Jörg Haider and Nobel Peace Prize: Difference between pages
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
Black Kite (talk | contribs) rvv |
LeaveSleaves (talk | contribs) m Reverted to revision 244471154 by LonelyBeacon. (TW) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[Image:Dag Hammarskjold.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Swedish economist [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] was an unusually active UN Secretary-General from 1953 to his death in 1961.]] |
|||
{{NPOV}} |
|||
The '''Nobel Peace Prize''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and {{lang-no|Nobels fredspris}}) is one of five [[Nobel Prize]]s [[bequeath]]ed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor [[Alfred Nobel]]. According to Nobel's [[will (law)|will]], the Peace Prize should be awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for [[:wikt:fraternity|fraternity]] between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/short_testamente.html | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | title = Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel | publisher = [[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> |
|||
{{Recent death|date=October 2008}} |
|||
{{Infobox Officeholder |
|||
|name = Jörg Haider |
|||
|image = JoergHaider Sep07.JPG |
|||
|imagesize = |
|||
|smallimage = |
|||
|caption = |
|||
|order = [[Carinthia (state)|Governor of Carinthia]] |
|||
|term_start = 1999 |
|||
|term_end = 2008 |
|||
|predecessor = [[Christoph Zernatto]] |
|||
|successor = [[Gerhard Dörfler]] (Acting) |
|||
|term_start2 = 1989 |
|||
|term_end2 = 1991 |
|||
|predecessor2 = [[Peter Ambrozy]] |
|||
|successor2 = [[Christoph Zernatto]] |
|||
|birth_date = [[26 January]] [[1950]] |
|||
|birth_place = [[Bad Goisern]], Austria |
|||
|death_date = [[11 October]] [[2008]] (aged 58) |
|||
|death_place = [[Köttmannsdorf]], Austria |
|||
|constituency = |
|||
|party = [[Freedom Party of Austria|FPÖ]], [[Alliance for the Future of Austria|BZÖ]] |
|||
|spouse = <!--2 ...name/names?--> |
|||
|children = |
|||
|profession = Law |
|||
|education = [[law degree|Dr. iur. (law degree)]] |
|||
|religion = |
|||
|signature = |
|||
|footnotes = |
|||
}} |
|||
Alfred Nobel's will stated that the prize should be awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Norwegian Parliament. The Peace Prize is presented annually in [[Oslo, Norway]], in the presence of the [[Monarchy of Norway|king]], on December 10 (the anniversary of Nobel's death), and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in [[Stockholm, Sweden]]. "In Oslo, the Chairman of the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway. Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount." The Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at the [[Oslo City Hall]], followed the next day by the [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]], which is broadcast to more than 450 million households in over 150 countries around the world. The concert has received worldwide fame and the participation of top celebrity hosts and performers. The selection of Nobel Peace Prize winners sometimes causes controversy, as the list of winners includes people who formerly used violent methods of problem-solving, but then later made exceptional concessions to non-violence in the attempt to achieve peace. |
|||
'''Jörg Haider''' ([[January 26]], [[1950]] – [[October 11]], [[2008]])<ref>http://news.orf.at/?href=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.orf.at%2Fticker%2F304770.html</ref> was an Austrian politician. He was [[Landeshauptmann|Governor]] of [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] and Chairman of the "[[Alliance for the Future of Austria]]" (Bündnis Zukunft Österreich, BZÖ). |
|||
==Appointment process== |
|||
Haider was a long-time leader of the [[Austrian Freedom Party]] (FPÖ). When he stepped down as the FPÖ's chairman in 2000, he remained its major figure until 2005, when he founded the BZÖ in April. He was subsequently expelled from the FPÖ by its interim leader [[Hilmar Kabas]]. |
|||
Nobel died in 1896 and did not leave an explanation for choosing [[peace]] as a prize category. The categories for [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] were obvious choices as he was a trained chemical engineer. The reason behind the [[peace]] prize is less clear. Some{{Who|date=July 2008}} |
|||
have said it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces (Nobel's inventions included [[dynamite]] and [[ballistite]]). None of his explosives, except for ballistite, were used in any war during his lifetime,<ref>Altman, L. (2006). [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/health/26docs.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=919b88628e82140e&ex=1160884800 Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen]. ''New York Times''. Retrieved October 14, 2006.</ref> although the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], an Irish nationalist organisation, did carry out dynamite attacks in the 1880s<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/profiles/po17.shtml BBC History - 1916 Easter Rising - Profiles - The Irish Republican Brotherhood] ''BBC''.</ref> and he was instrumental in turning [[Bofors]] from a iron company to a armaments company whilst he owned it. |
|||
[[Image:Norske nobelinstiutt 1.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Nobel Institute]] in [[Oslo, Norway]].]] |
|||
== Personal life == |
|||
The [[Stortinget|Norwegian Parliament]] appoints the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]], which selects the Laureate for the Peace Prize. The Committee chairman, currently Dr. [[Ole Danbolt Mjøs]], awards the Prize itself. At the time of Alfred Nobel's death [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] were in a [[personal union]] in which the Swedish government was solely responsible for foreign policy, and the [[Stortinget|Norwegian Parliament]] was responsible only for Norwegian domestic policy. Alfred Nobel never explained<ref>[http://www.nobel.no/eng_com_nor.html The Norwegian Nobel Institute- Why a Norwegian Nobel Committee?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> why he wanted a Norwegian rather than Swedish body to award the Peace Prize. As a consequence, many people have speculated about Nobel's intentions. For instance, Nobel may have wanted to prevent the manipulation of the selection process by foreign powers, and as Norway did not have any foreign policy, the Norwegian government could not be influenced. |
|||
== |
==Nominations== |
||
Nominations for the Prize may be made by a broad array of qualified individuals, including former recipients, members of national assemblies and congresses, university professors (in certain disciplines), international judges, and special advisors to the Prize Committee. In some years as many as 199 nominations have been received. The Committee keeps the nominations secret and asks that nominators do the same. Over time many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing<ref>[http://www.nobel.no/eng_com_nom.html The Norwegian Nobel Institute- From Nomination to Ceremony<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Nominations from 1901 to 1955, however, have been released in a database.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/database.html Nomination Database - The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901-1955<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> When the past nominations were released it was discovered that [[Adolf Hitler]] was nominated in 1939 by Erik Brandt, a member of the Swedish Parliament. Brandt retracted the nomination after a few days.<ref>Richardson, Gunnar, ''Förtroligt and hemligt : kunglig utrikespolitik och svensk neutralitet under andra världskriget''. Stockholm : Carlsson, 2007</ref> Other infamous nominees included [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Benito Mussolini]]. However, since nomination requires only support from one qualified person (e.g., a history professor), these unusual nominations do not represent the opinions of the Nobel committee itself. |
|||
Haider's parents had been [[Nazism|Nazis]] and early [[NSDAP]] party members. They were from different backgrounds; Haider's father, Robert Haider, was a shoemaker, while his mother, Dorothea Rupp, was the daughter of a wealthy, noted, medical doctor and head of the general hospital of [[Linz]].<ref name="WienerZeitung">{{cite web |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/linkmap/personen/haider.htm |title=Jörg Haider Biographie |first= |name= |work=Wiener Zeitung |accessdate=2008-05-05 |coauthors= |format= |year= |month= |pages= |date=2004-09-10 |language=German |publisher= |quote=Seine Eltern, die 1945 heirateten, kamen aus unterschiedlichen Bildungsschichten. Der Vater war Schuhmacher, die Mutter, eine geborene Rupp, die Tochter eines Gynäkologen und Primararztes am Linzer Allgemeinen Krankenhaus.}}</ref> |
|||
Unlike the other Nobel Prizes, which recognize completed scientific or literary accomplishment, the Nobel Peace Prize may be awarded to persons or organizations that are in the process of resolving a conflict or creating peace. As some such processes have failed to create lasting peace, some Peace Prizes appear questionable in hindsight. For example, the awards given to [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Shimon Peres]], [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Lê Ðức Thọ]], and Henry Kissinger were particularly controversial and criticized; the Kissinger-Thọ award prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/peace/articles/controversies/index.html Controversies and Criticisms<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
Robert Haider joined the NSDAP in 1929 as a fifteen year-old boy, four years before [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in Germany. He remained a member even after the [[Austrian National Socialism|Austrian Nazi Party]] was banned in Austria and after [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] had dissolved the Austrian parliament and established a ''[[Austrofascism|Ständestaat]]'', a [[Fascism|fascist]] [[dictatorship]]. In 1933, Haider senior moved to [[Bavaria]] but returned to Austria the following year after the failed Nazi attempt to overthrow the Austrian government. He was arrested and chose to move back to Germany where he joined the Austrian Legion, a division of the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]''.<ref name="Peri2001">{{cite web |url=http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/acta18.htm |title=Jörg Haider's Antisemitism |first=Anat |name=Peri |work=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |accessdate=2008-05-05 |coauthors= |format= |year=2001 |month= |pages= |date= |language= |publisher=[[Hebrew University]] |quote=}}</ref> |
|||
In 2005, the [[Nobel Peace Center]] opened. It serves to present the Laureates, their work for peace, and the ongoing problems of war and conflict around the world. |
