.
* Barbara Huck (2000) [http://www.hrtlandbooks.com/books/exploringthefurtrade.htm Exploring the Fur Trade Routes of North America] (2nd Ed: May 2002)

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}


{{Wines}}
== External links ==
{{Wine by country}}
* [http://www.civilisations.ca/hist/canoe/can00eng.html The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Great Fur Trade Canoes]
* [http://www.whiteoak.org/learning/timeline.htm A Brief History of the Fur Trade]
* [http://www.sojuzpushnina.ru/en/s/55/ History of the Fur Trade in Russia]
* [http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/shorthistory/furtrade.asp History of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin]
* [http://www.furtrade.org Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, Nebraska USA]
* [http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/carlos.lewis.furtrade The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870] (EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic History)
* [http://www.canadiana.org/hbc/ Exploration, the Fur Trade and Hudson's Bay Company]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8516880589092509391 Video documentary on 'Fur Trade on The Great Lakes']
* [http://www.furcommission.com/ Fur Commission USA]
* [http://www.nps.gov/archive/crmo/hcs3a.htm Fur trade in the Snake River Valley, Idaho]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhone wine}}
[[Category:Fur trade|*]]
[[Category:Wine regions of France]]


[[fr:Côtes-du-vivarais (AOC)]]
[[de:Pelzhandel in Nordamerika]]
[[es:Comercio de cuero]]
[[eo:Peltindustrio]]
[[fr:Traite des fourrures]]
[[ko:모피무역]]
[[simple:Fur Trade]]
[[fi:Turkiskauppa]]

Revision as of 19:55, 12 October 2008

Location of Côtes du Vivarais

Côtes du Vivarais is a wine-growing AOC in the northwestern extreme of the southern Rhône wine region of France. The wines are produced in 9 communes of the Ardèche department, and in 5 communes of the department of the Gard. The region is bisected by the deep Gorges of the Ardèche and is shares the same latitudes as the Coteaux de Tricastin AOC on the left bank of the Rhône. The wine became a VDQS in 1962 and was awarded the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée in 1999.

Rhône Valley (wine region)
Official nameCôtes de Vivarais AOC
Appellation typeAOC
Year establishedVDQS 1962; AOC 1999
Years of wine industry2,000
CountryFrance
Part ofRhône Valley
Other regions in vicinityCôtes du Rhône, Costières de Nîmes
Climate regionmediterranean with cool mountain winds
Soil conditionslimestone marl
Planted area (ha)554
Yield (hl/ha)52
Yield (hl)20,600
No. of vineyards138
Grapes producedgrenache noir, syrah, carignan, cinsault, grenache blanc, clairette, marsanne
No. of wineries33
Wine producedred, white, rosé
Data2005
Keyha: hectares, hl: hectolitres, hl/ha: hectolitres per hectare


Wines

Red wines account for 80% of the production and are made from Grenache Noir minimum 30%, and Syrah, minimum 40% with carignan at less than 10% (until the harvest of 2017), and Cinsault at less than 10% (from the harvest of 2018) as secondary varieties.

Rosé wines account for 15% of the production and are made from Grenache Noir, Syrah and Cinsault at .

White wines comprise 5% of the production and are made from Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne.

Economy

Wines have been produced in the region for over 2,000 years. In the region extending from the Rhône valley to the Cévennes and the Ardèche mountains - both foothills of the Massif Central - vines were cultivated by the Helvians, an ancient Gallic tribe. Pliny the Elder reported about a vine in Helvie “that flowers in a day, which protects it from accidents”; the region would wait however, until the Middle Ages before the production was well established and the wine became well known. With the planting of the traditional Rhône valley varieties of Grenache Noir, Syrah, Grenache Blanc and Marsanne in the early second half of the 20th century, cooperative wineries were formed to increase production to a commercial scale. The Côtes du Vivarais wines are produced on a total of 554 hectares by 149 concerns which include 138 growers, 22 small private wineries, and the 11 cooperative wineries which cater for about 90% of the production.

The vineyards are at an altitude of 250 metres on either side of the gorge and are located in the Ardèche communes of Bidon, Gras, Labastide-de-Virac, Lagorce, Larnas, Orgnac-l'Aven, Saint-Montan, Saint-Remèze, and Vinezac, and in the Gard communes of Barjac, Le Garn, Issirac, Montclus, and Saint-Privat-de-Champclos.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ INAO, April 2007

External links

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