University of Utah and Fukuoka: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox City Japan
{{Infobox_University
|Name= Fukuoka
|image_name = UofU_logo_color.png
|JapaneseName= 福岡市
|name = University of Utah
|MapImage=Fukuoka_City_in_Fukuoka_Prefecture_Ja.svg
|established = [[February 28]], [[1850]]
|type = [[Public university]]
|Region= [[Kyūshū]]
|Prefecture= [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
|president= [[Michael K. Young]]
|District=
|city = [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]]
|Area_km2= 340.03
|state = [[Utah|UT]]
|PopDate= 2007
|country = [[United States|USA]]
|Population= 1,422,836
|undergrad = 28,619
|Density_km2= 4061
|postgrad = 6,531
|Coords=
|staff= 13,760
|LatitudeDegrees= 33
|endowment = [[United States dollar|US $]]610,469,000<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | coauthors = | title =College and University Endowments Over $250-Million, 2007 | work =[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | pages =28 | language = | publisher = | date =2008-08-29 | url = | accessdate = }}</ref>
|LatitudeMinutes= 35
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], {{convert|1534|acre|km2|abbr=on}}
|LatitudeSeconds=
|colors = [[Crimson (color)|Crimson]] & [[White (color)|White]] {{color box|#DC143C}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
|LongtitudeDegrees= 130
|free_label = Team Name
|LongtitudeMinutes= 24
|free = [[Utah Utes|Utes]]
|LongtitudeSeconds=
|mascot = [[Swoop]]
|Tree= [[Camphor laurel]]
|website= [http://www.utah.edu/ www.utah.edu]
|Flower= [[Camellia]]
|Bird= [[Black-headed Gull]]
|SymbolImage= Flag of Fukuoka City.svg{{!}}border
|SymbolDescription= Flag
|Mayor= Hiroshi Yoshida
|CityHallLink= [http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/index-e.html Fukuoka City]
}}
}}
:{{this|a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan|Fukuoka (disambiguation)}}

{{nihongo|'''Fukuoka'''|福岡市|Fukuoka-shi}} is the capital [[cities of Japan|city]] of [[Fukuoka Prefecture]] and is situated on the northern shore of the island of [[Kyūshū]] in [[Japan]], across the [[Korea Strait]] from [[South Korea|South Korea's]] [[Busan]].

It is the most populous city in Kyūshū, followed by [[Kitakyūshū]]. It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of [[Osaka]]. The city was designated on [[April 1]], [[1972]] by [[City designated by government ordinance|government ordinance]]. Greater Fukuoka (福岡都市圏) with 2.5 million people (2005 Census), is part of the heavily industrialized [[Fukuoka-Kitakyūshū|North Kyūshū]] zone.

== History ==
Fukuoka (the area of ''Kashii'', ''[[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata]]'', ''[[Sawara-ku, Fukuoka|Sawara]]'' and ''Imazu'') is said to be the oldest city in [[Japan]], because it is the nearest city to [[China]] and [[Korea]]. The area around Fukuoka is among the oldest non-[[Jōmon]] settlements in Japan. [[Dazaifu]] was an administrative capital in 663 A.D., but some say {{weasel-inline}} a prehistoric capital was in the area. Ancient texts such as the [[Kojiki]] and archaeology confirm this was a very critical place in the founding of Japan. Some scholars<ref name="tdh">[http://www.furutasigaku.jp/efuruta/kourine/kourine.html The Truth of Descent from Heaven]. Yukio Yokota. Accessed [[March 19]], [[2008]].</ref> even go as far as to claim it was the first place outsiders and the Imperial Family set foot, but like many early Japan origin theories, it remains contested. See [[History of Japan]]. Fukuoka is sometimes still referred to as [[Hakata]], the central ward of the city.

===Mongol invasions (1274–1281)===
[[Image:FukuokaWall.jpg|thumb|Stone barrier in Fukuoka]]

{{main|Mongol invasions of Japan}}

Fukuoka's [[Hakata Bay]] is [[Japan]]'s gateway to [[Korea]] and [[China]]. Gateways, of course, attract interest; after having conquered and terrorised Asia, the great [[Mongol]] [[Kublai Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] turned his attention to Japan starting in 1268, exerting a new external pressure on Japan with which it had no experience. Kublai Khan first sent an envoy to Japan to make the Shogunate acknowledge Khan's suzerainty. The [[Kamakura shogunate]] refused. [[Mongolia]] repeatedly sent envoys thereafter, each time urging the Shogunate to accept their proposal, but to no avail.

In 1274 Kublai Khan mounted an invasion of the northern part of Kyūshū with a fleet of 900&nbsp;ships and 33,000&nbsp;troops, which included troops from [[Goryeo]] on the [[Korean peninsula]]. This first invasion was compromised by a combination of incompetence and storms.

After the first invasion of 1274, Japanese [[samurai]] built a stone barrier 20 kilometers in length bordering the coast of Hakata Bay in what is now Fukuoka city. The wall, between 2–3 metres in height and having a base width of 3 metres, was constructed between 1276 and 1277 and was excavated again in the 1930s.

Kublai sent another envoy to Japan in 1279. At that time, [[Hōjō Tokimune]] of the [[Hōjō clan]] (1251–1284) was the Eighth Regent. Not only did he decline the offer, but he beheaded the five Mongolian emissaries after summoning them to [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]. Infuriated, Kublai made another attack on Fukuoka Prefecture in 1281, mobilizing 140,000&nbsp;soldiers and 4,000&nbsp;ships. The Japanese defenders, numbering around 40,000, were no match for the Mongols and the invasion force made it as far as [[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]], 15 kilometers south of the city of Fukuoka. However, the Japanese were aided by another [[typhoon]] which struck a crushing blow to the Mongolian troops, and the invasion was thwarted.

It was this typhoon that came to be called the ''[[Kamikaze (typhoon)|Kamikaze]]'' (''Divine Wind'').

=== Formation of the modern city (1889) ===
[[Image:FukuokaTenjin.JPG|thumb|The Tenjin area]]
[[Image:CanalCity Far.JPG|thumb|Canal City Hakata]]
Fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerful [[daimyo]] of [[Chikuzen Province]], and played an important part in the medieval history of Japan. The renowned temple of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] in the district was destroyed by fire during the [[Boshin war]] of 1868. <!--(Adapted ''from [[1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]]''.)-->

The modern city was formed on [[April 1]], [[1889]], with the merger of the former cities of [[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata]] and Fukuoka. Historically, Hakata was the port and merchant district, and was more associated with the area's culture and remains the main commercial area today. On the other hand, the Fukuoka area was home to many samurai, and its name has been used since [[Kuroda Nagamasa]], the first [[daimyo]] of Chikuzen Province, named it after his birthplace in [[Okayama Prefecture]] and the “old Fukuoka” is the main shopping area and now called Tenjin.

When Hakata and Fukuoka decided to merge, a meeting was held to decide the name for the new city. Hakata was initially chosen, but a group of samurai crashed the meeting and forced those present to choose Fukuoka as the name for the merged city. However, Hakata is still used to reference to the Hakata area of the city and, most famously, to refer to the city's train station, [[Hakata Station]], and [[dialect]], ''Hakata-ben''.

=== 20th century===
[[Image:Fukuoka Acros.JPG|thumb|ACROS International Hall, Fukuoka.]]
[[Image:Fukuoka city life.jpg|thumb|An intersection in downtown Fukuoka.]]