|||
Haider senior completed a two-year military service in Germany and returned to Austria in 1938 after it was [[Annexation|annexed]] by Nazi Germany (the ''[[Anschluss]]''). From 1940, he fought as a junior officer on the Western and Eastern Fronts in Europe during the [[Second World War]]. Having been wounded several times, he was discharged from the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' with the rank of lieutenant. In 1945, he married Dorothea Rupp, at that time as a leader in the ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (''BDM''). |
|||
==Controversy== |
|||
Following the end of the war, legal proceedings against both Haider's parents were conducted to determine what measures should be taken against them because of their NSDAP membership (proceedings against all former Nazis{{ndash}} NSDAP members and collaborators{{ndash}} were undertaken as a matter of law in both Austria and Germany after the war ended).<ref name=Peri2001/> They were labelled as "''Minderbelastet''" (meaning only low-ranking in the NSDAP structure), and Robert Haider was forced to work in a shoe factory. Dorothea Haider, who had been a teacher, was prohibited from working for a couple of years following the end of the war.<ref name=WienerZeitung/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/464260.stm |title=Profile: Controversy and Joerg Haider |first= |name= |work= |accessdate=2008-05-05 |coauthors= |format= |year= |month= |pages= |date=2000-02-29 |language= |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=After the war they were punished for their affiliations and forced to take up menial work.}}</ref> |
|||
{{ details|Nobel Prize controversies}} |
|||
{{Weasel words}} |
|||
The Nobel Peace Prize has sparked controversy throughout its history. The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Peace Prize Committee, has no say in the award issue. Critics{{Who|date=July 2008}} argue that the same Parliament has pursued partisan military aims. A member of the Committee cannot at the same time be a member of the Parliament, and the Committee includes former members from all major parties, including those parties that oppose NATO membership{{Fact|date=July 2008}}. |
|||
Unlike the scientific and literary Nobel Prizes, usually issued in [[retrospective|retrospect]], often two or three decades after the awarded achievement, the Peace Prize has been awarded for more recent or immediate achievements taking the form of [[summary judgment]] being issued in the same year as or the year immediately following the political act. Some commentators{{Who|date=July 2008}} have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers. In pro-democracy struggles, it may be said{{Who|date=July 2008}} that the 'real' peace-makers may not be recognized for their long-term or subtle approaches. However, others{{Who|date=July 2008}} have pointed to the [[uniqueness]] of the Peace Prize in that its high profile can often focus world attention on particular problems and possibly aid in the peace-efforts themselves. |
|||
===Youth=== |
|||
Jörg Haider was born in the [[Upper Austria]]n town of [[Bad Goisern]] in 1950, a time when his parents' finances were rather moderate, and his elder sister, later [[Ursula Haubner]], five years old. He was a good student in primary school and attended high school in [[Bad Ischl]] despite his parents' financial situation. Haider was reportedly always top of his class in high school.<ref>http://www.smoc.net/haiderwatch/bioen.html</ref> During his time in [[Bad Ischl]] he had first contacts with nationalist organizations, such as the ''[[Burschenschaft]] Albia'', a right-wing student group. |
|||
[[Image:Dalai Lama & Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[14th Dalai Lama]] and Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]], 2004]] |
|||
After he graduated with highest distinction in 1968, he moved to Vienna to study law. During his studies he was affiliated again with a [[Burschenschaft]] such as ''[[Silvania]]''. After graduating from the [[University of Vienna]] with the title of [[law degree|Dr. iur.]] in 1973 he was drafted into the Austrian Army where he voluntarily spent more than the mandatory nine months (called 'the voluntary one year'). In 1974 he started to work at the [[University of Vienna]] law faculty in the department of constitutional law. |
|||
On closer inspection, the peace-laureates often have a lifetime's history of working at and promoting humanitarian issues, as in the examples of German medic [[Albert Schweitzer]] (1952 laureate), Dr. [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], an [[African-American]] [[civil rights]] activist (1964 laureate); [[Mother Teresa]], a [[Roman Catholic]] missionary nun (1979 laureate); and [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], a Buddhist nonviolent pro-democracy activist (1991 laureate). Still others are selected for tireless efforts, as in the examples of [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Mohamed ElBaradei]]. Others, even today, are quite controversial, due to the recipient's political activity, as in the case of [[Henry Kissinger]] (1973 laureate), [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]] (1989), [[Menachem Begin]] and [[Anwar Sadat]] (1978 laureates), or [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and [[Yasser Arafat]] (1994 laureates). |
|||
A widely discussed{{Who|date=July 2008}} criticism of the peace-prize are the notable omissions, namely the failure to award individuals with widely recognized contributions to peace. The list includes [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Corazon Aquino]], [[Pope John XXIII]], Pope [[John Paul II]], [[Steve Biko]], [[Raphael Lemkin]], [[Abdul Sattar Edhi]], [[César Chávez]], [[Jose Figueres Ferrer]], [[Irena Sendler]], and [[Oscar Romero]]. In particular, the omission of the [[India]]n leader Gandhi has been widely discussed{{Who|date=July 2008}}, including public statements by the various members of Nobel Committee.<ref name="ghandi"> {{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/index.html |title=Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |accessdate=2007-10-17 |last=Tønnesson |first=Øyvind |date=1999-12-01 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation }}</ref><ref>[http://nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html Your Questions about the Nobel Peace Prize!<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
===Rise to power in the FPÖ=== |
|||
It has been acknowledged by the committee that Gandhi was nominated{{Fact|date=July 2008}} in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947 and, finally, a few days before he was murdered in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.<ref name="ghandi"/> In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee]</ref> In most cases, the omissions resulted in part from the provision in Alfred Nobel's will that only living people could receive the prize. |
|||
The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) was founded in 1955, and initially was a mixture of various political currents opposed both to the political catholicism of the [[Austrian People's Party]] and the [[social democracy|socialist]] views of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]]. With its roots in the [[Pan-German]] movement, it included both German-[[nationalist]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]] political views. In 1970 Haider became the leader of the FPÖ youth movement and headed it until 1974. Haider rose rapidly through the party ranks. In 1972, at the age of 22, he was already a well-established leader and was made party affairs manager of the Carinthian FPÖ in 1976. In 1979 he was the youngest delegate among the 183 members of parliament, at age 29. From 1983 his policies became more aggressive, when he rose to party head of the Carinthian FPÖ and started to criticise the leaders of the FPÖ, which at that time was still a minor political movement in Austria, usually winning only about 5–6% of the vote.<ref>http://www.smoc.net/haiderwatch/bio.html</ref> |
|||
Research by anthropologist David Stoll into [[Rigoberta Menchú]], the 1992 recipient, revealed some fabrications in her biography, "Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia" (My Name is Rigoberta Menchú and this is how my Conscience was Born), translated into English as "[[I, Rigoberta Menchú]]". Menchú later admitted changing some details about her background. After the initial controversy, the Nobel Committee dismissed calls to revoke her Nobel prize because of the reported falsifications. Professor Geir Lundestad, the secretary of the Committee, said her prize "was not based exclusively or primarily on the autobiography".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1992/tum-bio.html Rigoberta Menchú Tum - Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. According to the Nobel Committee, "Stoll approves of her Nobel prize and has no question about the picture of army atrocities which she presents. He says that her purpose in telling her story the way she did 'enabled her to focus international condemnation on an institution that deserved it, the Guatemalan army." |
|||
The decisive point of his career came in 1986 when he defeated Austrian [[Vice Chancellor of Austria|Vice Chancellor]] [[Norbert Steger]] in the vote for party leadership at the party convention in September in [[Innsbruck]]; many delegates feared that Steger's liberal political views and his coalition with the Social Democrats threatened the party's existence. |
|||
==List of Laureates== |
|||
===Family=== |
|||
{| align="center" class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
On 1 May 1976 Haider married his wife Claudia <ref>http://members.magnet.at/sabidussi/charts/haider.html</ref> The couple had two daughters, one named Ulrike<ref name=WienerZeitung/>, the other Cornelia. |
|||
|- |
|||
! Year |
|||
===Sexuality=== |
|||
! style="width:250px" | Laureate(s) |
|||
On 21 March 2000, the Berlin based ''[[Tageszeitung]]'' claimed that Haider was homosexual. While Haider himself refused to comment on the matter, the Freedom Party's parliamentary leader, Peter Westenthaler, described the assertions as "sleaze-mongering".<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/mar/24/austria.kateconnolly</ref> |
|||
! style="width:150px" | Country |
|||
The Viennese "Homosexual Initiative" (HOSI) reacted to the ''Tageszeitung'' article with a statement to the effect that there had been insider knowledge of Haider's homosexuality for ten years, and that they consider the involuntary "outing" of secretly homosexual politicians who publicly pursue an anti-gay course as justified. They suggested that it also stood as a reminder to the gay community that both "good" and "bad" people can be homosexual.<ref>"Die Presse", 6 December 2007; [http://no-racism.net/article/12/ copy of original HOSI statement].</ref> |
|||
