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* [http://lindenlab.com/ Linden Lab]: developer's official website
* [http://lindenlab.com/ Linden Lab]: developer's official website
* [http://blog.secondlife.com/ Official Linden Blog]
* [http://blog.secondlife.com/ Official Linden Blog]
* [http://secondlife.com/whatis/economy_stats.php Economic Statistics]
* http://secondlife.com/join
* http://secondlife.com/join
* [http://www.lslwiki.com/lslwiki/wakka.php?wakka=HomePage Linden Scripting Language wiki]
* [http://www.lslwiki.com/lslwiki/wakka.php?wakka=HomePage Linden Scripting Language wiki]

Revision as of 03:12, 29 November 2006

This article explains the virtual world. For the theory of multiple lives, see Reincarnation.
Second Life
Second Life
Developer(s)Linden Lab
Publisher(s)Linden Lab
Designer(s)Linden Lab
EngineProprietary
Platform(s)Mac OS X (10.3.9 or higher)

Windows

Linux i686
Release2003
Genre(s)MMO Virtual world
Mode(s)Multiplayer (online only)

Second Life (SL) is a privately owned, partly subscription-based 3-D virtual world, made publicly available in 2003 by San Francisco-based Linden Lab,[2] and founded by former RealNetworks CTO Philip Rosedale. The Second Life "world" resides in a large array of servers that are owned and maintained by Linden Lab, known collectively as "the grid".[3] The Second Life client program provides its users (referred to as Residents)[4] with tools to view and modify the SL world and participate in its virtual economy, which concurrently has begun to operate as a "real" market. At precisely 8:05:45 AM PDT, October 18 2006, the population of Second Life hit 1 million Residents.[5]

Second Life as the Metaverse

Second Life is one of several virtual worlds that have been inspired by the science fiction novel Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson, and the Cyberpunk literary movement. The stated goal of Linden Lab is to create a world like the metaverse described in the novel Snow Crash, a user-defined world of general use in which people can interact, play, do business, and otherwise communicate. Despite its prominence, it has notable competitors, among them Active Worlds, considered by some to be the founding company of the 3D internet concept in 1997, There and newcomers such as Entropia Universe and the Dotsoul Cyberpark.

External websites such as SL Census (domain now parked) allow Residents to locate each other from outside of the virtual world, and SLURL allows external links through the Second Life World Map to locations in-world.

Pricing

Second Life has three membership plans. [6]

  • Basic — Free
  • Additional Basic — one time fee of US$9.95
  • Premium — There are three billing options for Premium accounts:
    • Monthly — US$9.95
    • Quarterly — US$22.50 (US$7.50/month)
    • Annually — US$72.00 (US$6.00/month)

All account types receive a signup bonus if payment details are provided — L$250 for Basic and Additional Basic, L$1000 for Premium. Providing payment details for Basic and Additional Basic accounts is entirely optional.

The pricing plan for Second Life has varied over time. Earlier versions did not feature free first-time Basic Accounts, or required a fee paid for every basic account beyond the first. During the beta period, Residents had the option of a lifetime subscription for a one-time payment of US$225.00. After the release of SL 1.2 and the introduction of tiered land payments, this turned into a lifetime tier-free ownership of 4096m2 of land.

Stipends

Eligible Residents receive stipends once a week - Basic and Additional Basic accounts have to log in during the weekly period in order to receive theirs, Premium accounts do not (they receive the stipend regardless of account activity).

Basic and Additional Basic accounts are not currently eligible for a stipend:[7] [8]

  • Those registered before May 29, 2006 receive L$50/week
  • Those registered after May 29, 2006 receive no stipend

Stipends for Premium accounts have also changed over time:[9] [10]

  • Those registered before July 21, 2006 receive L$500/week
  • Those registered before November 1, 2006 receive L$400/week
  • Those registered on or after November 1, 2006 receive L$300/week.