*1903: Fukuoka Medical College, a campus associated with [[Kyoto Imperial University]], is founded. In 1911, the college is renamed to [[Kyūshū University|Kyūshū Imperial University]] and established as a separate entity.
*1910: Fukuoka streetcar service begins. (The service ran until 1979.)
*1929: Flights commence along the Fukuoka-[[Osaka]]-[[Tokyo]] route.
*1945: Saturation bombing of Japanese cities commences on [[Honshū]] with Fukuoka one of the targets. [[Vivisection]]s of [[United States|American]] [[POWs]] are performed at Kyūshū Imperial University Hospital.
*1947: First [[Fukuoka Marathon]].
*1951: Fukuoka airport opens.
*1953: [[Fukuoka Municipal Zoo and Botanical Garden|Fukuoka Zoo]] opens.
*1981: Subway commences service.
*1988: Osaka's pro baseball team, the Nankai Hawks, are moved to Fukuoka and renamed the Fukuoka [[Daiei]] Hawks. (Renamed the [[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] in 2004).
*1995: ACROS ('''A'''sian '''C'''ross'''R'''oads '''O'''ver the '''S'''ea), a multipurpose convention and cultural center, is founded to encourage increased relations with other Asian countries. It is located downtown in Tenjin, and features a large park, terraced gardens, a library and other facilities for encouraging peaceful relations with other Asian cultures.<ref>[http://www.greenlivingpedia.org/ACROS_Fukuoka_building ACROS Fukuoka building], Greenlivingpedia.org, 3 May 2007</ref>

=== 21st century===
*2005: Fukuoka city subway Nanakuma Line started operation.

== Geography ==
[[Image:Fukuoka NASA STS059-97-63AJ.jpg|thumb|Fukuoka as viewed from space.]]
[[Image:Fukuoka Bike.jpg|thumb|The view downstream along the Nakagawa (Naka River) from Canal City in Hakata-ku.]]

Fukuoka is bordered on three sides by mountains and opens, on the north, to the Sea of Genkai. Much of the city is now built on reclaimed land, with ongoing developments in Higashi-ku building more artificial islands. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}

It is located 1,100&nbsp;km from [[Tokyo]].
===Climate===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}}
Along with much of the prefecture, Fukuoka City has a moderate climate with an annual average temperature of 16.3 °C, average humidity of 70%, 1,811 annual daylight hours and 205 cm of precipitation. Roughly 40% of the year is cloudy.

Winter temperatures rarely drop below 0 °C and it rarely snows. Spring is warm and more sunny, with [[cherry blossom]]s appearing in late March or early April. The rainy season (''tsuyu'') lasts for approximately six weeks through June and July, during which time the humidity is very high and temperatures hover between 25 °C and 30 °C. Summers are humid and hot, with temperatures peaking around 37 °C. [[Autumn|Fall]], often considered to be Fukuoka's best season, is mild and dry, though the typhoon season runs between August and September.

=== Earthquakes ===
{{main|2005 Fukuoka earthquake}}

Fukuoka is not as seismically active as many other parts of Japan, but does experience occasional [[earthquake]]s. The most powerful recent earthquake registered a lower 6 of maximum 7 of the [[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|Japanese intensity scale]] and hit at 10:53 am local time on [[2005 Fukuoka earthquake|March 20]], [[Easter Sunday]] 2005, killing one person and injuring more than 400. The epicentre of the earthquake was in the Sea of Genkai, along a yet-undiscovered extension of the Kego fault that runs through the centre of Fukuoka. Genkai island, a part of [[Nishi-ku, Fukuoka|Nishi-ku]], was the most severely damaged by the earthquake and almost all island residents were forced to evacuate. [[Aftershock]]s continued intermittently throughout the following weeks as construction crews worked to rebuild damaged buildings throughout the city. Traditional Japanese houses, particularly in the areas of Daimyo and Imaizumi, were the most heavily damaged and many were marked for demolition, along with several apartment buildings. Insurance payments for damages were estimated at approximately 15.8 billion yen. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}

Fukuoka's major Kego fault, runs northwest to southeast, roughly parallel to [[Nishi-Nippon Railroad|Nishitetsu's]] [[Omuta]] train line, and was previously thought to be 22&nbsp;km long. It is estimated to produce earthquakes as strong as [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7 at the focus approximately once every 15,000 years. If the focus were located at a depth of 10 km, this would translate to an earthquake of a lower-6 magnitude (similar to the [[March 20]], [[2005]] earthquake) in downtown Fukuoka if it were the epicenter. The [[probability]] of an earthquake along the known length of the Kego fault occurring within 30 years was estimated at 0.4% prior to the [[March 20]], [[2005]] earthquake, but this probability has been revised upwards since. Including the new extension out into the Sea of Genkai, the Kego fault is now thought to be 40&nbsp;km long.

Following reports that the city has only prepared for earthquakes up to a magnitude of 6.5, several strong aftershock renewed fears that the quakes might cause the portion of the Kego faultline that lies under the city to become active again, leading to an earthquake as big as, or bigger than, the [[March 20]] quake.

== Wards ==
{|
|-
| Fukuoka has 7 [[Wards of Japan|wards]] (''ku''):
! Ward
! align=right|Population
! align=right|Land area
! align=right|Pop. density
|-
| rowspan=8 | [[Image:Wards of Fukuoka City Japan.png|250px]]
|
| align=right | ''as of 2004''
| align=right | ''km²''
| align=right | ''per km²''
|-
| align=left|[[Image:Japan WardColour 100x0x0.png|16px]] [[Higashi-ku, Fukuoka|Higashi-ku]]
| align=right|275 652
| align=right|66.68
| align=right|4 134
|-
| align=left|[[Image:Japan WardColour 60x80x0.png|16px]] [[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata-ku]]
| align=right|190 178
| align=right|31.47
| align=right|6 043
|-
| align=left|[[Image:Japan WardColour 0x40x100.png|16px]] [[Chūō-ku, Fukuoka|Chūō-ku]]
| align=right|163 975
| align=right|15.16
| align=right|10 816
|-
| align=left|[[Image:Japan WardColour 100x80x0.png|16px]] [[Minami-ku, Fukuoka|Minami-ku]]
| align=right|247 913
| align=right|30.98
| align=right|8 002
|-
| align=left|[[Image:Japan WardColour 100x40x0.png|16px]] [[Jonan-ku, Fukuoka|Jonan-ku]]
| align=right|127 952
| align=right|16.02
| align=right|7 987
|-
| align=left|[[Image:Japan WardColour 20x80x40.png|16px]] [[Sawara-ku, Fukuoka|Sawara-ku]]
| align=right|207 851
| align=right|95.88
| align=right|2 168
|-
| align=left|[[Image:Japan WardColour 100x40x100.png|16px]] [[Nishi-ku, Fukuoka|Nishi-ku]]
| align=right|177 625
| align=right|83.81
| align=right|2 119
|}

== Demographics ==
[[Image:Fukuokabeachtowr.jpg|thumb|[[Fukuoka Tower]]]]

[[As of 2007|As of May 2007]], the city had an estimated population of 1,422,836 and a [[population density|density]] of 4,184.07 persons per km². The total area is 340.60 km². With an average age of 38.6 years, Fukuoka is Japan's second youngest major city and with a growth rate of 4.4%, is also Japan's second-fastest growing city ([[As of 2000|based on 2000 census data]]).

== Culture ==
Fukuoka was selected as one of [[Newsweek]]'s 10 "Most Dynamic Cities" in its July 2006 issue. {{Fact|date=April 2008}} It was chosen for its central Asian location, increasing [[tourism]] and [[trade]], and a large increase in volume at its sea and airport. Fukuoka has a diverse culture and a wide range of cultural attractions.