! class="unsortable" | Work for which cited (Citations) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1901* |
|||
| [[Frédéric Passy]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| Founder and President, [[Société d'arbitrage entre les Nations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1901* |
|||
| [[Henry Dunant]] |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| Founder of the International Committee of the [[Red Cross]], Geneva |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1902 |
|||
| [[Élie Ducommun]]<br>[[Charles Albert Gobat]] |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| Honorary secretaries, [[Permanent International Peace Bureau]] in Berne |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1903 |
|||
| [[William Randal Cremer]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| Secretary, [[International Arbitration League]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1904 |
|||
| [[Institut de Droit International]] |
|||
| {{BEL}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1905 |
|||
| [[Bertha von Suttner|Bertha Sophie Felicitas Baronin von Suttner]] |
|||
| {{Flag|Austria-Hungary}} |
|||
| Honorary President, [[Permanent International Peace Bureau]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1906 |
|||
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1896}} |
|||
| [[President of the United States]]; peace treaty collaborations (brokering the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] ending the [[Russo-Japanese War]]) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1907* |
|||
| [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]] |
|||
| {{flag|Italy|old}} |
|||
| President, [[Lombard League of Peace]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1907* |
|||
| [[Louis Renault (jurist)|Louis Renault]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| Professor of International Law |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1908* |
|||
| [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]] |
|||
| {{SWE}} |
|||
| Founder, [[Swedish Peace and Arbitration Association]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1908* |
|||
| [[Fredrik Bajer]] |
|||
| {{DEN}} |
|||
| Honorary President, [[Permanent International Peace Bureau]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1909* |
|||
| [[Auguste Marie François Beernaert]] |
|||
| {{BEL}} |
|||
| Member of the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration|Cour Internationale d'Arbitrage]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1909* |
|||
| [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| Founder and president of the French parliamentary group for international arbitration. Founder of the [[Comite de defense des interets nationaux et de conciliation internationale|Comité de défense des intérets nationaux et de conciliation internationale]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1910 |
|||
| [[International Peace Bureau]] |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| Berne |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1911* |
|||
| [[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] |
|||
| {{NED}} |
|||
| Initiator of the [[International Conferences of Private Law]] in The Hague |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1911* |
|||
| [[Alfred Hermann Fried]] |
|||
| {{Flag|Austria-Hungary}} |
|||
| Founder of ''[[Die Waffen Nieder]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1912 |
|||
| [[Elihu Root]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| For initiating various arbitration agreements |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1913 |
|||
| [[Henri La Fontaine]] |
|||
| {{BEL}} |
|||
| President of the [[Permanent International Peace Bureau]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1914 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1915 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1916 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1917 |
|||
| [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1918 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1919 |
|||
| [[Woodrow Wilson]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| President of the United States, as foremost promoter of the [[League of Nations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1920 |
|||
| [[Léon Bourgeois|Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| President of the Council of the [[League of Nations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1921* |
|||
| [[Hjalmar Branting]] |
|||
| {{SWE}} |
|||
| Prime minister, Swedish delegate to the Council of the [[League of Nations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1921* |
|||
| [[Christian Lous Lange]] |
|||
| {{NOR}} |
|||
| Secretary-general of the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1922 |
|||
| [[Fridtjof Nansen]] |
|||
| {{NOR}} |
|||
| Norwegian delegate to the [[League of Nations]], originator of the [[Nansen passport]]s for refugees |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1923 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1924 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1925* |
|||
| [[Austen Chamberlain]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| For the [[Locarno Treaties]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1925* |
|||
| [[Charles G. Dawes|Charles Gates Dawes]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| Chairman of the Allied [[World War I reparations|Reparations]] Commission and originator of the [[Dawes Plan]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1926* |
|||
| [[Aristide Briand]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| For the [[Locarno Treaties]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1926* |
|||
| [[Gustav Stresemann]] |
|||
| {{flag|Germany|Weimar}} |
|||
| For the [[Locarno Treaties]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1927* |
|||
| [[Ferdinand Buisson]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| Founder and president of the [[League for Human Rights]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1927* |
|||
| [[Ludwig Quidde]] |
|||
| {{flag|Germany|Weimar}} |
|||
| Delegate to numerous peace conferences |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1928 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1929 |
|||
| [[Frank B. Kellogg]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| For the [[Kellogg-Briand Pact]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1930 |
|||
| [[Nathan Söderblom]] |
|||
| {{SWE}} |
|||
| Leader of the ecumenical movement |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1931* |
|||
| [[Jane Addams]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| International president of the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1931* |
|||
| [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| For promoting the [[Kellogg-Briand Pact]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1932 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1933 |
|||
| [[Norman Angell|Sir Norman Angell]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| Writer, member of the Executive Committee of the [[League of Nations]] and the [[National Peace Council]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1934 |
|||
| [[Arthur Henderson]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| Chairman of the [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations Disarmament Conference|Disarmament Conference]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1935 |
|||
| [[Carl von Ossietzky]] |
|||
| {{flag|Germany|Weimar}} |
|||
| Pacifist journalist. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1936 |
|||
| [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] |
|||
| {{ARG}} |
|||
| President of the [[League of Nations]] and mediator in the [[Chaco War]] between [[Paraguay]] and [[Bolivia]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1937 |
|||
| [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood|Robert Cecil]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| Founder and president of the [[International Peace Campaign]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1938 |
|||
| [[Nansen passport|Nansen International Office For Refugees]] |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1939 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1940 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1941 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1942 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1943 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1944 |
|||
| [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| Awarded retroactively in 1945 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1945 |
|||
| [[Cordell Hull]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| For co-initiating the [[United Nations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1946* |
|||
| [[Emily Greene Balch]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| Honorary international president of the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1946* |
|||
| [[John Mott|John R. Mott]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| Chairman of the [[International Missionary Council]] and president of the [[World Alliance of Young Mens Christian Associations|World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1947 |
|||
| [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness|Friends Service Council]]<br>[[American Friends Service Committee]] |
|||
| {{UK}}<br>{{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| On behalf of the [[Religious Society of Friends]], better known as the Quakers |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1948 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| May have been awarded to [[Mohandas Gandhi]] had he not been assassinated.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/peace/articles/gandhi/index.html Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate], Nobelprize.org</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1949 |
|||
| [[John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr|Lord Boyd-Orr]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| Director general [[Food and Agricultural Organization]], president [[National Peace Council]], president [[World Union of Peace Organizations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1950 |
|||
| [[Ralph Bunche]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| for mediating in [[Palestine]] (1948) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1951 |
|||
| [[Léon Jouhaux]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| President of the [[International Committee of the European Council]], vice president of the [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]], vice president of the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]], member of the [[ILO Council]], delegate to the UN |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1952 |
|||