Land Ownership

Premium members also have the ability to own land (up to 512m2 without additional fees). Owning larger areas of land attracts an increasing additional fee (what Linden Lab calls "tier") ranging from US$5 a month up to US$195 a month for an entire 65,536m2 of land or individual island.[11] [12]

Residents

Main article: Resident (Second Life)

Residents are the users of Second Life, and their appearance is their avatar. A person may have multiple accounts, and thus be multiple Residents (a person's multiple accounts can be referred to as alts), and a single Resident may have multiple avatars. All scripts and 3D content are created by Residents using nothing but the client, and even though animations, textures and sounds have to be created outside the client, every experience in Second Life is entirely user-created.

Recent improvements

The group tools received many improvements:

  • Ability to be members of up to 25 groups; previous limit was 15
  • Minimum group membership count reduced to 2; previous requirement was minimum of 3
  • Improved communication
  • Sending objects to everyone in a group (also possible to implement with LSL)
  • Defining roles and capabilities of roles (roles will be similar to the current Officer and Member title system)

These improvements were implemented on August 23, 2006, with the release of Second Life client version 1.12.0

Open standards

Linden Lab is an avid user of open standards technologies, and already uses such Open-source technologies such as Apache and Squid.[13]

Open Standards improvements throughout 2006

The plan is to eventually move everything to open standards by standardizing the Second Life protocol. Cory Ondrejka, Vice President of Product Development, has stated that a while after everything has been standardized, both the client and the server will be released as open source.[14]

  1. Throughout 2006 the built-in instant messaging system will be replaced with Jabber[15]
  2. The current proprietary LSL virtual machine will be replaced with Mono[16]
  3. uBrowser, an OpenGL port of the Gecko rendering engine, which has been used in the client since version 1.10.1 [17] to display the Help documentation, will also be used to display webpages on any of the surfaces of any 3D object the user creates.

Second Life protocol

Main article: libsecondlife

In May 2006 it was revealed that the Second Life protocol had been reverse-engineered. A wiki was set up to further the effort [18]

Since Linden Labs has allowed third party programs to access Second Life[19], a project called libsecondlife has been established. Among functions developed are a map API, recently-removed the ability to create objects larger than normally allowed, and other unforeseen capabilities.[citation needed]

Economy

Second Life has its own economy and a currency referred to as Linden Dollars (L$). Residents receive an amount of L$ when they open an account if they supply credit/debit card details,[20] and used to receive weekly stipends thereafter — only premium accounts and basic accounts that were already receiving stipends currently receive stipends. Additional L$ are acquired by selling objects or services within the environment.

Linden Lab has stated that the Second Life economy generated US$3,596,674 in economic activity during the month of September 2005,[21] and as of September 2006 Second Life was reported to have a GDP of $64 Million.[22]

LindeX Currency Exchange

Residents may purchase L$ directly through the client, or convert between Linden currency and U.S. currency through either Linden Lab's currency brokerage, the LindeX Currency Exchange, or other third-party currency exchanges.[citation needed] The ratio of USD to L$ fluctuates daily as Residents set the buy and sell price of L$ offered on the exchange, and fluctated between L$240/USD and L$350/USD between October 2005 and September 2006.

The current lowest yearly membership fee in Second Life is $72 (USD).[6] A premium (user receiving a L$400/week stipened) would accumulate enough L$ over the course of their subscription (L$20,800/year if they did not spend any of it), and they would be able to recoup their subscription (not taking exchange fees into account) if they were able to obtain an exchange rate of L$288/USD. At L$289/USD and above, the user would start to make a loss on their investment.

As of October 16, 2006, the exchange rate for selling currency was L$243/USD.[23]

Land sales system

Linden Lab usually sells land in small 512m2 blocks (16 by 32 meters) through its First Land program, or as entire 16 acre (65536m2) regions. Residents also buy and sell land to other Residents, generally intending to make a profit by selling the plots of land at a price higher than the original purchase cost.[citation needed]

First Land

The First Land program is used to reserve small blocks of land for first time land buyers, intending Residents to purchase their first parcel of land below the current market value.[24] This program also serves as an incentive for new Residents with free accounts to upgrade to premium accounts. A Resident pays a fixed fee of L$1 per 1m2 for a 512m2 plot.[24]

These First Land plots are frequently consolidated into larger plots when the original owners sell them to other residents.[citation needed]

