Canterbury Region

Canterbury Waitaha (Māori)
Region of New Zealand
Canterbury Region
Canterbury Region in New Zealand
Coordinates: 43.6°S 172.0°E / -43.6; 172.0
Country	New Zealand
Island	South Island
Established	1989
Seat	Christchurch
Territorial authorities	List Kaikōura District Hurunui District Selwyn District Waimakariri District Christchurch City Ashburton District Mackenzie District Timaru District Waimate District Waitaki District (59.61%)
Government
• Chairperson	Peter Scott
Area
• Land	44,503.60 km2 (17,182.94 sq mi)
Population  (June 2023)
• Region	666,300
Demonym	Cantabrian
GDP
• Total	NZ$ 44.032 billion (2021)
• Per capita	NZ$ 67,400 (2021)
Time zone	UTC+12 (NZST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+13 (NZDT)
HDI (2021)	0.938 very high · 4th

A map showing population density in the Canterbury Region at the 2006 census

Canterbury (Māori: Waitaha) is a region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island. The region covers an area of 44,503.88 square kilometres (17,183.04 sq mi), making it the largest region in the country by area. It is home to a population of 666,300 (June 2023).

The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms. The Kaikōura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council.

Christchurch, the South Island's largest city and the country's second-largest urban area, is the seat of the region and home to 58 percent of the region's population. Other major towns and cities include Timaru, Ashburton, Rangiora and Rolleston.

History

Main article: History of Canterbury, New Zealand

Natural history

The land, water, flora, and fauna of Canterbury has a long history, stretching from creation of the greywacke basement rocks that make up the Southern Alps to the arrival of the first humans. This history is linked to the creation of the earth, the solidification and development of tectonic plates, the development of oceans and then life itself.

The region is a part of the larger Zealandia continent, itself a part of the larger Australian and Pacific tectonic plates. In the first instance, the land is based upon the constructive tectonic forces of this convergent and transformational tectonic plate boundary. In the second instance, the erosive forces of rain, snow, ice, and rock grinding against rock have developed large gravel fans that extend out from the mountains. In the third instance, there is volcanism punching through the basement rocks and blanket of sediments to the surface. Upon this solid foundation, and slowly over the billions of years, life made up of a countless generations of interconnected adaptations developed into the unique flora and fauna of Aotearoa/New Zealand. The remnants populations of these unique species are visible today in the publicly protected conservation lands.

The species of Waitaha/Canterbury were adapted to the climate and geography that traverses inland from the coastline to the highest peaks, and from the warmer climes in the north to the colder in the south.

Before European settlement

The Canterbury Region was sparsely populated by Ngāi Tahu Māori before the arrival of European settlers.

Colonisation

In 1848, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a Briton, and John Robert Godley, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, founded the Canterbury Association to establish an Anglican colony in the South Island. The colony was based upon theories developed by Wakefield while in prison for eloping with a woman not-of-age. Due to ties to the University of Oxford, the Canterbury Association succeeded in raising sufficient funds and recruiting middle-class and upper-class settlers. In April 1850, a preliminary group led by Godley landed at Port Cooper – modern-day Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō – and established a port, housing and shops in preparation for the main body of settlers. In December 1850, the first wave of 750 settlers arrived at Lyttelton in a fleet of four ships.

Following 1850, the province's economy developed with the introduction of sheep farming. The Canterbury region's tussock plains in particular were suitable for extensive sheep farming. Since they were highly valued by settlers for their meat and wool, there were over half a million sheep in the region by the early 1850s. By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million. During this period, the architect Benjamin Mountfort designed many civic and ecclesiastical buildings in the Gothic Revival style.

Canterbury Province

Main article: Canterbury Province

The Canterbury Province was formed in 1853 following the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. It was formed from part of New Munster Province and covered the middle part of the South Island, stretching from the east coast to the west coast. The province was abolished, along with other provinces of New Zealand, when the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 November 1876. The modern Canterbury Region has slightly different boundaries, particularly in the north, where it includes some districts from the old Nelson Province.