===Tourism===
[[Sky Dream Fukuoka]], located in Fukuoka City's western ward, is one of the world's largest [[ferris wheel]]s at a height of 120 meters.
Fukuoka Castle located adjacent to Ohori Park features the remaining stone walls and ramparts left after a devastating fire during the upheaval of the [[Meiji Restoration]]. It has now been preserved along with some reconstructed prefabricate concrete towers constructed during the 1950s and 1960s, when there was a trend across [[Japan]] to rebuild damaged castles as tourist attractions. Ohori Park is also the location of one of Fukuoka City's major art galleries. There is a newly opened [[Kyushu National Museum]] in nearby [[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]].
[[Image:Ohori Park, Fukuoka.JPG|thumb|Ohori Park, Fukuoka]]

The Marine Park Uminonakamichi is located on a narrow cape on the northern side of the Bay of Hakata. The park has an amusement park, petting zoo, gardens, beaches, a hotel, and a large marine aquarium.


For tourists from other parts of Japan, local foods such as [[mentaiko]], Hakata [[ramen]] and [[motsunabe]] are associated with Fukuoka. [[Yatai]] (street stalls) serving ramen can be found in Tenjin and [[Nakasu]] most evenings.
{{confused|Utah State University}}


=== Museums ===
The '''University of Utah ''' (referred to locally as ''''The U'''' or ''''the U of U'''') is a [[public university|publicly funded]] [[research university]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]. One of ten institutions that make up the [[Utah System of Higher Education]] and Utah's premier research school, as of late 2007, the university enrolls 28,619 [[undergraduate]] and 6,604 [[graduate student|graduate]] students and has 1,419 regular [[Faculty (university)|faculty]] members. Of the more than 3,500 colleges and universities in the United States, the University of Utah is one of only eighty-eight that are classified by the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] as [[Research I]] universities; i.e., those which offer a full range of undergraduate programs, are committed to graduate education, and give research high priority.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
[[Image:Fukuoka art museum.JPG|thumb|Fukuoka Art Museum]]
*[http://www.fukuoka-art-museum.jp/english/index.html Fukuoka Art Museum] - In Ohori Park; contains a wide selection of contemporary and other art from around the world.
*[http://faam.city.fukuoka.jp/eng/home.html Fukuoka Asian Art Museum] - contains art from various countries of Asia.
*[http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/english/index_e.html Fukuoka City Museum] - displays a broad range of items from the region's history, including a spectacular gold seal.
*[http://www.yokanavi.com/eg/data/kihon.asp?tourokuno=000013 Genko Historical Museum] (Museum of the Mongol Invasion) - In [http://kyushu.com/fukuoka/places_to_go/higashi_koen/1,city_parks,0,,1,1,0,,x.shtml Higashi Koen (East Park)]; displays Japanese and Mongolian arms and armor from the 13th century as well as paintings on historical subjects.
*[http://kyushu.com/fukuoka/places_to_go/folk_museum/1,museums_galleries,0,,1,1,0,,x.shtml Hakata Machiya Folk Museum] - Dedicated to displaying the traditional ways of life, speech, and culture of the Fukuoka region.


[[Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize]] was established to honor the outstanding work of individuals or groups/organizations to preserve and create unique and diverse cultures of Asia.
==Campus history==


=== Festivals ===
Originally established [[February 28]], [[1850]] by [[Mormon|Latter-day Saint]] leader [[Brigham Young]], it was initially named "[[University of Deseret]]." The school closed two years later for financial reasons. It reopened as a commercial school in 1867 in the old Council House in what is now downtown Salt Lake City under the direction of [[David O. Calder]], a prominent Salt Lake City businessman and associate of [[Mormon]] leader [[Brigham Young]]. The University was renamed '''University of Utah''' in 1894 and classes were first held on the present campus approximately two miles directly east of downtown Salt Lake City in 1900. Portions of the present campus are located on grounds formerly belonging to the U.S. Army's [[Fort Douglas (Utah)|Fort Douglas]]. The fort was officially closed on [[October 26]], [[1991]], and although a small part of it remains as an [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] Post, the majority of its territory is now owned by the university, and occupied by student residences.
[[Image:Fukuoka winter.jpg|thumb|Winter View of Fukuoka from [[Fukuoka Tower]]]]
Fukuoka is home to many [[festival]]s that are held throughout the year. Of these, the most famous are Hakata Dontaku and Hakata Gion Yamakasa.


'''Yamakasa''' (山笠), held for two weeks each July,<ref name="yamak">[http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/history/traditionalevents/a32_fes_yamakasa.html Hakata Gion Yamakasa Festival]. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed [[March 19]], [[2008]].</ref> is Fukuoka's oldest festival with a history of over 700 years.<ref name="cog">[http://kyushu.com/fukuoka/features/yamagasa_1/ The Yamakasa]. Cogito Kyushu Networks. Accessed [[March 19]], [[2008]].</ref><ref name="web">[http://web-japan.org/atlas/festivals/fes22.html Hakata Gion Yamakasa]. WebJapan. Accessed [[March 19]], [[2008]].</ref> Teams of men (no women, except small girls, are allowed), representing different districts in the city, race against the clock around a set course carrying on their shoulders floats weighing several thousand pounds. Participants all wear ''shimekomi'' (called ''[[fundoshi]]'' in other parts of Japan), which are traditional loincloths. Each day of the two-week festival period is marked by special events and practice runs, culminating in the official race that takes place the last morning before dawn. Tens of thousands line the streets to cheer on the teams. During the festival period, men can be seen walking around many parts Fukuoka in long ''[[happi]]'' coats bearing the distinctive mark of their team affiliation and traditional ''[[geta (footwear)|geta]]'' sandals. The costumes are worn with pride and are considered appropriate wear for even formal occasions, such as weddings and cocktail parties, during the festival period.
==Programs==
[[Image:MountVanCott.JPG|thumb|right|''The "Block U" has overlooked the [[University of Utah]] since 1907.[http://www.trademarks.utah.edu/traditions/blockU.html]'']]
The university offers seventy-six undergraduate majors, over fifty-five minors and certificates and ninety-six major fields of studies at the graduate level. It draws its 28,000-plus student population from all fifty states and 111 foreign countries. The university, one of the state’s largest employers, has the only medical, social work, and architecture schools in a multi-state area.


<gallery>
The university's School of Computing has made several important contributions to the field. The University of Utah was one of the original four nodes of [[ARPANET#Initial ARPANET deployment|ARPANET]], the world's first [[packet-switching]] computer network and embryo of the current world-wide [[Internet]]. In late 1969, the U's [[computer graphics]] department was linked into the node at [[Stanford Research Institute]] in [[Menlo Park, CA]] to complete the initial 4-node network [http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/stories/2004/Internet35.htm].
Image:Yamagasa uniform 1.png|The uniform used during the ceremonies and preparation.
Image:Yamagasa uniform 2.png|The uniform used during the competition.
</gallery>