| [[Albert Schweitzer]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| For his philosophy of "Reverence for Life", expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding the Lambaréné Hospital in [[Gabon]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1953 |
|||
| [[George Marshall|George Catlett Marshall]] |
|||
| {{flag|United States|1912}} |
|||
| For the [[Marshall Plan]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1954 |
|||
| [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |
|||
| {{Flag|United Nations}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1955 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1956 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1957 |
|||
| [[Lester B. Pearson|Lester Bowles Pearson]] |
|||
| {{flag|Canada|1957}} |
|||
| President of the 7th session of the [[United Nations]] General Assembly for introducing peacekeeping forces to resolve the [[Suez Crisis]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1958 |
|||
| [[Dominique Pire|Georges Pire]] |
|||
| {{BEL}} |
|||
| Leader of [[lEurope du Coeur au Service du Monde|L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde]], a relief organization for refugees. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1959 |
|||
| [[Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker|Philip Noel-Baker]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| "for his lifelong ardent work for international peace and co-operation." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1960 |
|||
| [[Albert Lutuli]] |
|||
| {{flag|South Africa|1928}} |
|||
| President, [[African National Congress]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1961 |
|||
| [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] |
|||
| {{SWE}} |
|||
| Secretary-General, [[United Nations]] (posthumous) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1962 |
|||
| [[Linus Pauling|Linus Carl Pauling]] |
|||
| {{USA}} |
|||
| "for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1963 |
|||
| [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]<br>[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|League of Red Cross societies]] |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1964 |
|||
| [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] |
|||
| {{USA}} |
|||
| Leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, campaigner for civil rights |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1965 |
|||
| [[United Nations Children's Fund|United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)]] |
|||
| {{Flag|United Nations}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1966 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1967 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1968 |
|||
| [[René Cassin]] |
|||
| {{FRA}} |
|||
| President, [[European Court of Human Rights]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1969 |
|||
| [[International Labour Organization]] |
|||
| {{UNO}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1970 |
|||
| [[Norman Borlaug]] |
|||
| {{USA}} |
|||
| "for research at the [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]]." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1971 |
|||
| [[Willy Brandt]] |
|||
| {{Flag|West Germany}} |
|||
| "for [[West Germany]]'s ''[[Ostpolitik]]'', embodying a new attitude towards Eastern Europe and [[East Germany]]." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1972 |
|||
| ''[Not awarded]'' |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1973 |
|||
| [[Henry Kissinger|Henry A. Kissinger]]<br>[[Le Duc Tho|Lê Ðức Thọ]] (declined the honors) |
|||
| {{USA}}<br>{{flag|North Vietnam}} |
|||
| The [[Paris Peace Accords|Vietnam peace accord]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1974 |
|||
| [[Seán MacBride]]<br>[[Eisaku Satō|Eisaku Sato]] |
|||
| {{IRL}}<br>{{JPN}} |
|||
| President of the [[International Peace Bureau]] the Commission of [[Namibia]] of the [[United Nations]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1975 |
|||
| [[Andrei Sakharov|Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov]] |
|||
| {{flag|Soviet Union|1955}} |
|||
| Campaigns for human rights |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1976 |
|||
| [[Betty Williams (nobel laureate)|Betty Williams]]<br>[[Mairead Corrigan]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| Founders of the [[Northern Ireland Peace Movement]] (later renamed [[Community of Peace People]]) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1977 |
|||
| [[Amnesty International]] |
|||
| {{UK}} |
|||
| Campaign against torture |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1978 |
|||
| [[Anwar Al Sadat|Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat]]<br>(محمد أنور السادات)<br>[[Menachem Begin]] (מנחם בגין) |
|||
| {{flag|Egypt|1972}}<br>{{ISR}} |
|||
| For negotiating peace between [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1979 |
|||
| [[Mother Teresa]] |
|||
| {{flag|India}} |
|||
| Poverty awareness campaigner and her service to humanity |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1980 |
|||
| [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]] |
|||
| {{ARG}} |
|||
| Human rights advocate |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1981 |
|||
| [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |
|||
| {{Flag|United Nations}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1982 |
|||
| [[Alva Myrdal]]<br>[[Alfonso García Robles]] |
|||
| {{SWE}}<br>{{MEX}} |
|||
| [[Treaty of Tlatelolco]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1983 |
|||
| [[Lech Wałęsa]] |
|||
| {{POL}} |
|||
| Founder of [[Solidarity|Solidarność]]; campaigner for human rights |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1984 |
|||
| [[Desmond Tutu|Desmond Mpilo Tutu]] |
|||
| {{flag|South Africa|1928}} |
|||
| Anti-[[apartheid]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1985 |
|||
| [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]] |
|||
| {{USA}} |
|||
| "for spreading authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1986 |
|||
| [[Elie Wiesel]] |
|||
| {{USA}} |
|||
| [[Night (book)|author]], [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[List of famous Holocaust survivors|survivor]] "for his message of peace."<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1986/press.html Press Release - Peace 1986<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1987 |
|||
| [[Óscar Arias|Óscar Arias Sánchez]] |
|||
| {{CRC}} |
|||
| "for initiating peace negotiations in [[Central America]]." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1988 |
|||
| [[Peacekeeping|United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces]] |
|||
| {{Flag|United Nations}} |
|||
| For participation in numerous conflicts since 1956. At the time of the award, 736 people from a variety of nations had lost their lives in peacekeeping efforts. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1989 |
|||
| [[Tenzin Gyatso]], the 14th [[Dalai Lama]] |
|||
| {{Flag|Tibet}} |
|||
| "for his consistent resistance to the use of violence in his people's struggle to regain their freedom."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize|work=Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)|url=http://www.nobelpreis.org/english/frieden/dalai-lama.html}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1990 |
|||
| [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev]]<br>(Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв) |
|||
| {{USSR}} |
|||
| "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1991 |
|||
| [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] (အောင္ဆန္းစုက္ရည or [[Image:AungSanSuuKyi1.png|80px]]) |
|||
| {{MYA}} |
|||
| "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1992 |
|||
| [[Rigoberta Menchú]] |
|||
| {{GUA}} |
|||
| "in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1993 |
|||
| [[Nelson Mandela]]<br>[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] |
|||
| {{flag|South Africa|1928}} |
|||
| "for their work for the peaceful termination of the [[apartheid]] regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1994 |
|||
| [[Yasser Arafat]] (ياسر عرفات)<br>[[Shimon Peres]] (שמעון פרס)<br>[[Yitzhak Rabin]] (יצחק רבין) |
|||
| {{PLE}}<br>{{ISR}}<br>{{ISR}} |
|||
| "for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1995 |
|||
| [[Joseph Rotblat]]<br>[[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]] |
|||
| {{POL}}<br>{{UK}}<br>{{CAN}} |
|||
| "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1996 |
|||
| [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]]<br>[[José Ramos-Horta]] |
|||
| {{TLS}} |
|||
| "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1997 |
|||
| [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines]]<br>[[Jody Williams]] |
|||
| {{USA}} |
|||
| "for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1998 |
|||
| [[John Hume]]<br>[[David Trimble, Baron Trimble|David Trimble]] |
|||
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Ireland]]<br>{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] |
|||
| "for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1999 |
|||
| [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (Doctors Without Borders) |
|||
| {{SUI}} |
|||
| "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2000 |
|||
| [[Kim Dae Jung]]<br>김대중 (金大中) |
|||
| {{KOR}} |
|||
| "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2001 |
|||
| [[United Nations]]<br>[[Kofi Annan]] |
|||
| {{Flag|United Nations}}<br>{{GHA}} |
|||
| "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2002 |
|||
| [[Jimmy Carter]] |
|||
| {{USA}} |
|||
| Former [[President of the United States]], "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2003 |
|||
| [[Shirin Ebadi]] (شيرين عبادي) |
|||
| {{IRN}} |
|||
| "for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2004 |
|||
| [[Wangari Maathai]] |
|||
| {{KEN}} |
|||
| "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2005 |
|||
| [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]<br>[[Mohamed ElBaradei]]<br>(محمد البرادعي) |
|||
| {{Flag|United Nations}}<br>{{EGY}} |
|||
| "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2006 |
|||
| [[Muhammad Yunus]] (মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস)<br>[[Grameen Bank]] |
|||
| {{BAN}} |
|||
| "for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2007 |
|||
| [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]<br>[[Al Gore]] |
|||
| {{Flag|United Nations}}<br>{{USA}} |
|||
| "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change." |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2008 |
|||
| [[Martti Ahtisaari]] |
|||
| {{Flag|Finland}} |
|||
| Former [[President of Finland]], "for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2008/ |title= The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> |
|||
|} |
|||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Years with multiple nominations for a Nobel Prize. |
|||
== |
==Notes== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