2010–2011 earthquakes

September 2010

Main article: 2010 Canterbury earthquake

A magnitude 7.1 earthquake occurred in the region on Saturday 4 September 2010, at 04:35 am. It caused no direct fatalities, but caused serious damage to buildings and infrastructure. The epicentre was located 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Christchurch; 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-east of Darfield, and had a depth of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi).

Building damage in Worcester Street, corner Manchester Street, with ChristChurch Cathedral in the background. (September 2010)

Sewers were damaged, gas and water lines were broken, and power to up to 75% of the city was disrupted.

A local state of emergency was declared at 10:16 am on 4 September for the city, and evacuations of parts were planned to begin later in the day. People inside the Christchurch city centre were evacuated, and the city's central business district remained closed until 5 September. A curfew from 7 pm on 4 September to 7 am on 5 September was put in place. The New Zealand Army was also deployed to assist police and enforce the curfew.

The earthquake was reported to have caused widespread damage and power outages. There were 63 reported aftershocks in the first 48 hours, with three registering 5.2 magnitude. Christchurch residents reported chimneys falling in through roofs, cracked ceilings and collapsed brick walls. The total insurance costs of this event were estimated to reach up to $11 billion, according to the New Zealand Treasury.

February 2011

Main article: February 2011 Christchurch earthquake

ChristChurch Cathedral showing the effects of the February 2011 earthquake (tower under demolition)

A large aftershock of magnitude 6.3 occurred on 22 February 2011 at 12:51 pm. It was centred just to the north of Lyttelton, 10 kilometres south-east of Christchurch, at a depth of 5 km. Although lower on the moment magnitude scale than the quake of September 2010, the intensity and violence of the ground shaking was measured to be VIII on the MMI, which is among the strongest ever recorded globally in an urban area due to the shallowness and proximity of the epicentre.

In contrast to the September 2010 quake, the February 2011 earthquake struck on a busy weekday afternoon. This, along with the strength of the quakes, and the proximity to the city centre, resulted in 181 deaths.

This event promptly resulted in the declaration of New Zealand's first National State of Emergency. Many buildings and landmarks were severely damaged, including the iconic Shag Rock and Christchurch Cathedral.

June 2011

Main article: June 2011 Christchurch earthquake

On 13 June 2011 at about 1:00 pm New Zealand time, Christchurch was again rocked by a magnitude 5.7 quake, followed by a magnitude 6.3 quake (initially thought to be 6.0) at 2:20 pm, centred in a similar location to that of the February quake with a depth of 6.0 kilometres. Dozens of aftershocks occurred over the following days, including several over magnitude 4.

Phone lines and power were lost in some suburbs, and liquefaction surfaced mainly in the eastern areas of the city which were worst affected following the aftershocks. Many residents in and around the hillside suburb of Sumner self-evacuated.

Further damage was reported to buildings inside the cordoned central business district, with an estimate of 75 additional buildings needing demolition. Among the buildings further damaged was the Christchurch Cathedral, which lost its iconic rose window, a factor reducing the likelihood of the cathedral being restored.

There was only one death recorded following the quake; however, there were many injuries.

Geography

Main article: Geology of the Canterbury Region

The area administered by the Canterbury Regional Council consists of all the river catchments on the east coast of the South Island from that of the Waiau Toa / Clarence River, north of Kaikōura, to that of the Waitaki River, in South Canterbury. It is New Zealand's largest region by area, with an area of 45,346 km².

Canterbury was traditionally bounded in the north by the Conway River, to the west by the Southern Alps, and to the south by the Waitaki River. The area is commonly divided into North Canterbury (north of the Rakaia River to the Conway River), Mid Canterbury (from the Rakaia River to the Rangitata River), South Canterbury (south of the Rangitata River to the Waitaki River) and Christchurch City.