'''Hakata Dontaku''' (博多どんたく) is held in Fukuoka City on [[May 3]] and 4. Boasting over 800 years of history, Dontaku is attended by more than 2 million people, making it the Japanese festival with the highest attendance during Japan's [[Golden Week (Japan)|Golden Week]] holidays. During the festival, stages are erected throughout downtown for traditional performances and a parade of floats is held. The full name is ''Hakata Dontaku Minato Matsuri''.<ref name="dontaku">[http://www.hakatadontaku.jp/don_english/index.html Hakata Dontaku Minato Matsuri]. {{ja icon}} Fukuoka Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Accessed [[March 19]], [[2008]].</ref>
The U's Center for High Performance Computing links the U to major aerospace industries, high-tech
manufacturers and research companies. The Department of Computer Science is ranked in the top twenty computer science research departments in the nation. The U was named one of five finalists in the science category of the 1998 Computerworld Smithsonian Awards.
[[Image:University of Utah.jpg|thumb|right|The Park Building, on President's Circle, is the center of university administration]]
[[Image:Kingsbury Hall.jpg|thumb|left|Kingsbury Hall is a major venue for the performing arts]]
[[Image:Uoucampus.jpg|thumb|right|The University of Utah central campus.]]
Other accomplishments include the first method for representing surface textures in graphical images, the [[Gouraud shading|Gouraud smooth shading]] model for [[computer graphics]], invention of magnetic ink printing technology, the Johnson counter [[logic circuit]], development of the oldest algebraic mathematics package ([[REDUCE]]) still in use, and the [[Phong shading|Phong]] lighting model for shading with highlights. The school has pioneered work in asynchronous circuits, computer animation, computer art, digital music recording (for which university alumni were awarded Academy Awards), graphical user interfaces, and stack machine architectures. Notable alumni include [[Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)|Henri Gouraud]], [[James Blinn]], [[Nolan Bushnell]], [[Edwin Catmull|Ed Catmull]], [[James H. Clark|Jim Clark]], [[Alan Kay]], [[Shane Robison]] and [[John Warnock]]. Companies founded by faculty and alumni include [[Adobe Systems]], [[Ashlar]], [[Atari]], [[CAE Systems]], [[Centillium Technology]], [[Cirrus Logic]], [[WordPerfect]], [[Evans and Sutherland]], [[Myricom]], [[NeoMagic]], [[Netscape Communications Corporation]], [[Pixar]], [[Pixal Plane]], [[PlanetWeb]], and [[Silicon Graphics]].


The festival was stopped for seven years during the [[Meiji era]], and since it was restarted in the 12th year of the Meiji era it has been known as ''Hakata Dontaku''.
The University of Utah Economics department is a leading heterodox department that is committed to social justice and human rights. Notable faculty include Dr. Kenneth Jameson and Dr. E.K Hunt.


===Music===
The [[University of Utah School of Medicine]] is respected as one of the region's finest, with several notable achievements, and the [[University of Utah Hospitals & Clinics]]- together with [[Intermountain Health Care]], [[LDS Hospital]], and the [[University of Utah Medical Center]], has consistently had some of its programs ranked by U.S. News & World Report. In 1970, the school established the first [[cerebrovascular disease|Cerebrovascular Disease]] Unit west of the [[Mississippi River]]. In 1982, [[Barney Clark]] received the world's first permanently implanted artificial heart, the [[Jarvik-7]], during an operation performed by William C. Devries, M.D. Clark survived 112 days with the device. The campus houses the [[Intermountain Burn Unit]], [[Huntsman Cancer Institute]], the Moran Eye Center, an ophthalmic clinical care and research facility, and [[Primary Children's Medical Center]], the only children's hospital in Utah. Areas for which the school is often praised include [[cardiology]], [[geriatrics]], [[gynecology]], [[pediatrics]],[[rheumatology]], [[pulmonology]], [[neurology]], [[oncology]], [[orthopedics]], and [[ophthalmology]].
Notable musical names in [[J-pop]] include [[Ayumi Hamasaki]] (allegedly Japan's richest woman), hugely popular singer/songwriter duo [[Chage and Aska|Chage & Aska]], [[Misia]] and [[Yui (singer)|Yui]]. During the 1970s, local musicians prided themselves on their origins and dubbed their sound, [[Mentai Rock]].


==Transport==
The University of Utah's [[Political Science]] department hosts one of nation's leading schools of politics and government. Aside from regular course work, the college provides its students the opportunity to volunteer as interns in state and federal government offices. The college is often visited by local and national leaders. The University of Utah also has the [[Hinckley Institute of Politics.]]
Fukuoka is served by [[Fukuoka Airport]], the [[Sanyō Shinkansen]] high speed rail line and other [[Kyushu Railway Company|JR Kyushu]] trains at [[Hakata Station]] and by [[ferry]]. JR Kyushu and a Korean company operate [[hydrofoil]] ferries (named ''[[Beetle (JR Kyushu)|Beetle]]'' and ''[[Kobee]]'') between Hakata and [[Busan]], [[South Korea]]. The [[Fukuoka City Subway|subway]] opened a new line, the Nanakuma line, on [[February 2]], [[2005]].


{{main|Fukuoka City Subway}}
The University is well known in the field of [[biology]] for its unique contributions to the study of [[genetics]]. This is due in part to long-term [[genealogy]] efforts of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] which is headquartered about four miles from the University. Those who keep genealogic records are an asset to researchers who are able to use family records to trace genetic disorders through several generations. Additionally, the relative homogeneity of Utah's population makes it an ideal laboratory for studies of population genetics.<ref name="genetics">{{
cite web
| last = Sussingham
| first = Robin
| coauthors = Stephanie Watson, Jennifer Logan
| year = 2006
| url = http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/features/utah/
| title = Utah: A Gold Mine for Genetic Research
| publisher = The University of Utah
| accessdate = 2006-03-09
}}</ref> The population tends to volunteer for genetic testing in high numbers. The University is home to the Genetic Science Learning Center, a unique resource which educates the public about genetics through its website. In addition, University of Utah faculty member and Nobel Prize laureate [[Mario Capecchi]] has made significant contributions to the field by developing a gene knockout technique that functions even in higher organisms.


== Sports==
The university is home to the [[S.J. Quinney College of Law]], until the 1970s the only law school in the state. Its alumni and faculty include distinguished scholars and judges. Currently former professor Judge Michael McConnel of the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals and Judge Paul Cassell serve on the federal court.
Fukuoka is the home of the [[Fukuoka Softbank Hawks]], one of Japan's top professional [[baseball]] teams. Threatened with bankruptcy and forced by its creditors to restructure, in 2004 former owner Daiei sold the Hawks to [[Masayoshi Son]] of [[Softbank Capital]].


Fukuoka is home to a professional [[soccer]] team, [[Avispa Fukuoka]].
In 1989, the university was the focus of a short-lived but intense controversy in the scientific community when then-chair of [[chemistry]] [[Stanley Pons]] and visiting professor [[Martin Fleischmann]] claimed to have discovered a chemical reaction process known as "[[cold fusion]]". Their work has since been discredited by the [[nuclear physics]] community.


Annual sporting events include:
The [[College of Architecture and Planning]] hosts a spring semester course titled [[Design Build Bluff]] held at [[Bluff, Utah]]. It is an opportunity for the students to design and build a house for a family on the [[Navajo Nation|Navajo Reservation]] in the [[Four Corners]] area of [[Southwestern United States]].
* Fukuoka International Open [[Marathon]] Championships
* The [[Kyūshū Ekiden]], beginning in [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] and ending in Fukuoka, the world's longest [[relay race]].


Fukuoka had hosted
==Olympics==
*[[1995 Summer Universiade]]
In 2002, the University hosted the Olympic Village as well as [[2002 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympic events]], including the opening and closing ceremonies. Prior to the events, the University received a facelift that included extensive renovations to [[Rice-Eccles Stadium]], a [[light rail]] track leading to downtown Salt Lake City and an array of new student housing and a 134-room [http://www.guesthouse.utah.edu campus hotel] and conference center (used by the Olympic athletes) at nearby [[Fort Douglas (Utah)|Fort Douglas]].
*[[2001 World Aquatics Championships]].
*[[2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships]].
*Fukuoka International Women’s [[Judo]] Championships from 1983 to 2006.