Regions

  • Regions put up for auction are usually accessible from the main continent (e.g. by crossing the simulator boundary) of Second Life.[citation needed]
  • Regions purchased privately are not allowed to be accessible directly from the main continent of Second Life, multiple regions can be purchased and placed next to each other creating their own island or small continent.[citation needed]

The high land tier fees (US$195 a month) associated with owning a 16 acre region have resulted in many privately purchased simulators being focused solely on content that can return a profit, reducing the variety available.[citation needed] There are exceptions to this behavior, such as Svarga (an artificial eco system driven by LSL, created by Second Life Resident Laukosargas Svarog.[25]

A region can theoretically hold up to 100 users at a time,[26] but performance can severely degrade at these numbers, and factors such as the amount of prims and active scripts running on the server also factor into performance.

Openspaces

Whereas normal private islands run on their own dedicated CPU, the Openspace regions run four per CPU: this limits their performance. Each of the four is limited to only 1875 prims. Openspaces only ever share with other openspaces on a server. Openspaces must be anchored to a normal existing Island or be used in a series to create space between islands. In other words, they cannot be used to “float” space on their own.[27]

Teen Second Life

Teen Second Life was developed in early 2005 for people aged 13-17 to play Second Life, without entering false-information to participate in the Adult Grid.

On January 1, 2006, the teen grid opening hours were increased to 24 hours a day, whereas it was previously open only during Linden Lab's office hours. [citation needed]

Differences

The 13-17 Teen Grid and the 18+ Main Grid are different in many ways.

Age

  • Teen Grid users are transferred to the Main Grid once they turn 18, taking all content and private islands with them. [citation needed]
  • Underage users found to be fraudulently accessing the Main Grid (e.g. by being under 18) that are transferred to the Teen Grid lose all their inventory, in an effort to prevent Mature content being transferred to the Teen Grid. [verification needed]
  • Overage users found to be fraudulently accessing the Teen Grid (e.g. by being over 18 and lying on the registration form) face banning from all areas of Second Life (website, Teen and Main Grid) designated teen only.[28]
  • Open Registration was implemented, but quickly removed for the Teen Grid, to increase security against users over age 18 from entering the Teen Grid.[verification needed]

Land

  • The Teen Grid is significantly smaller in the size of its userbase, the amount of land and concurrent Resident population at any given time. [citation needed]
  • The Teen Grid is a fraction of the size of the Adult Grid, and has significantly fewer Resident owned estates.[29] [30]

Content

  • The Teen Grid has a zero-tolerance policy for mature content, including gambling[citation needed] and nudity.[31]
    • Since nudity is not allowed on the Teen Grid, Teen Residents are unable to remove their underwear. However, Teen Residents can use textures with transparent sections for clothing — just as Main Grid Residents can — so that using completely or partially transparent underwear in combination with skins featuring genitalia, their avatar can appear to be nude.[citation needed] Such actions are against the Teen Second Life Community Standards.[31]
  • The client differs slightly, in terms of user-interface. [verification needed]

Economy

  • The Teen Grid, lacking the economic support of gambling and other mature content, has a much different economy. Land prices and in-world object prices are known to be different, as the average income for the people that play these grids differs. [verification needed]
  • LindeX (The Linden Lab endorsed trading service), however, takes from the same pool of Linden Dollars (L$) for both the Main Grid and the Teen Grid. [verification needed]

Businesses and Organizations in Second Life

For information on Residents, and Residents who have achieved notoriety through Second Life, see Resident (Second Life)

Originating from Second Life

Businesses and organisations listed here should be legally registered/recognised entities created specifically for Second Life.
Subsidiaries, divisions, satelite groups etc of entities existing prior to Second Life therefore should not be placed within this section, but should in fact be placed under the Operated inside Second Life section.

Aimee Weber Studio

Provides virtual content creation and services for companies looking to use the Second Life platform for marketing, education, and other purposes.

Run by Aimee Weber, owner and creator of a wide variety of content in Second Life, including the *PREEN* clothing line and the Midnight City island.