Haider was killed in a car crash in [[Köttmannsdorf]] near [[Klagenfurt]], in the state of Carinthia, in the early hours of 11 October 2008. Police reported that the [[Volkswagen Phaeton]] that Haider had been driving came off the road, rolled down an embankment and overturned<ref>http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1011/haiderj.html</ref>, causing him "severe head and chest injuries"<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7664846.stm Austria's Haider dies in accident] 11 October 2008 </ref>. Haider, who was on his way to a family gathering in honour of his mother's 90th birthday<ref>http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1011/breaking2.htm</ref>, was alone in the government car and no other vehicles were involved.<ref>http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jnhrKIkZtbp1GqyfoqTMsmwoh1WA</ref><ref>http://us.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/10/11/austria.haider/index.html</ref> An initial investigation uncovered no signs of foul play. <ref>http://us.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/10/11/austria.haider/index.html</ref> |
|||
== |
==See also== |
||
* [[Atoms for Peace Award]] |
|||
[[Image:Austria ktn.svg|right|thumb|300px|Location of the state of Carinthia in the south of Austria.]] |
|||
* [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] |
|||
* [[Lenin Peace Prize]] |
|||
* [[Nobel Prize]] |
|||
* [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] |
|||
* [[Magsaysay Award]] |
|||
* [[Sweden-Norway]] |
|||
== |
==External links== |
||
*[http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/index.html "All Nobel Laureates in Peace"] – Index webpage on the official site of the [[Nobel Foundation]]. |
|||
Throughout his career Haider had concentrated his politics on Carinthia. In addition, Haider's personal life was heavily connected with this part of Austria: Haider became wealthy when he inherited the estate of his uncle Wilhelm Webhofer in 1983, who had owned a large parcel of land in Carinthia commonly known as 'Bärental' (bear valley). This estate has a history that came up in the 1990s in the [[Media in Austria|Austrian media]]. The land had been owned by an Italian Jew until 1941. At that point in time the Nazis still hesitated to take possession of "[[Jewish property]]" owned by non-German nationals without any compensation. Thus when the estate was "sold" in 1941, Haider's great-uncle Josef Webhofer (a resident of [[Province of Bolzano-Bozen|Bolzano-Bozen]], Italy) paid 300,000 [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (about 1.5 million dollars today) to obtain title to the land. After the war Mathilde Ruifer, the widow of the former Jewish owner of Bärental demanded compensation and was paid an additional 850,000 schilling (around 400,000 dollars today). In 1955 Josef Webhofer's son Wilhelm Webhofer inherited the estate and later bequested it to Jörg Haider. Today the land is estimated to be worth about fifteen million dollars.<ref>http://projects.brg-schoren.ac.at/Nationalsozialismus/arisierungen.html</ref> |
|||
*[http://nobelpeaceprize.org/index.html "The Nobel Peace Prize"] – Official webpage of the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]] for the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]. |
|||
*[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"] – Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation. |
|||
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/ "The Nobel Prize in Peace"] – Official site of the [[Nobel Foundation]]. |
|||
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medals/ "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"] – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site. |
|||
*[http://nobelprize.org/peace/nomination/database.html "The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901-1955"] – Database featured on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. |
|||
*[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html "What the Nobel Laureates Receive"] – Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". |
|||
{{Nobel Prizes}} |
|||
===Political struggle in Carinthia=== |
|||
{{Nobel Peace}} |
|||
Until 1989, the socialist/Social-Democratic party SPÖ held an absolute majority in the Austrian province of Carinthia; when it received less than 50% of seats in 1989, ÖVP and FPÖ formed a coalition and elected Haider as ''[[Landeshauptmann]]'' (or governor) of Carinthia. |
|||
In 1991, in a debate in the regional parliament, a speaker attacked Haider's plan of reducing unemployment payments for people seen as "freeloaders", calling it forced work placement reminiscent of Nazi policies. Haider replied, "It would not be like the Third Reich, because the Third Reich developed a proper employment policy, which your government in Vienna has not once produced." The remark caused an uproar, Haider had to resign his governor post, and the FPÖ-ÖVP coalition was replaced by an SPÖ-ÖVP coalition. |
|||
In 1999, Haider again was elected governor of Carinthia by the Carinthian parliament, where the FPÖ now held a plurality of more than 42%. Even after the [[FPÖ]] fell to only 10% from 27% in the national elections in 2002, Haider's support in Carinthia did not diminish and he succeeded in the 2004 elections receiving a slightly higher percentage (42.5%) than in 1999. |
|||
== FPÖ chairman == |
|||
===Haider as opposition leader=== |
|||
Under Haider's leadership, the FPÖ moved to the [[far right]], reflecting Haider's [[nationalist]], [[anti-immigration]], and [[Euroscepticism|anti-EU]] views. Haider relied primarily on populism (see below) to advance his interests. From 1986 when Haider became the FPÖ's chairman the party's share in elections rose from 5% in the [[Austria legislative election, 1986|1986 elections]] to almost 27% in [[Austria legislative election, 1999|1999]]. |
|||
With Haider practically leading the FPÖ single-handedly, he was able to unite the scattered, divided extreme-right in Austria and establish a party that was not so much founded on leading personalities or an ideology but on just one leader - Haider himself, who used to change his opinions frequently. His style of governing the party became authoritative in the following years, however his followers did not challenge his ultimate authority in the party, especially because Haider was able to gain one victory after another in elections.<ref>http://www.doew.at/information/mitarbeiter/beitraege/fpoeenglbn.html</ref> |
|||
An exception was the split off by the [[Liberal Forum]] in the mid-1990s headed by Heide Schmidt, a long-time political supporter of Haider and the FPÖ's candidate for presidency in 1992. The liberals initially gained the support of about 6% of the voters nationwide, but Schmidt was not able to uphold this support and the Liberal Forum subsequently dropped out of parliament in 1999. |
|||
The party's mixture of populism, anti-establishment and nationalist themes steadily gained support over the years. In addition to far-right voters, the FPÖ was able to attract protest voters from both the Social Democrats and the Conservatives in both the national and regional elections of the 1990s. Along with those who were fed up with decades of government by the 'Great Coalition' (see also: [[Proporz]]), Haider always had the unconditional backing of the core far-right voters due to the lack of any more outspoken far-right parties (which are forbidden under anti-Nazi laws). |
|||
===Coalition government with [[Wolfgang Schüssel]]'s [[ÖVP|People's party]]=== |
|||
In 2000, Haider's Freedom Party and the People's Party joined to form a coalition government. This caused widespread outrage both in Austria and the rest of Europe. The heads of government of the other fourteen EU members decided to cease cooperation with the Austrian government, as it was felt in many countries that the [[cordon sanitaire]] against coalitions with parties considered as right-wing extremists, which had mostly held in Western Europe since 1945, had been breached. For several months, other national leaders refused to shake hands and socialize with members of the Schüssel government. This was described as "sanctions" by representatives of the [[ÖVP]] and [[FPÖ]], and supporters of the government often blamed social democrats and President [[Thomas Klestil]] for them, and questioned their loyalty to the country. |
|||
The EU leaders soon saw that their measures were counterproductive and returned to normality during the summer of 2000, even though the coalition remained unchanged. (See [[Austria legislative election, 1999]].) Nevertheless it is not easy to measure effects of these "sanctions". |
|||
At the end of 2000, Jörg Haider stepped down from the leadership of the Freedom Party. This was widely regarded as a cynical move to appease foreign criticism, as he appeared to continue to control the party from behind the scenes, with [[Susanne Riess-Passer]] who was the following party chairwoman being only pro-forma in charge. Haider proclaimed that his move was just the fulfillment of his promise to Carinthian FPÖ voters he gave prior to the election that had been held in the same year.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/austria/article/0,2763,191346,00.html</ref> |
|||
== Collapse of the (first) coalition and decline of the Freedom Party == |
|||
In September 2002, after a special party convention ("Sonderparteitag") in [[Knittelfeld]] ([[Styria (state)|Styria]]), the so-called [[Knittelfeld Putsch]], [[Susanne Riess-Passer|Riess-Passer]] lost the support of many party members. This meeting is also sometimes considered as a rebellion against the members which are currently involved in the government, which was thought to be started or at least supported by Haider. Thus Riess-Passer resigned as Vice Federal Chancellor and Party Chairwoman and with her went Karl-Heinz Grasser, the finance minister, and Peter Westenthaler, the head of the Freedom Party's Parliament Club. This resulted in new [[Austria legislative election, 2002|general elections in November]]. |
|||
They resulted in a landslide victory (42.27% of the vote) of the conservative [[ÖVP|People's Party]] led by Federal Chancellor [[Wolfgang Schüssel]]. Haider's Freedom Party, which in 1999 was slightly stronger than Schüssel's party, was reduced to 10.16% of the vote.<ref>http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1469609</ref> |
|||
In response, Haider stated that he had demanded that the leader of the FPÖ must step down to allow him to be leader, and on being refused, stated that he would leave federal politics permanently. |
|||
In October 2003, a cabinet reshuffle instigated by Haider took place. [[Herbert Haupt|Haupt]] had to step down as Vice Chancellor to be replaced by [[Hubert Gorbach]]. |
|||
On 7 March 2004 the FPÖ won a plurality (42.5%) of the vote in the elections for the Carinthian parliament. On 31 March 2004 Haider was re-elected Governor of Carinthia by the FPÖ and [[SPÖ]] members of the state parliament. |
|||