=== Sports teams and facilities ===
==Athletics==
{| class="wikitable"
{{main|Utah Utes}}
|-
[[Image:Utah Utes logo.png|right|thumb|University of Utah logo]]
! scope="col" | Club
[[Image:Riceecclesstadium.jpg|thumb|right|Rice-Eccles Stadium]]
! scope="col" | Sports
The school's sports teams are called the [[Ute Tribe|Ute]]s. There are many "nicknames" for the teams too, however, the basketball team has never been known as the "Runnin' Utes," as Favot would like everyone else to think; in former days, the football team was known as "Runnin' Redskins", and the gymnastics team is known as "the Red Rocks". Utah participates in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s Division I (Division I-A for football) as part of the [[Mountain West Conference]]. The last football game of the regular season between Utah and [[Brigham Young University]] is a contest which for one week seems to divide the entire state. This traditional season finale has been called "The Holy War" by national broadcasting commentators and is one of the fierciest [[Utah-BYU rivalry|rivalries]] in college football.
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
|-
| [[Fukuoka Softbank Hawks]]
| [[Baseball]]
| [[Pacific League]]
| [[Fukuoka Yahoo! Japan Dome]]
| 1989(year of relocation from [[Ōsaka]] as Daiei Hawks, changed to current name from 2005)
|-
| [[Avispa Fukuoka]]
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[J. League]] Division 2
| [[Hakata no mori stadium|Level-5 Stadium]]
| 1995(year of relocation from [[Fujieda, Shizuoka]] as Fukuoka Blux, changed to current name from 1996)
|-
| [[Rizing Fukuoka]]
| [[Basketball]]
| [[bj league]]
| Accion Fukuoka
| 2007
|-
| [[Fukuoka Red Warblers]]
| [[Baseball]]
| [[Shikoku-Kyūshū Island League]]
| To be announced
| 2008
|}


[[Top League]] Rugby teams: [[Coca Cola West Red Sparks]], [[Kyuden Voltex]]
In 2002, U.S.News & World Report named Utah to its Honor Roll of College Sports: one of only twenty schools in the whole nation to receive such mention.


== Education ==
The men's basketball team won the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] title in [[1944 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1944]] and the [[National Invitation Tournament|NIT]] crown in 1947. [[Arnie Ferrin]], the only four-time All-American in Utah basketball history, played for both the 1944 and 1947 teams. He also went on to help the [[Minneapolis Lakers]] win [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] Championships in 1949 and 1951. [[Wat Misaka]], the first person of Asian descent to play in the NBA, also played for Utah during this era.
Fukuoka City operates all public elementary and junior high schools, while the prefecture operates the high schools.


;National Universities
Utah basketball rose again to national prominence under the leadership of head coach [[Rick Majerus]], who with the versatile playing of guard [[Andre Miller]], combo forward [[Hanno Möttölä]] and post player [[Michael Doleac]], took Utah to the NCAA Final Four in [[1998 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1998]]. Then, after eliminating [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|North Carolina]] to advance to the final round, Utah lost the championship game to [[Kentucky Wildcats|Kentucky]], 78-69.
*[[Kyushu University]](九州大学)
**[[Kyushu Institute of Design]](九州芸術工科大学) - merged with Kyushu University on October 2003


;Prefectural University
The women's gymnastic team, the Red Rocks, has won the National Gymnastics Championship title 9<ref>[http://www.ncaa.org/champadmin/champs_listing1.html Schools with the Most NCAA Championships<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> times, beginning with an [[AIAW]] national championship title in 1981, more than any other university. In 2006, they finished 2nd. In the years when Utah does not place first, they are almost always #2 or #3. The ten-time national champion Utah gymnastics team has qualified for a record 31st-consecutive national championship. Utah is the only program to qualify for all 25 NCAA Championships. The Utes won the 2006 women's gymnastics attendance title, averaging 12,747 spectators to their six regular season home meets. It marked the second-highest attendance average in Utah and NCAA gymnastics history. Utah has won twenty-two of the last twenty-five gymnastics attendance titles. This is also one of the highest attendance averages for any women's college sport in the nation.
*[[Fukuoka Women's University]](福岡女子大学)


;Private Universities
Utah is home to ten crowned NCAA National Skiing Championship teams, 1 [[AIAW]] National Women's Skiing Championship team (1978), sixty-four individual NCAA titles, twenty-four Olympic athletes and 294 All-Americans ... a display of one of the most successful skiing programs within the college racing circuit.
*[[Daiichi University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences]](第一薬科大学)
*[[Fukuoka Institute of Technology]](福岡工業大学)
*[[Fukuoka Jo Gakuin University]](福岡女学院大学)
*[[Fukuoka University]](福岡大学)
*[[Kyushu Sangyo University]](九州産業大学)
*[[Nakamura Gakuen University]](中村学園大学)
*[[Seinan Gakuin University]](西南学院大学)


;Colleges
In 1981 Utah won the [[AIAW]] Division II women's cross country national championship.
*[[Fukuoka College of Health Science]](福岡医療短期大学)
*[[Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Junior College]](福岡工業大学短期大学部)
*[[Junshin Junior College]](純真短期大学)
*[[Koran Women's Junior College]](香蘭女子短期大学)
*[[Kyushu Zokei Art College]](九州造形短期大学)
*[[Nakamura Gakuen Junior College]](中村学園大学短期大学部)
*[[Nishinihon Junior College]](西日本短期大学)
*[[Seika Women’s Junior College]](精華女子短期大学)


== Sister cities ==
Of more recent note was the 2004-2005 Utah football team. Coached by [[Urban Meyer]] and quarterbacked by [[Alex Smith]], the Utes went 11-0 during the regular season and became the first team from a non-BCS ([[Bowl Championship Series]]) league to go to a BCS Bowl Game, finishing the regular season #6 in the BCS rankings. The Utes defeated [[University of Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]] 35 - 7 in the [[Fiesta Bowl]] on January 1, 2005 and ended its perfect 12-0 season ranked fourth in AP polling. Since the creation of the BCS and the National Championship Game, they are one of a small number of undefeated teams to be denied a chance to play for the title, joining [[Tulane University|Tulane]] in 1998 and [[Marshall University|Marshall]] in 1999, as well as [[Auburn University|Auburn]] and [[Boise State University|Boise State]] in 2004-05.
Fukuoka has several [[sister cities]]:
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Oakland, California]], [[United States]]
*{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Guangzhou]], [[China]] (1979)
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[France]] (1982)
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Ipoh]], [[Malaysia]]
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], [[South Korea]]
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Atlanta, Georgia]], [[United States]]
[http://www.fukuoka-sistercities.jp/ Fukuoka City Sister Cities Committee]


Fukuoka City established the [[Asian Pacific City Summit]] in 1994.
In 2005, Utah became the first school to produce #1 overall draft picks in both the [[NFL]] and [[NBA Draft]]s for the same year. Alex Smith was picked first overall by the [[San Francisco 49ers]] in April, 2005, followed by [[Andrew Bogut]], who was taken first overall in the [[2005 NBA Draft]] by the [[Milwaukee Bucks]].
It consists of 26 Asian-Pacific Cities.