Climate

Climate data for Canterbury
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	40.2 (104.4)	42.4 (108.3)	36.0 (96.8)	30.2 (86.4)	29.7 (85.5)	24.8 (76.6)	24.1 (75.4)	26.3 (79.3)	30.0 (86.0)	32.0 (89.6)	36.2 (97.2)	36.1 (97.0)	42.4 (108.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	21.7 (71.1)	21.4 (70.5)	19.5 (67.1)	16.5 (61.7)	13.1 (55.6)	10.3 (50.5)	9.5 (49.1)	11.0 (51.8)	13.8 (56.8)	15.9 (60.6)	17.9 (64.2)	19.9 (67.8)	15.9 (60.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	16.0 (60.8)	15.8 (60.4)	14.0 (57.2)	11.1 (52.0)	8.1 (46.6)	5.5 (41.9)	4.8 (40.6)	6.2 (43.2)	8.5 (47.3)	10.5 (50.9)	12.4 (54.3)	14.5 (58.1)	10.6 (51.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	10.3 (50.5)	10.2 (50.4)	8.6 (47.5)	5.8 (42.4)	3.2 (37.8)	0.8 (33.4)	0.2 (32.4)	1.4 (34.5)	3.3 (37.9)	5.2 (41.4)	7.0 (44.6)	9.1 (48.4)	5.4 (41.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−2.3 (27.9)	−0.8 (30.6)	−4.4 (24.1)	−5.3 (22.5)	−7.2 (19.0)	−21.0 (−5.8)	−21.0 (−5.8)	−11.4 (11.5)	−8.0 (17.6)	−7.6 (18.3)	−5.9 (21.4)	−4.2 (24.4)	−21.0 (−5.8)
Source: Weatherbase

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1991	438,171	—
1996	468,039	+1.33%
2001	481,431	+0.57%
2006	521,832	+1.62%
2013	539,433	+0.48%
2018	599,694	+2.14%
Source:

Canterbury Region covers 44,503.60 km² (17,182.94 sq mi). Statistics New Zealand estimates the population of Canterbury is 666,300 as of June 2023, which gives a population density of 15.0 people per km². The region is home to 12.8% of New Zealand's population.

Canterbury Region had a population of 599,694 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 60,261 people (11.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 77,862 people (14.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 225,408 households, comprising 299,397 males and 300,297 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 38.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 109,164 people (18.2%) aged under 15 years, 121,833 (20.3%) aged 15 to 29, 272,718 (45.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 95,982 (16.0%) aged 65 or older.

Of those at least 15 years old, 104,658 (21.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 87,948 (17.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 83,262 people (17.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 250,845 (51.1%) people were employed full-time, 75,861 (15.5%) were part-time, and 15,864 (3.2%) were unemployed.

Urban areas

Largest cities or towns in Canterbury Statistics New Zealand June 2023 estimate
	Rank		Territorial authority	Municipal pop.
Christchurch Rolleston	1	Christchurch	Christchurch City	384,800	Timaru Ashburton
	2	Rolleston	Selwyn District	29,600
	3	Timaru	Timaru District	28,900
	4	Ashburton	Ashburton District	20,800
	5	Rangiora	Waimakariri District	19,600
	6	Kaiapoi	Waimakariri District	13,600
	7	Lincoln	Selwyn District	10,250
	8	Prebbleton	Selwyn District	5,280
	9	Temuka	Timaru District	4,680
	10	Woodend	Waimakariri District	4,550

Culture and identity

In the 2018 census, 82.4% were European/Pākehā, 9.4% Māori, 3.2% Pasifika, 11.1% Asian, and 2.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 23.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.0% had no religion, 37.1% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.3% were Hindu, 0.8% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 2.2% had other religions.

Largest groups of overseas-born residents

Nationality	Population (2018)
England	28,719
Philippines	13,650
Mainland China	11,553
Australia	10,428
India	8,823
South Africa	6,195
Scotland	3,798
Fiji	3,672
United States	3,483
Samoa	3,339

In the 2013 census, just under 20 percent of Canterbury's population was born overseas, compared to 25 percent for New Zealand as a whole. The British Isles remains the largest region of origin, accounting for 36.5 percent of the overseas-born population in Canterbury. Around a quarter of Canterbury's overseas-born population at the 2013 Census had been living in New Zealand for less than five years, and 11 percent had been living in New Zealand for less than two years (i.e. they moved to New Zealand after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake).

The Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch opened in August 2013 as the transitional pro-cathedral for the Anglican Diocese of Christchurch. Anglicans make up 14.8 percent of Canterbury's population.

Anglicanism is the largest Christian denomination in Canterbury with 14.8 percent affiliating, while Catholicism is the second-largest with 12.7 percent affiliating.