Aimee Weber Studio has worked with The United Nations,[32] [33] American Cancer Society,[34] American Apparel,[35] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,[36] the Exploratorium[37] [38] and various universities.[39]

Anshe Chung Studios

A virtual real estate business founded by Ailin Graef and her husband in Second Life. It has now evolved into a real company that is said to employ more than 20 people.[40]

The Electric Sheep Company

A design, building and scripting firm that creates content for three-dimensional online worlds. Originating in Second Life, they have also done work on the Virtual Laguna Beach project for MTV,[41] Reuters,[42] New Media Consortium,[43] [44] Starwood Hotels/aloft,[45] and Sony BMG Music[46].

SL Business Magazine

A monthly magazine centered around the business aspects of Second Life. Currently published in Adobe PDF, Yahoo Widget (text only), print (via Cafe Press) and as an in-world object.

Operated inside Second Life

Businesses and organizations listed here are those originating in real life that have operated in Second Life and were not founded specifically for Second Life, or having originated from the Content Creation market within Second Life
Documents used as citations for the activities of the company with regards to Second Life should NOT be housed on domains owned by company (parent, partner or subsidiary etc.) in order to best avoid potential violations of WP:V and WP:ADVERT

0-9

A-F

G-L

M-R

  • MLB.com broadcast the Home Run Derby and a Red Sox-Yankees game into SL, with the help of the Electric Sheep Company.
  • MTV held a fashion show which was later broadcasted on G-Hole, a show on MTV's IPTV channel, Overdrive.[61]
  • The New Media Consortium, led by CEO Dr. Laurence F. Johnson, built a virtual campus in the spring of 2006 that includes a library, museum, planetarium, auditorium, classrooms, and a welcome center. In the fall of 2006, the communtiy affilitated with the campus had grown to nearly 1000 educators, and the NMC Campus expanded from 1 sim to 7. Plans included a machinma school and a life sciences center. The NMC has hosted several events on the virtual campus including IBM's Global Innovation jam,[62] a Howard Rheingold keynote speech,[63] and an in-world artists event[64]
  • PA Consulting Group have established a presence in Second Life.[65] The firm uses Second Life to host virtual conferences, recruitment events and as a tool for its clients to simulate new product and service offerings.
  • Reef Ball Foundation has a site in Second Life, trying to create more online awareness for their ecological preservation activities.[verification needed]
  • Reuters has a news bureau which reports news in the virtual universe.[42] [66]

S-Z

Live Music

Live music denotes the performance of vocal and instrumental music by Second Life Residents from their homes and studios, played into microphones, uploaded to audio streams, and played into Second Life for the enjoyment of other residents. It started with performances by Astrin Few late 2004 [73] and began to gain popularity mid 2005 [74]. Linden Lab added an Event Category "Live Music" in March 2006 to accommodate the increasing number of scheduled events.[75]

Live musicians in Second Life are typically already musicians in the real world, using Second Life as a way to reach broader audiences.[citation needed] Most artists perform individually with vocal and one instrument using their Second Life Avatar Name.[citation needed]

Issues and criticisms

Main article: Second Life issues and criticisms

Due to constant development, and as an open environment accessible by almost anyone with access to the internet,[76] a number of difficult issues have arisen around Second Life. Issues range from the technical (Mac OS X client, Budgeting of server resources), to moral (Pornography), to legal (Legal position of the Linden Dollar, Linden Lab lawsuit).

Trivia

  • When objects are created (or instantiated) in-world and then transferred to the user's computer, they are said to "rez"--a reference to the Disney movie Tron. This also appears in the environment's internal scripting language, where the command to create an object is llRezObject().[77]
  • Linden Lab itself is named after Linden Street, the street where the company's first office was opened.[citation needed] Many of the simulators of SL are named after streets or alleys around the San Francisco area; the very first sim of the world to be set up was (and still is) named Da Boom, a combined reference to DeBoom Alley in San Francisco and to the Big Bang.[citation needed]

Competitors

Screenshots

See also

External links

Media

News coverage

April 2004

September 2005

March 2006

May 2006

July 2006

August 2006

September 2006

October 2006

November 2006

Undated

References

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