== Notable people from Fukuoka ==
Other noteworthy athletics on campus can be attributed to the access to the Wasatch Mountains which are home to several of the country's and world's top ski resorts. The University of Utah is credited with housing some of the best snow sports athletes in the world while enriching their academic credibility. There is a ski club team on campus that competes against other schools in the nation in racing and freestyle events. Clubs like the University of Utah One Love Ski and Snowboard club (http://www.uofuonelove.com) give an outlet for skiers and riders not associated with the club team.
* [[Jirō Akagawa]] ([[Novelist]])
* [[Yū Aoi]] ([[Actress]])
* [[Aska (singer-songwriter)]] ([[Chage & Aska]])
* [[Sonny Chiba]] ([[Actor]])
* ''[[Dan Takuma]]'' ([[Businessman]])
* [[Ayumi Hamasaki]] ([[Singer]]: [[J-pop]])
* ''[[Machiko Hasegawa]]'' ([[Mangaka]])
* [[Kiyoshi Hikawa]] (Singer: [[Enka]])
* ''[[Kōki Hirota]]'' ([[politician]]: 32nd [[Prime minister of Japan]])
* [[Sogo Ishii]] ([[Film director]])
* ''[[Kaibara Ekken]]'' ([[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucianist]] [[philosopher]])
* [[Ai Kawashima]] ([[Singer-songwriter]])
* [[Yoshinori Kobayashi]] (Mangaka)
* [[Rikudo Koshi]] (Mangaka)
* Masamune Kusano (Singer: Member of [[SPITZ]])
* [[Misia (Japanese singer)|Misia]] (Singer: J-pop)
* [[Kenzo Nakamura]] (Athlete: [[Jūdō]])
* [[Noriko Sakai]] (Singer and actress)
* [[Kensuke Sasaki]] ([[Professional wrestler]])
* [[Ringo Shiina]] (Singer: J-pop) born in [[Saitama prefecture]], then raised in Fukuoka
* [[Tsuyoshi Shinjo]] (former [[Major League Baseball]] player)
* [[Keita Tachibana]] (Singer: J-pop. Member of [[W-inds]])
* [[Tamori]] (TV [[presenter]])
* [[Reina Tanaka]] (Singer: J-pop. Member of [[Morning Musume.]])
* [[Ryoko Tani]] (Athlete: Jūdō)
* [[Yui (singer)]]
* ''[[Yumeno Kyūsaku]]'' (Novelist)
''Italic'' indicates deceased.


==Fight Song==
==Fukuoka in fiction==
* The city of Fukuoka features in two Godzilla films, the 1991 film ''[[Godzilla vs King Ghidorah]]'' and the 1994 film ''[[Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla]]''.
Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as [[commencement]], [[convocation]], and athletic games are: ''Utah Chant'' and
''Utah Man'' the University of Utah [[fight song]].


* In the 1995 film, ''Gamera: Guardian Of The Universe'', Gamera's first appearance and encounter with the Gyaos after nearly 30 years takes place in Fukuoka with Gamera making landfall in Hakata Bay.
==Broadcasting==
The University of Utah has several public broadcasting affiliations. They include:
# [[KUED]], TV Channel 7 (digital 42), the state's main [[PBS]] member station and award-winning producer of local documentaries;
# [[KUER-FM]], [[FM radio|FM]] 90.1, an [[NPR]] member station.
# [[KUEN]], TV Channel 9 (digital 36), a resource for teachers and lifelong learners is operated from the U. campus by the [[Utah Education Network]], a statewide consortium of public and higher education.
# [[K-UTE]], Student campus radio, 1620 AM and on cable channel 66 (on campus).


* Fukuoka is the capital of Japan in the anime ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'' after Tokyo is destroyed in a nuclear attack.
==The Daily Utah Chronicle==
The [[Daily Utah Chronicle]] is the U's independent, student-run paper, which has published regularly since 1890. It publishes daily on school days during fall and spring semesters, and weekly during summer semester. "The Chrony" typically runs between eight and twelve pages, with longer editions for weekend game-guides. The paper is a broadsheet and usually features full-color printing on the front by arrangement to use [[Newspaper Agency Corporation]] printing facilities, a deal brokered by [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] and intended to inspire [[journalism]] mentoring. The Daily Utah Chronicle was selected as the top student newspaper in its region for 2007 by the Society of Professional Journalists. The newspaper was also selected as second best student newspaper printing more than 3 times per week in the nation by SPJ.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}


* ''[[Excel Saga]]'', the manga and anime, is set in a slightly fictionalized version of Fukuoka (home of the author, [[Rikudo Koshi]]) called "F City in F Prefecture" and it contains many Fukuoka in-jokes. For example, the main antagonist, [[Kabapu|Dr. Kabapu]], is named for (and physically resembles) the mascot of the 1989 Asia-Pacific Expo, held in Fukuoka to commemorate the centennial of its city administration.
== Marching band ==
The University of Utah Marching Band began in the 1940s as a military band that performed for university events and ceremonies. In 1948, University President A. Ray Olpin recruited Ron Gregory from Ohio State University to form a marching band fashioned after the great collegiate bands of the Midwest. But in the turbulent '60s, support for the band dwindled and in 1969, the Associated Students for the University of Utah (ASUU) discontinued its funding.


== References ==
The band was revived in 1976 after a fund raising effort under the direction of Gregg I. Hanson. Mr. Hanson served as director of bands with Rick Clary directing the marching band until 1990 when Mr. Hanson accepted the director of bands position at the [[University of Arizona]]. In 1991, the University of Utah recruited Dr. Barry Kopetz of the [[University of Minnesota]] as the director of bands with his graduate assistant, Scott Hagen, serving as marching band director. Mr. Hagen became the director of bands in 2001, where he currently serves. Dr. Eric Peterson led the marching band from 2003-2007.<ref>http://sdsu.imodules.com/s/357/viewcontent.aspx?sid=357&gid=1&pgid=262&cid=1274&ecid=1274&crid=0&calpgid=889&calcid=1064 South Dakota State University press release</ref> The marching band is currently under the direction of Dr. Brian Sproul. The "Pride of Utah" Marching Utes have performed at all home football and basketball games, along with home gymnastics meets. They've also performed at numerous NFL and college bowl games, including the 2004 [[Bowl Championship Series|BCS]] [[Tostitos]] [[Fiesta Bowl]].
{{Reflist}}


==Notable alumni and faculty==
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Fukuoka, Fukuoka}}
{{main|List of University of Utah people}}
* [http://www.fukuoka-now.com/ Fukuoka Now]
* {{wikitravelpar|Fukuoka}}
* [http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/index-e.html Fukuoka-city Online]
* [http://2016fukuoka.com/ The official web site of the Fukuoka Olympic Bid Committee]
* [http://www.fukuoka-tourism.net/e/fukuoka.html Fukuoka City page of Fukuoka Tourism Association website]
* [http://www.jrbeetle.co.jp/english/index.html Beetle] - Fukuoka-Pusan ferry service owned by [[JR Kyūshū]]
* [http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/investment/english/index.html Gateway Fukuoka]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net/as/fuku/fukuoka.htm Fukuoka subway]
* [http://www.diddlefinger.com/m/fukuokaken/fukuokashi/ Map Of Fukuoka with English labels]


{{Fukuoka}}
==References==
{{reflist}}


{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}
==External links==
* [http://www.utah.edu Official university site]
* [http://www.dailyutahchronicle.com The Daily Utah Chronicle]
* [http://www.utahutes.com Official Utah athletics site]
* [http://www.kute.org/ K-UTE student radio]
{{Mountain West Conference}}


[[Category:Cities in Fukuoka Prefecture]]
{{Utahcolleges}}
[[Category:Fukuoka| ]]
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[[Category:Port settlements in Japan]]
[[Category:Coastal settlements in Japan]]


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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Utah|Utah, University of]]
[[Category:University of Utah| ]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1850|Utah, University of]]
[[Category:Mountain West Conference|Utah, University of]]
[[Category:Economy of Salt Lake City, Utah]]


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[[eo:Universitato de Utaho]]
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[[fr:Université d'Utah]]
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Revision as of 11:25, 11 October 2008

Template:Infobox City Japan

This article is about a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. For Fukuoka (disambiguation), see Fukuoka (disambiguation).

Fukuoka (福岡市, Fukuoka-shi) is the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture and is situated on the northern shore of the island of Kyūshū in Japan, across the Korea Strait from South Korea's Busan.