However, outside Carinthia, Haider's charisma seemed to have largely lost its appeal among voters. The FPÖ incurred devastating losses in several regional elections, the [[European Elections of 2004]] and in elections for the Austrian Chamber of Commerce. In each of those elections, it lost between one half to two thirds of their previous voters. |
|||
== Creation of a new party == |
|||
As a consequence, the FPÖ, whose chair was Haider's sister, Ursula Haubner, was riven with internal strife. On 4 April 2005, Haider, Haubner, Vice Chancellor Hubert Gorbach and other leading figures of the [[FPÖ]] announced the creation of a new party called [[Alliance for the Future of Austria]] (Bündnis Zukunft Österreich, BZÖ) with Haider as leader. In effect, this split the FPÖ into two parties. |
|||
In the following months, the [[BZÖ]] tried to establish itself within the Austrian political landscape, but met little success. Haider and his new party remained in the coalition with the People's party, leading to fierce fights between the FPÖ and BZÖ following the split-up. Subsequent polls showed that both parties were losing voter approval and in danger of failing to reach the critical 4% of the national vote barrier required for representation in parliament. |
|||
In the 2006 general elections, the BZÖ received 4.1% of votes, thus narrowly securing its representation of 7 seats in parliament. The [[FPÖ]], now led by [[Heinz-Christian Strache]] surpassed initial expectations, receiving 11.0% of the vote, 532 votes behind the [[Austrian Green Party|Greens]]. |
|||
From June 2006 to August 2008, the BZÖ was lead by [[Peter Westenthaler]]. On 30 August 2008, shortly before the [[Austrian legislative election, 2008|legislative election]], Haider re-assumed the party chairmanship. Subsequently, the BZÖ received 10.7% of votes. |
|||
== Political views == |
|||
Haider had been a critic of Austrian politics since he began his political career in the 1970s, using simple sentences and blunt logic to highlight issues the general public perceived as unjust or self-motivated politics of the big parties politics the [[SPÖ|Austrian Social Democrats]] and the [[ÖVP|Austrian People's party]].<ref>http://www.doew.at/information/mitarbeiter/beitraege/fpoeenglbn.html</ref> |
|||
Haider opposed immigration, although in early 2005 he publicly supported [[Turkey]]'s bid to enter the [[European Union]]. |
|||
The FPÖ and Haider's new party, the BZÖ, declined to voter approvals of not more than 3% each in 2005 on the national level. In the 2008 general election, however, the BZÖ received 10.7% and the FPÖ 17.5% of votes. |
|||
===Accusations of Nazi sympathy=== |
|||
Haider made statements that seemed to imply support for some ideas of [[National Socialism]]. His first stint as governor in 1989 ended abruptly when he praised the employment policies of Nazi Germany and was forced to resign.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/464260.stm</ref> A few years later, he described World War II concentration camps as "punishment camps" and said the SS were "a part of the German army which should be honoured".<ref>http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2000/214/haiderquotes.html</ref> He also compared the deportation of Jews by the Nazis to the expulsion of Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/464260.stm</ref> He associated publicly with Waffen-SS veterans, including attending at least one major remembrance ceremony.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/oct/02/austria</ref> On one occasion, he insulted [[Ariel Muzicant]] by saying "I do not understand how someone named Ariel [the name of a popular laundry detergent] can catch so much filth."<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1235950.stm</ref> Haider's critics claimed the remark was anti-Semitic.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1235950.stm</ref> |
|||
== See also == |
|||
*[[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] |
|||
*[[Alliance for the Future of Austria]] |
|||
*[[Freedom Party of Austria]] |
|||
== References == |
|||
{{morefootnotes}} |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
== External links == |
|||
{{Commons|Category:Jörg Haider|Jörg Haider}} |
|||
*{{de icon}} [http://www.ktn.gv.at/?siid=108 Landeshauptmann Dr. Jörg Haider (Kärnten)] |
|||
*{{de icon}} [http://www.parlament.gv.at/WW/DE/PAD_00490/ Dr. Jörg Haider at the Austrian Parliament website] |
|||
* {{PND|118854208}} |
|||
{{start box}} |
|||
| width="25%" align="center" | Preceded by:<br>'''[[Peter Ambrozy]]''' |
|||
| width="25%" align="center" | '''[[Carinthia (state)|Governor of Carinthia]]'''<br>(First period of office)<br>1989{{ndash}} 1991 |
|||
| width="25%" align="center" | Succeeded by:<br>'''[[Christoph Zernatto]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| width="25%" align="center" | Preceded by:<br>'''[[Christoph Zernatto]]''' |
|||
| width="30%" align="center" | '''[[Carinthia (state)|Governor of Carinthia]]'''<br>(Second period of office)<br>1999{{ndash}} 2008 |
|||
| width="25%" align="center" | Succeeded by:<br>'''[[Gerhard Dörfler]]''' (Acting) |
|||
|- |
|||
| width="25%" align="center" | '''[[Norbert Steger]]''' |
|||
| width="30%" align="center" | '''[[Freedom Party of Austria|FPÖ Party Chairman]]'''<br>1986–2000 |
|||
| width="25%" align="center" | '''[[Susanne Riess-Passer]]''' |
|||
{{end box}} |
|||
{{CarinthiaGovs}} |
|||
{{Current Austrian Governors}} |
|||
{{FPÖ party chairs}} |
|||
<!--Categories--> |
|||
<!--Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]--> |
|||
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize]] |
|||
{{Persondata |
|||
|NAME = Haider, Jörg |
|||
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Haider, Joerg |
|||
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Austrian politician |
|||
|DATE OF BIRTH = 26 January 1950 |
|||
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bad Goisern]] |
|||
|DATE OF DEATH = 11 October 2008 |
|||
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Klagenfurt]] |
|||
}} |
|||
<!--Other languages--> |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haider, Joerg}} |
|||
[[Category:Austrian politicians]] |
|||
[[Category:University of Vienna alumni]] |
|||
[[Category:1950 births]] |
|||
[[Category:2008 deaths]] |
|||
[[Category:Road accident deaths in Austria]] |
|||
[[Category:2008 in Austria]] |
|||
[[ |
[[af:Nobelprys vir Vrede]] |
||
[[als:Friedensnobelpreis]] |
|||
[[bs:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ar:جائزة نوبل للسلام]] |
|||
[[br:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ast:Premiu Nobel de la Paz]] |
|||
[[cs:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[zh-min-nan:Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng]] |
|||
[[cy:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[bar:Friedensnobelpreis]] |
|||
[[da:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[bs:Nobelova nagrada za mir]] |
|||
[[de:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ |
[[br:Priz Nobel ar Peoc'h]] |
||
[[bg:Нобелова награда за мир]] |
|||
[[es:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ |
[[ca:Premi Nobel de la Pau]] |
||
[[ |
[[cs:Nobelova cena míru]] |
||
[[ |
[[cy:Gwobr Heddwch Nobel]] |
||
[[ |
[[da:Nobels fredspris]] |
||
[[de:Friedensnobelpreis]] |
|||
[[ka:იორგ ჰაიდერი]] |
|||
[[el:Βραβείο Νόμπελ Ειρήνης]] |
|||
[[la:Georgius Haider]] |
|||
[[es:Anexo:Premio Nobel de la Paz]] |
|||
[[hu:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ |
[[eo:Nobel-premio pri paco]] |
||
[[eu:Bakearen Nobel Saria]] |
|||
[[ja:イェルク・ハイダー]] |
|||
[[fa:جایزه صلح نوبل]] |
|||
[[no:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ |
[[fr:Prix Nobel de la paix]] |
||
[[fy:Nobelpriis foar de Frede]] |
|||
[[pt:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[gan:諾貝爾和平獎]] |
|||
[[ro:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[gl:Premio Nobel da Paz]] |
|||
[[ru:Хайдер, Йорг]] |
|||
[[ka:ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები მშვიდობის განმტკიცების დარგში]] |
|||
[[simple:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ |
[[ko:노벨 평화상]] |
||
[[hr:Nobelova nagrada za mir]] |
|||
[[sr:Јерг Хајдер]] |
|||
[[io:Nobel-premiarii en pacala laboro]] |
|||
[[fi:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ilo:Premio Nobel iti Kappia]] |
|||
[[sv:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[id:Daftar penerima Nobel Perdamaian]] |
|||
[[tr:Jörg Haider]] |
|||
[[ia:Premio Nobel pro Labor Pacific]] |
|||
[[is:Friðarverðlaun Nóbels]] |
|||
[[it:Premio Nobel per la pace]] |
|||
[[he:פרס נובל לשלום]] |
|||
[[kn:ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಶಾಂತಿ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರ]] |
|||
[[sw:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] |
|||
[[lb:Friddensnobelpräis]] |
|||
[[lt:Nobelio taikos premija]] |
|||
[[hu:Nobel-békedíj]] |
|||
[[mk:Нобелова награда за мир]] |
|||
[[ml:സമാധാനത്തിനുള്ള നോബല് സമ്മാനം]] |
|||
[[ms:Hadiah Keamanan Nobel]] |
|||
[[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Vrede]] |
|||
[[ja:ノーベル平和賞]] |
|||
[[no:Nobels fredspris]] |
|||
[[nn:Nobels fredspris]] |
|||
[[oc:Prèmi Nobel de la patz]] |
|||
[[pl:Pokojowa Nagroda Nobla]] |
|||
[[pt:Nobel da Paz]] |
|||
[[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Pace]] |
|||
[[qu:Nobel Suñay Qasikaypi]] |
|||
[[ru:Нобелевская премия мира]] |
|||
[[scn:Premiu Nobel pâ paci]] |
|||
[[simple:Nobel Peace Prize]] |
|||
[[sl:Nobelova nagrada za mir]] |
|||
[[sr:Нобелова награда за мир]] |
|||
[[fi:Nobelin rauhanpalkinto]] |
|||
[[sv:Nobels fredspris]] |
|||
[[th:รางวัลโนเบลสาขาสันติภาพ]] |
|||
[[vi:Giải Nobel Hòa bình]] |
|||
[[tr:Nobel Barış Ödülü]] |
|||
[[uk:Нобелівська премія миру]] |
|||
[[zh:诺贝尔和平奖]] |
|||
Revision as of 11:13, 11 October 2008
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Danish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize should be awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."[1]
Alfred Nobel's will stated that the prize should be awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Norwegian Parliament. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, Norway, in the presence of the king, on December 10 (the anniversary of Nobel's death), and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm, Sweden. "In Oslo, the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway. Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount." The Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at the Oslo City Hall, followed the next day by the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, which is broadcast to more than 450 million households in over 150 countries around the world. The concert has received worldwide fame and the participation of top celebrity hosts and performers. The selection of Nobel Peace Prize winners sometimes causes controversy, as the list of winners includes people who formerly used violent methods of problem-solving, but then later made exceptional concessions to non-violence in the attempt to achieve peace.