Ethnic groups of Canterbury residents, 2006–18 census

Ethnicity	2006 census		2013 census		2018 census
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
European	393,219	77.4	448,650	86.9	494,340	82.4
Māori	36,669	7.2	41,910	8.1	56,298	9.4
Pacific peoples	10,926	2.2	12,720	2.5	18,927	3.2
Asian	29,172	5.7	35,847	6.9	66,672	11.1
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African	3,363	0.7	4,374	0.8	7,314	1.2
Other	70,254	13.8	10,236	2.0	8,307	1.4
Total people stated	508,185		516,360		599,694
Not elsewhere included	13,650	2.6	23,076	4.3	0	0.0

Economy

Crossing the Macauley River, Lilybank Station, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1977.

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the Canterbury region was estimated at NZ$44.2 billion in the year to March 2022, representing 12.4% of New Zealand's national GDP. The regional GDP per filled job was $126,733, 4.6% below the national average of $132,815.

For the year ended March 2022, the manufacturing industry was the largest contributor to the Canterbury regional economy, at $4.1 billion. Primary manufacturing (the process of creating a product from raw materials) represented $2.48 billion of the total. Manufacturing industries in the region employed 10.6% of the filled jobs in the region. The construction sector represented the next highest category of regional GDP, at $3.67 billion, followed by professional, scientific and technical services at $3.64 billion.

Agriculture

Agriculture contributed $3.26 billion to the regional economy in the year ended March 2022. The agriculture sector is diversified into dairy farming, sheep farming and horticulture particularly viticulture. The strength of the region's agricultural economy is displayed every November at the Canterbury A&P Show. The show coincides with the regional anniversary day and Cup Week. During the interwar period, agricultural productivity was boosted by the introduction of mechanization, lime and the improvement of seed stocks. Canterbury is also New Zealand's main producer of cereal crops such as wheat, barley and oats. As of 2002, the region produced 60.7% of the nation's supply of wheat, 51.1% of its barley stocks and 43.7% of its supply of oats.

Canterbury has 25,065 hectares of horticultural land, the largest area in New Zealand. The largest crops are potatoes (4,330 ha), peas and beans (2,700 ha), wine grapes (1,770 ha), berries (1,100 ha), and onions (1,000 ha). The region produces half of the New Zealand's mushrooms, nuts and berries.

The region's viticulture industry was established by French settlers in Akaroa. Since then, wine-growing is concentrated into two regions: Waipara and Burnham. Recently, there have been vintages from plantings from Kurow further to the south. White wine has typically predominated in Canterbury from Riesling, Sauvignon blanc, Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, and to a lesser extent Pinot blanc and Pinot gris. Pinot noir has had some success in the province, particularly in Waipara.

Environment

Upper Akaroa Harbour

Canterbury Plains

See also: Environment of New Zealand

Like much of the Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands the Canterbury Plains have been highly modified since human settlement and now support a large agricultural industry. Prior to the arrival of Māori settlers in the 13th century, much of the modern Canterbury region was covered in scrub and beech forests. Forest fires destroyed much of the original forest cover which was succeeded by tussock grassland. By the 19th century, only ten percent of this forest cover remained, and the European settlers introduced several new exotic grass, lupin, pine and macrocarpa that gradually supplanted the native vegetation. Much of the native vegetation was isolated to the alpine zones and Banks Peninsula. From a minimum of about one percent of its original forest cover in circa 1900, the amount of forest on Banks Peninsula has increased.

The amount of dairy farming is increasing with a corresponding increase in demand for water. Water use is now becoming a contentious issue in Canterbury. Lowland rivers and streams are generally polluted and some of the aquifers are being overdrawn. The Central Plains Water scheme is a proposal for water storage that has attracted much controversy. The Canterbury Water Management Strategy is one of the many means being used to address the water issue.

The Canterbury mudfish (kowaro) is an endangered species that is monitored by the Department of Conservation.