It is the most populous city in Kyūshū, followed by Kitakyūshū. It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Osaka. The city was designated on April 1, 1972 by government ordinance. Greater Fukuoka (福岡都市圏) with 2.5 million people (2005 Census), is part of the heavily industrialized North Kyūshū zone.

History

Fukuoka (the area of Kashii, Hakata, Sawara and Imazu) is said to be the oldest city in Japan, because it is the nearest city to China and Korea. The area around Fukuoka is among the oldest non-Jōmon settlements in Japan. Dazaifu was an administrative capital in 663 A.D., but some say [weasel words] a prehistoric capital was in the area. Ancient texts such as the Kojiki and archaeology confirm this was a very critical place in the founding of Japan. Some scholars[1] even go as far as to claim it was the first place outsiders and the Imperial Family set foot, but like many early Japan origin theories, it remains contested. See History of Japan. Fukuoka is sometimes still referred to as Hakata, the central ward of the city.

Mongol invasions (1274–1281)

Stone barrier in Fukuoka
Main article: Mongol invasions of Japan

Fukuoka's Hakata Bay is Japan's gateway to Korea and China. Gateways, of course, attract interest; after having conquered and terrorised Asia, the great Mongol Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire turned his attention to Japan starting in 1268, exerting a new external pressure on Japan with which it had no experience. Kublai Khan first sent an envoy to Japan to make the Shogunate acknowledge Khan's suzerainty. The Kamakura shogunate refused. Mongolia repeatedly sent envoys thereafter, each time urging the Shogunate to accept their proposal, but to no avail.

In 1274 Kublai Khan mounted an invasion of the northern part of Kyūshū with a fleet of 900 ships and 33,000 troops, which included troops from Goryeo on the Korean peninsula. This first invasion was compromised by a combination of incompetence and storms.

After the first invasion of 1274, Japanese samurai built a stone barrier 20 kilometers in length bordering the coast of Hakata Bay in what is now Fukuoka city. The wall, between 2–3 metres in height and having a base width of 3 metres, was constructed between 1276 and 1277 and was excavated again in the 1930s.

Kublai sent another envoy to Japan in 1279. At that time, Hōjō Tokimune of the Hōjō clan (1251–1284) was the Eighth Regent. Not only did he decline the offer, but he beheaded the five Mongolian emissaries after summoning them to Kamakura. Infuriated, Kublai made another attack on Fukuoka Prefecture in 1281, mobilizing 140,000 soldiers and 4,000 ships. The Japanese defenders, numbering around 40,000, were no match for the Mongols and the invasion force made it as far as Dazaifu, 15 kilometers south of the city of Fukuoka. However, the Japanese were aided by another typhoon which struck a crushing blow to the Mongolian troops, and the invasion was thwarted.

It was this typhoon that came to be called the Kamikaze (Divine Wind).

Formation of the modern city (1889)

The Tenjin area
Canal City Hakata

Fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerful daimyo of Chikuzen Province, and played an important part in the medieval history of Japan. The renowned temple of Tokugawa Ieyasu in the district was destroyed by fire during the Boshin war of 1868.

The modern city was formed on April 1, 1889, with the merger of the former cities of Hakata and Fukuoka. Historically, Hakata was the port and merchant district, and was more associated with the area's culture and remains the main commercial area today. On the other hand, the Fukuoka area was home to many samurai, and its name has been used since Kuroda Nagamasa, the first daimyo of Chikuzen Province, named it after his birthplace in Okayama Prefecture and the “old Fukuoka” is the main shopping area and now called Tenjin.

When Hakata and Fukuoka decided to merge, a meeting was held to decide the name for the new city. Hakata was initially chosen, but a group of samurai crashed the meeting and forced those present to choose Fukuoka as the name for the merged city. However, Hakata is still used to reference to the Hakata area of the city and, most famously, to refer to the city's train station, Hakata Station, and dialect, Hakata-ben.

20th century

ACROS International Hall, Fukuoka.
An intersection in downtown Fukuoka.
  • 1903: Fukuoka Medical College, a campus associated with Kyoto Imperial University, is founded. In 1911, the college is renamed to Kyūshū Imperial University and established as a separate entity.
  • 1910: Fukuoka streetcar service begins. (The service ran until 1979.)
  • 1929: Flights commence along the Fukuoka-Osaka-Tokyo route.
  • 1945: Saturation bombing of Japanese cities commences on Honshū with Fukuoka one of the targets. Vivisections of American POWs are performed at Kyūshū Imperial University Hospital.
  • 1947: First Fukuoka Marathon.
  • 1951: Fukuoka airport opens.
  • 1953: Fukuoka Zoo opens.
  • 1981: Subway commences service.
  • 1988: Osaka's pro baseball team, the Nankai Hawks, are moved to Fukuoka and renamed the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks. (Renamed the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks in 2004).
  • 1995: ACROS (Asian CrossRoads Over the Sea), a multipurpose convention and cultural center, is founded to encourage increased relations with other Asian countries. It is located downtown in Tenjin, and features a large park, terraced gardens, a library and other facilities for encouraging peaceful relations with other Asian cultures.[2]

21st century

  • 2005: Fukuoka city subway Nanakuma Line started operation.

Geography

Fukuoka as viewed from space.
The view downstream along the Nakagawa (Naka River) from Canal City in Hakata-ku.

Fukuoka is bordered on three sides by mountains and opens, on the north, to the Sea of Genkai. Much of the city is now built on reclaimed land, with ongoing developments in Higashi-ku building more artificial islands. [citation needed]

It is located 1,100 km from Tokyo.

Climate

Along with much of the prefecture, Fukuoka City has a moderate climate with an annual average temperature of 16.3 °C, average humidity of 70%, 1,811 annual daylight hours and 205 cm of precipitation. Roughly 40% of the year is cloudy.

Winter temperatures rarely drop below 0 °C and it rarely snows. Spring is warm and more sunny, with cherry blossoms appearing in late March or early April. The rainy season (tsuyu) lasts for approximately six weeks through June and July, during which time the humidity is very high and temperatures hover between 25 °C and 30 °C. Summers are humid and hot, with temperatures peaking around 37 °C. Fall, often considered to be Fukuoka's best season, is mild and dry, though the typhoon season runs between August and September.

Earthquakes

Main article: 2005 Fukuoka earthquake

Fukuoka is not as seismically active as many other parts of Japan, but does experience occasional earthquakes. The most powerful recent earthquake registered a lower 6 of maximum 7 of the Japanese intensity scale and hit at 10:53 am local time on March 20, Easter Sunday 2005, killing one person and injuring more than 400. The epicentre of the earthquake was in the Sea of Genkai, along a yet-undiscovered extension of the Kego fault that runs through the centre of Fukuoka. Genkai island, a part of Nishi-ku, was the most severely damaged by the earthquake and almost all island residents were forced to evacuate. Aftershocks continued intermittently throughout the following weeks as construction crews worked to rebuild damaged buildings throughout the city. Traditional Japanese houses, particularly in the areas of Daimyo and Imaizumi, were the most heavily damaged and many were marked for demolition, along with several apartment buildings. Insurance payments for damages were estimated at approximately 15.8 billion yen. [citation needed]

Fukuoka's major Kego fault, runs northwest to southeast, roughly parallel to Nishitetsu's Omuta train line, and was previously thought to be 22 km long. It is estimated to produce earthquakes as strong as magnitude 7 at the focus approximately once every 15,000 years. If the focus were located at a depth of 10 km, this would translate to an earthquake of a lower-6 magnitude (similar to the March 20, 2005 earthquake) in downtown Fukuoka if it were the epicenter. The probability of an earthquake along the known length of the Kego fault occurring within 30 years was estimated at 0.4% prior to the March 20, 2005 earthquake, but this probability has been revised upwards since. Including the new extension out into the Sea of Genkai, the Kego fault is now thought to be 40 km long.