Appointment process
Nobel died in 1896 and did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. The categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices as he was a trained chemical engineer. The reason behind the peace prize is less clear. Some[who?] have said it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces (Nobel's inventions included dynamite and ballistite). None of his explosives, except for ballistite, were used in any war during his lifetime,[2] although the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organisation, did carry out dynamite attacks in the 1880s[3] and he was instrumental in turning Bofors from a iron company to a armaments company whilst he owned it.
The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Laureate for the Peace Prize. The Committee chairman, currently Dr. Ole Danbolt Mjøs, awards the Prize itself. At the time of Alfred Nobel's death Sweden and Norway were in a personal union in which the Swedish government was solely responsible for foreign policy, and the Norwegian Parliament was responsible only for Norwegian domestic policy. Alfred Nobel never explained[4] why he wanted a Norwegian rather than Swedish body to award the Peace Prize. As a consequence, many people have speculated about Nobel's intentions. For instance, Nobel may have wanted to prevent the manipulation of the selection process by foreign powers, and as Norway did not have any foreign policy, the Norwegian government could not be influenced.
Nominations
Nominations for the Prize may be made by a broad array of qualified individuals, including former recipients, members of national assemblies and congresses, university professors (in certain disciplines), international judges, and special advisors to the Prize Committee. In some years as many as 199 nominations have been received. The Committee keeps the nominations secret and asks that nominators do the same. Over time many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing[5]. Nominations from 1901 to 1955, however, have been released in a database.[6] When the past nominations were released it was discovered that Adolf Hitler was nominated in 1939 by Erik Brandt, a member of the Swedish Parliament. Brandt retracted the nomination after a few days.[7] Other infamous nominees included Joseph Stalin and Benito Mussolini. However, since nomination requires only support from one qualified person (e.g., a history professor), these unusual nominations do not represent the opinions of the Nobel committee itself.
Unlike the other Nobel Prizes, which recognize completed scientific or literary accomplishment, the Nobel Peace Prize may be awarded to persons or organizations that are in the process of resolving a conflict or creating peace. As some such processes have failed to create lasting peace, some Peace Prizes appear questionable in hindsight. For example, the awards given to Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Martin Luther King Jr., Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, Lê Ðức Thọ, and Henry Kissinger were particularly controversial and criticized; the Kissinger-Thọ award prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign.[8]
In 2005, the Nobel Peace Center opened. It serves to present the Laureates, their work for peace, and the ongoing problems of war and conflict around the world.
Controversy
 | This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. |
The Nobel Peace Prize has sparked controversy throughout its history. The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Peace Prize Committee, has no say in the award issue. Critics[who?] argue that the same Parliament has pursued partisan military aims. A member of the Committee cannot at the same time be a member of the Parliament, and the Committee includes former members from all major parties, including those parties that oppose NATO membership[citation needed].
Unlike the scientific and literary Nobel Prizes, usually issued in retrospect, often two or three decades after the awarded achievement, the Peace Prize has been awarded for more recent or immediate achievements taking the form of summary judgment being issued in the same year as or the year immediately following the political act. Some commentators[who?] have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers. In pro-democracy struggles, it may be said[who?] that the 'real' peace-makers may not be recognized for their long-term or subtle approaches. However, others[who?] have pointed to the uniqueness of the Peace Prize in that its high profile can often focus world attention on particular problems and possibly aid in the peace-efforts themselves.
On closer inspection, the peace-laureates often have a lifetime's history of working at and promoting humanitarian issues, as in the examples of German medic Albert Schweitzer (1952 laureate), Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an African-American civil rights activist (1964 laureate); Mother Teresa, a Roman Catholic missionary nun (1979 laureate); and Aung San Suu Kyi, a Buddhist nonviolent pro-democracy activist (1991 laureate). Still others are selected for tireless efforts, as in the examples of Jimmy Carter and Mohamed ElBaradei. Others, even today, are quite controversial, due to the recipient's political activity, as in the case of Henry Kissinger (1973 laureate), Tenzin Gyatso (1989), Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat (1978 laureates), or Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat (1994 laureates).
A widely discussed[who?] criticism of the peace-prize are the notable omissions, namely the failure to award individuals with widely recognized contributions to peace. The list includes Mahatma Gandhi, Corazon Aquino, Pope John XXIII, Pope John Paul II, Steve Biko, Raphael Lemkin, Abdul Sattar Edhi, César Chávez, Jose Figueres Ferrer, Irena Sendler, and Oscar Romero. In particular, the omission of the Indian leader Gandhi has been widely discussed[who?], including public statements by the various members of Nobel Committee.[9][10] It has been acknowledged by the committee that Gandhi was nominated[citation needed] in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947 and, finally, a few days before he was murdered in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.[9] In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."[11] In most cases, the omissions resulted in part from the provision in Alfred Nobel's will that only living people could receive the prize.
Research by anthropologist David Stoll into Rigoberta Menchú, the 1992 recipient, revealed some fabrications in her biography, "Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia" (My Name is Rigoberta Menchú and this is how my Conscience was Born), translated into English as "I, Rigoberta Menchú". Menchú later admitted changing some details about her background. After the initial controversy, the Nobel Committee dismissed calls to revoke her Nobel prize because of the reported falsifications. Professor Geir Lundestad, the secretary of the Committee, said her prize "was not based exclusively or primarily on the autobiography".[12]. According to the Nobel Committee, "Stoll approves of her Nobel prize and has no question about the picture of army atrocities which she presents. He says that her purpose in telling her story the way she did 'enabled her to focus international condemnation on an institution that deserved it, the Guatemalan army."
List of Laureates
| Year | Laureate(s) | Country | Work for which cited (Citations) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901* | Frédéric Passy |  France
|
Founder and President, Société d'arbitrage entre les Nations |
| 1901* | Henry Dunant |  Switzerland
|
Founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva |
| 1902 | Élie Ducommun Charles Albert Gobat |
Switzerland
|
Honorary secretaries, Permanent International Peace Bureau in Berne |
| 1903 | William Randal Cremer |  United Kingdom
|
Secretary, International Arbitration League |
| 1904 | Institut de Droit International |  Belgium
|
|
| 1905 | Bertha Sophie Felicitas Baronin von Suttner |  Austria-Hungary
|
Honorary President, Permanent International Peace Bureau |
| 1906 | Theodore Roosevelt |  United States
|
President of the United States; peace treaty collaborations (brokering the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War) |
| 1907* | Ernesto Teodoro Moneta |  Italy
|
President, Lombard League of Peace |
| 1907* | Louis Renault | France
|
Professor of International Law |
| 1908* | Klas Pontus Arnoldson |  Sweden
|
Founder, Swedish Peace and Arbitration Association |
| 1908* | Fredrik Bajer |  Denmark
|
Honorary President, Permanent International Peace Bureau |
| 1909* | Auguste Marie François Beernaert | Belgium
|
Member of the Cour Internationale d'Arbitrage. |
| 1909* | Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant | France
|
Founder and president of the French parliamentary group for international arbitration. Founder of the Comité de défense des intérets nationaux et de conciliation internationale |
| 1910 | International Peace Bureau | Switzerland
|
Berne |
| 1911* | Tobias Michael Carel Asser |  Netherlands
|
Initiator of the International Conferences of Private Law in The Hague |
| 1911* | Alfred Hermann Fried | Austria-Hungary
|
Founder of Die Waffen Nieder |
| 1912 | Elihu Root |  United States
|
For initiating various arbitration agreements |
| 1913 | Henri La Fontaine | Belgium
|
President of the Permanent International Peace Bureau |
| 1914 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1915 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1916 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1917 | International Committee of the Red Cross | Switzerland
|
|
| 1918 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1919 | Woodrow Wilson | United States
|
President of the United States, as foremost promoter of the League of Nations |
| 1920 | Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois | France
|
President of the Council of the League of Nations |
| 1921* | Hjalmar Branting | Sweden
|
Prime minister, Swedish delegate to the Council of the League of Nations |
| 1921* | Christian Lous Lange |  Norway
|
Secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union |
| 1922 | Fridtjof Nansen | Norway
|
Norwegian delegate to the League of Nations, originator of the Nansen passports for refugees |
| 1923 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1924 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1925* | Austen Chamberlain | United Kingdom
|
For the Locarno Treaties |
| 1925* | Charles Gates Dawes | United States
|
Chairman of the Allied Reparations Commission and originator of the Dawes Plan |
| 1926* | Aristide Briand | France
|
For the Locarno Treaties |
| 1926* | Gustav Stresemann |  Germany
|
For the Locarno Treaties |
| 1927* | Ferdinand Buisson | France
|
Founder and president of the League for Human Rights |
| 1927* | Ludwig Quidde | Germany
|
Delegate to numerous peace conferences |
| 1928 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1929 | Frank B. Kellogg | United States
|
For the Kellogg-Briand Pact |
| 1930 | Nathan Söderblom | Sweden
|
Leader of the ecumenical movement |
| 1931* | Jane Addams | United States
|
International president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |
| 1931* | Nicholas Murray Butler | United States
|
For promoting the Kellogg-Briand Pact |
| 1932 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1933 | Sir Norman Angell | United Kingdom
|
Writer, member of the Executive Committee of the League of Nations and the National Peace Council |
| 1934 | Arthur Henderson | United Kingdom
|
Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference |
| 1935 | Carl von Ossietzky | Germany
|
Pacifist journalist. |
| 1936 | Carlos Saavedra Lamas |  Argentina
|
President of the League of Nations and mediator in the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia |
| 1937 | Robert Cecil | United Kingdom
|
Founder and president of the International Peace Campaign |
| 1938 | Nansen International Office For Refugees | Switzerland
|
|
| 1939 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1940 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1941 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1942 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1943 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1944 | International Committee of the Red Cross | Switzerland
|
Awarded retroactively in 1945 |
| 1945 | Cordell Hull | United States
|
For co-initiating the United Nations |
| 1946* | Emily Greene Balch | United States
|
Honorary international president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |
| 1946* | John R. Mott | United States
|
Chairman of the International Missionary Council and president of the World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations |
| 1947 | Friends Service Council American Friends Service Committee |
United Kingdom United States
|
On behalf of the Religious Society of Friends, better known as the Quakers |
| 1948 | [Not awarded] | May have been awarded to Mohandas Gandhi had he not been assassinated.[13] | |
| 1949 | Lord Boyd-Orr | United Kingdom
|
Director general Food and Agricultural Organization, president National Peace Council, president World Union of Peace Organizations |
| 1950 | Ralph Bunche | United States
|
for mediating in Palestine (1948) |
| 1951 | Léon Jouhaux | France
|
President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the UN |
| 1952 | Albert Schweitzer | France
|
For his philosophy of "Reverence for Life", expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding the Lambaréné Hospital in Gabon |
| 1953 | George Catlett Marshall | United States
|
For the Marshall Plan |
| 1954 | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |  United Nations
|
|
| 1955 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1956 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1957 | Lester Bowles Pearson |  Canada
|
President of the 7th session of the United Nations General Assembly for introducing peacekeeping forces to resolve the Suez Crisis |
| 1958 | Georges Pire | Belgium
|
Leader of L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde, a relief organization for refugees. |
| 1959 | Philip Noel-Baker | United Kingdom
|
"for his lifelong ardent work for international peace and co-operation." |
| 1960 | Albert Lutuli |  South Africa
|
President, African National Congress |
| 1961 | Dag Hammarskjöld | Sweden
|
Secretary-General, United Nations (posthumous) |
| 1962 | Linus Carl Pauling |  United States
|
"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing." |
| 1963 | International Committee of the Red Cross League of Red Cross societies |
Switzerland
|
|
| 1964 | Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | United States
|
Leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, campaigner for civil rights |
| 1965 | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) | United Nations
|
|
| 1966 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1967 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1968 | René Cassin | France
|
President, European Court of Human Rights |
| 1969 | International Labour Organization | United Nations
|
|
| 1970 | Norman Borlaug | United States
|
"for research at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center." |
| 1971 | Willy Brandt |  West Germany
|
"for West Germany's Ostpolitik, embodying a new attitude towards Eastern Europe and East Germany." |
| 1972 | [Not awarded] | ||
| 1973 | Henry A. Kissinger Lê Ðức Thọ (declined the honors) |
United States North Vietnam
|
The Vietnam peace accord |
| 1974 | Seán MacBride Eisaku Sato |
 Ireland Japan
|
President of the International Peace Bureau the Commission of Namibia of the United Nations |
| 1975 | Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov |  Soviet Union
|
Campaigns for human rights |
| 1976 | Betty Williams Mairead Corrigan |
United Kingdom
|
Founders of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People) |
| 1977 | Amnesty International | United Kingdom
|
Campaign against torture |
| 1978 | Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat (محمد أنور السادات) Menachem Begin (מנחם בגין) |
 Egypt Israel
|
For negotiating peace between Egypt and Israel |
| 1979 | Mother Teresa |  India
|
Poverty awareness campaigner and her service to humanity |
| 1980 | Adolfo Pérez Esquivel | Argentina
|
Human rights advocate |
| 1981 | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | United Nations
|
|
| 1982 | Alva Myrdal Alfonso García Robles |
Sweden Mexico
|
Treaty of Tlatelolco |
| 1983 | Lech Wałęsa |  Poland
|
Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights |
| 1984 | Desmond Mpilo Tutu | South Africa
|
Anti-apartheid |
| 1985 | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | United States
|
"for spreading authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare." |
| 1986 | Elie Wiesel | United States
|
author, Holocaust survivor "for his message of peace."[14] |
| 1987 | Óscar Arias Sánchez |  Costa Rica
|
"for initiating peace negotiations in Central America." |
| 1988 | United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces | United Nations
|
For participation in numerous conflicts since 1956. At the time of the award, 736 people from a variety of nations had lost their lives in peacekeeping efforts. |
| 1989 | Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama |  Tibet
|
"for his consistent resistance to the use of violence in his people's struggle to regain their freedom."[15] |
| 1990 | Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв) |
Soviet Union
|
"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community." |
| 1991 | Aung San Suu Kyi (အောင္ဆန္းစုက္ရည or  )
|
 Myanmar
|
"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights." |
| 1992 | Rigoberta Menchú |  Guatemala
|
"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples." |
| 1993 | Nelson Mandela Frederik Willem de Klerk |
South Africa
|
"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa." |
| 1994 | Yasser Arafat (ياسر عرفات) Shimon Peres (שמעון פרס) Yitzhak Rabin (יצחק רבין) |
 Palestine Israel Israel
|
"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East." |
| 1995 | Joseph Rotblat Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs |
Poland United Kingdom Canada
|
"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms." |
| 1996 | Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo José Ramos-Horta |
 Timor-Leste
|
"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor." |
| 1997 | International Campaign to Ban Landmines Jody Williams |
United States
|
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines." |
| 1998 | John Hume David Trimble |
Ireland United Kingdom
|
"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland." |
| 1999 | Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) | Switzerland
|
"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents." |
| 2000 | Kim Dae Jung 김대중 (金大中) |
 South Korea
|
"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular." |
| 2001 | United Nations Kofi Annan |
United Nations Ghana
|
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." |
| 2002 | Jimmy Carter | United States
|
Former President of the United States, "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development." |
| 2003 | Shirin Ebadi (شيرين عبادي) |  Iran
|
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children." |
| 2004 | Wangari Maathai |  Kenya
|
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace." |
| 2005 | International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei (محمد البرادعي) |
United Nations Egypt
|
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." |
| 2006 | Muhammad Yunus (মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস) Grameen Bank |
 Bangladesh
|
"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work." |
| 2007 | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Al Gore |
United Nations United States
|
"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change." |
| 2008 | Martti Ahtisaari |  Finland
|
Former President of Finland, "for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[16] |
* Years with multiple nominations for a Nobel Prize.
Notes
- ^ "Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ Altman, L. (2006). Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen. New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2006.
- ^ BBC History - 1916 Easter Rising - Profiles - The Irish Republican Brotherhood BBC.
- ^ The Norwegian Nobel Institute- Why a Norwegian Nobel Committee?
- ^ The Norwegian Nobel Institute- From Nomination to Ceremony
- ^ Nomination Database - The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901-1955
- ^ Richardson, Gunnar, Förtroligt and hemligt : kunglig utrikespolitik och svensk neutralitet under andra världskriget. Stockholm : Carlsson, 2007
- ^ Controversies and Criticisms
- ^ a b Tønnesson, Øyvind (1999-12-01). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ Your Questions about the Nobel Peace Prize!
- ^ Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
- ^ Rigoberta Menchú Tum - Biography
- ^ Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate, Nobelprize.org
- ^ Press Release - Peace 1986
- ^ "The Nobel Prize". Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso).
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2008". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
See also
- Atoms for Peace Award
- Gandhi Peace Prize
- Lenin Peace Prize
- Nobel Prize
- Norwegian Nobel Committee
- Magsaysay Award
- Sweden-Norway
External links
- "All Nobel Laureates in Peace" – Index webpage on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Peace Prize" – Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Institute for the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
- "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" – Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Peace" – Official site of the Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics" – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site.
- "The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901-1955" – Database featured on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
- "What the Nobel Laureates Receive" – Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies".
| Prizes |  | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laureates |
| ||||||||
| Nominees |
| ||||||||
| Organisations | |||||||||
| Related | |||||||||
1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes). | |||||||||