Government and politics

Local government

The Canterbury region is administered by the Canterbury Regional Council. The area includes ten territorial authorities, including Christchurch City Council and part of the Waitaki District, the other part of which is in Otago. Following the local government reform of 1989, Kaikōura District was part of the Nelson-Marlborough Region. That region was later abolished and replaced with three unitary authorities. Kaikōura was too small to function as an independent unitary authority and was moved under the jurisdiction of the Canterbury Regional Council in 1992. However, Kaikōura remains part of Marlborough in the minds of many people. In 2006, the Banks Peninsula District was merged into Christchurch City following a 2005 referendum.

National government

The Canterbury Region is covered by ten general electorates and one Māori electorate. The city of Christchurch as a whole consists of five of these electorates, while the electorate of Waimakariri contains a mix of Christchurch and exurban Canterbury. The Banks Peninsula, Ilam, and Waimakariri electorates are currently held by members of the governing National Party (as part of the coalition-led Sixth National Government of New Zealand) Vanessa Weenink, Hamish Campbell, and Matt Doocey. Meanwhile, the Christchurch Central, Christchurch East, and Wigram electorates are currently held by opposition (Labour Party) members Duncan Webb, Reuben Davidson, and Megan Woods respectively.

In contrast to Christchurch, much of the surrounding Canterbury region is dominated by the National Party due to its ties to rural farming and business interests. The large Kaikōura electorate covers all of the Marlborough Region and northern Canterbury and is represented by National MP Stuart Smith. The substantial Waitaki electorate, held by National MP Miles Anderson, covers most of South Canterbury and neighbouring North Otago. Rangitata and Selwyn are held by National members James Meager and Nicola Grigg respectively.

Under the Māori electorates system, Canterbury is part of the large Te Tai Tonga electorate which covers the entire South Island, the surrounding islands and most of Wellington in the North Island. It is currently held by Tākuta Ferris of Te Pāti Māori.

Judicially, the region is served by four District Courts at Christchurch, Ashburton, Timaru and Kaikōura, and two High Courts at Christchurch and Timaru. The Christchurch High Court also hosts a divisional court of the Court of Appeal.

Transport

See also: Public transport in Christchurch

State Highway 1 runs the length of Canterbury, connecting north to Blenheim and the Cook Strait ferry terminal at Picton and south to Oamaru, Dunedin and Invercargill.

Christchurch International Airport, located in Harewood on the northwest outskirts of Christchurch, is the region's main airport. Regular flights operate from Christchurch to most major centres in New Zealand, as well as Australia, the Pacific Islands and eastern Asia. Timaru's Richard Pearse Airport serves South Canterbury with daily flights to Wellington.

Education

See also: List of schools in Canterbury, New Zealand and List of schools in Christchurch

Canterbury is served by 292 primary and secondary schools, educating around 94,000 students from ages 5 to 18. Around 13 percent of students attend state-integrated schools and 5 percent attend private schools, with the remaining 82 percent attending state schools.

Both Christchurch and Timaru have single-sex state secondary schools.

Canterbury has two universities: the University of Canterbury located in western Christchurch, and Lincoln University located in Lincoln.

Sport

The three most popular sports in Canterbury, New Zealand are rugby (58%), cricket (46%) and football (21%).

Skiing at Mount Hutt

The region is home to the Crusaders who play in the Super Rugby competition. The Crusaders also represent other provinces in the upper South Island but are based in Christchurch. They were formerly known as the Canterbury Crusaders.

In provincial rugby, Canterbury is represented by three unions; Canterbury, Mid Canterbury and South Canterbury. For historical reasons, players from Kaikōura District still play for the Marlborough Rugby Union, which is part of the Tasman Provincial team (Nelson/Marlborough Unions combined).

The Canterbury Kings are Canterbury's cricket team in New Zealand's Super Smash. Other sporting teams include the Mainland Tactix (netball), Canterbury United FC (football) and Canterbury Rams (basketball).

Film location

Canterbury was the location used in the filming The Lord of the Rings for the fictional city of Edoras, Rohan, on Mount Sunday, as well as Helm's deep backdrop, several miles down the valley.

See also

• 2010 Canterbury earthquake
• February 2011 Christchurch earthquake
• June 2011 Christchurch earthquake
• November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake
• Water pollution in Canterbury, New Zealand

External links

• Environment Canterbury (Canterbury Regional Council)
• Canterbury Biodiversity, Environment Canterbury