Following reports that the city has only prepared for earthquakes up to a magnitude of 6.5, several strong aftershock renewed fears that the quakes might cause the portion of the Kego faultline that lies under the city to become active again, leading to an earthquake as big as, or bigger than, the March 20 quake.

Wards

Fukuoka has 7 wards (ku): Ward Population Land area Pop. density
as of 2004 km² per km²
Higashi-ku 275 652 66.68 4 134
Hakata-ku 190 178 31.47 6 043
Chūō-ku 163 975 15.16 10 816
Minami-ku 247 913 30.98 8 002
Jonan-ku 127 952 16.02 7 987
Sawara-ku 207 851 95.88 2 168
Nishi-ku 177 625 83.81 2 119

Demographics

Fukuoka Tower

As of May 2007, the city had an estimated population of 1,422,836 and a density of 4,184.07 persons per km². The total area is 340.60 km². With an average age of 38.6 years, Fukuoka is Japan's second youngest major city and with a growth rate of 4.4%, is also Japan's second-fastest growing city (based on 2000 census data).

Culture

Fukuoka was selected as one of Newsweek's 10 "Most Dynamic Cities" in its July 2006 issue. [citation needed] It was chosen for its central Asian location, increasing tourism and trade, and a large increase in volume at its sea and airport. Fukuoka has a diverse culture and a wide range of cultural attractions.

Tourism

Sky Dream Fukuoka, located in Fukuoka City's western ward, is one of the world's largest ferris wheels at a height of 120 meters. Fukuoka Castle located adjacent to Ohori Park features the remaining stone walls and ramparts left after a devastating fire during the upheaval of the Meiji Restoration. It has now been preserved along with some reconstructed prefabricate concrete towers constructed during the 1950s and 1960s, when there was a trend across Japan to rebuild damaged castles as tourist attractions. Ohori Park is also the location of one of Fukuoka City's major art galleries. There is a newly opened Kyushu National Museum in nearby Dazaifu.

Ohori Park, Fukuoka

The Marine Park Uminonakamichi is located on a narrow cape on the northern side of the Bay of Hakata. The park has an amusement park, petting zoo, gardens, beaches, a hotel, and a large marine aquarium.

For tourists from other parts of Japan, local foods such as mentaiko, Hakata ramen and motsunabe are associated with Fukuoka. Yatai (street stalls) serving ramen can be found in Tenjin and Nakasu most evenings.

Museums

Fukuoka Art Museum

Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize was established to honor the outstanding work of individuals or groups/organizations to preserve and create unique and diverse cultures of Asia.

Festivals

Winter View of Fukuoka from Fukuoka Tower

Fukuoka is home to many festivals that are held throughout the year. Of these, the most famous are Hakata Dontaku and Hakata Gion Yamakasa.

Yamakasa (山笠), held for two weeks each July,[3] is Fukuoka's oldest festival with a history of over 700 years.[4][5] Teams of men (no women, except small girls, are allowed), representing different districts in the city, race against the clock around a set course carrying on their shoulders floats weighing several thousand pounds. Participants all wear shimekomi (called fundoshi in other parts of Japan), which are traditional loincloths. Each day of the two-week festival period is marked by special events and practice runs, culminating in the official race that takes place the last morning before dawn. Tens of thousands line the streets to cheer on the teams. During the festival period, men can be seen walking around many parts Fukuoka in long happi coats bearing the distinctive mark of their team affiliation and traditional geta sandals. The costumes are worn with pride and are considered appropriate wear for even formal occasions, such as weddings and cocktail parties, during the festival period.

  • The uniform used during the ceremonies and preparation.
    The uniform used during the ceremonies and preparation.
  • The uniform used during the competition.
    The uniform used during the competition.

Hakata Dontaku (博多どんたく) is held in Fukuoka City on May 3 and 4. Boasting over 800 years of history, Dontaku is attended by more than 2 million people, making it the Japanese festival with the highest attendance during Japan's Golden Week holidays. During the festival, stages are erected throughout downtown for traditional performances and a parade of floats is held. The full name is Hakata Dontaku Minato Matsuri.[6]

The festival was stopped for seven years during the Meiji era, and since it was restarted in the 12th year of the Meiji era it has been known as Hakata Dontaku.

Music

Notable musical names in J-pop include Ayumi Hamasaki (allegedly Japan's richest woman), hugely popular singer/songwriter duo Chage & Aska, Misia and Yui. During the 1970s, local musicians prided themselves on their origins and dubbed their sound, Mentai Rock.

Transport

Fukuoka is served by Fukuoka Airport, the Sanyō Shinkansen high speed rail line and other JR Kyushu trains at Hakata Station and by ferry. JR Kyushu and a Korean company operate hydrofoil ferries (named Beetle and Kobee) between Hakata and Busan, South Korea. The subway opened a new line, the Nanakuma line, on February 2, 2005.

Main article: Fukuoka City Subway

Sports

Fukuoka is the home of the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks, one of Japan's top professional baseball teams. Threatened with bankruptcy and forced by its creditors to restructure, in 2004 former owner Daiei sold the Hawks to Masayoshi Son of Softbank Capital.

Fukuoka is home to a professional soccer team, Avispa Fukuoka.

Annual sporting events include:

Fukuoka had hosted

Sports teams and facilities

Club Sports League Venue Established
Fukuoka Softbank Hawks Baseball Pacific League Fukuoka Yahoo! Japan Dome 1989(year of relocation from Ōsaka as Daiei Hawks, changed to current name from 2005)
Avispa Fukuoka Football J. League Division 2 Level-5 Stadium 1995(year of relocation from Fujieda, Shizuoka as Fukuoka Blux, changed to current name from 1996)
Rizing Fukuoka Basketball bj league Accion Fukuoka 2007
Fukuoka Red Warblers Baseball Shikoku-Kyūshū Island League To be announced 2008

Top League Rugby teams: Coca Cola West Red Sparks, Kyuden Voltex

Education

Fukuoka City operates all public elementary and junior high schools, while the prefecture operates the high schools.

National Universities
Prefectural University
Private Universities
Colleges

Sister cities

Fukuoka has several sister cities:

Fukuoka City Sister Cities Committee

Fukuoka City established the Asian Pacific City Summit in 1994. It consists of 26 Asian-Pacific Cities.

Notable people from Fukuoka

Italic indicates deceased.

Fukuoka in fiction

  • In the 1995 film, Gamera: Guardian Of The Universe, Gamera's first appearance and encounter with the Gyaos after nearly 30 years takes place in Fukuoka with Gamera making landfall in Hakata Bay.
  • Excel Saga, the manga and anime, is set in a slightly fictionalized version of Fukuoka (home of the author, Rikudo Koshi) called "F City in F Prefecture" and it contains many Fukuoka in-jokes. For example, the main antagonist, Dr. Kabapu, is named for (and physically resembles) the mascot of the 1989 Asia-Pacific Expo, held in Fukuoka to commemorate the centennial of its city administration.

References

  1. ^ The Truth of Descent from Heaven. Yukio Yokota. Accessed March 19, 2008.
  2. ^ ACROS Fukuoka building, Greenlivingpedia.org, 3 May 2007
  3. ^ Hakata Gion Yamakasa Festival. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed March 19, 2008.
  4. ^ The Yamakasa. Cogito Kyushu Networks. Accessed March 19, 2008.
  5. ^ Hakata Gion Yamakasa. WebJapan. Accessed March 19, 2008.
  6. ^ Hakata Dontaku Minato Matsuri. Template:Ja icon Fukuoka Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Accessed March 19, 2008.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fukuoka, Fukuoka.
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