Wind Cave National Park: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 43°33′23″N 103°28′43″W / 43.55635°N 103.47865°W / 43.55635; -103.47865
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Information included describes native dispossession from a historical standpoint and includes important treaties involved.
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| nearest_city = [[Hot Springs, South Dakota]]
| nearest_city = [[Hot Springs, South Dakota]]
| coordinates = {{coord|43.55635|-103.47865|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|43.55635|-103.47865|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| established = January 9, 1903<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nps.gov/wica/learn/news/park-celebrates-centennial.htm#:~:text=Wind%20Cave%20National%20Park%20Superintendent%20Linda%20L.%20Stoll,with%20several%20thousand%20visitors%20attending%20the%203-day%20event. | title=Park Celebrates Centennial - Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service) }}</ref><ref name="wcnp-01">{{cite web |title=Birth of a National Park - A National Park is Created |url=https://home.nps.gov/wica/learn/historyculture/birth-of-a-national-park-a-national-park-is-created.htm |website=Wind Cave National Park |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>
| established = January 9, 1903
| area_acre = 33847
| area_acre = 33847
| area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area|year=2011|access-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
| area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area|year=2011|access-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
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| website = [https://www.nps.gov/wica/ Wind Cave National Park]
| website = [https://www.nps.gov/wica/ Wind Cave National Park]
}}{{Black Hills and Badlands}}
}}{{Black Hills and Badlands}}
''' Wind Cave National Park''' is an American [[national park]] located {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} north of the town of [[Hot Springs, South Dakota|Hot Springs]] in western [[South Dakota]]. Established on January 3, 1903 by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], it was the seventh national park and the first [[cave]] to be designated a national park anywhere in the world. The cave is notable for its [[calcite]] formations known as [[boxwork]], as well as its [[frostwork]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Springs |first=Mailing Address: 26611 US Highway 385 Hot |last2=Us |first2=SD 57747 Phone: 605 745-4600 Contact |title=Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/wica/index.htm |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> Approximately 95 percent of the world's discovered boxwork formations are found in Wind Cave. The cave is recognized as the densest cave system in the world, with the greatest passage volume per cubic mile. Wind Cave is the seventh [[List of longest caves|longest cave in the world]] with {{convert|154.2|mi|km|2}} of explored cave passageways ({{as of|2021|lc=y}}) and the third [[List of longest caves in the United States|longest cave in the United States]].<ref name="Gulden">{{cite web|last=Gulden|first=Bob|date=April 19, 2021|title=Worlds longest caves|url=http://www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm|url-status=live|access-date=September 4, 2021|work=Geo2 Committee on Long and Deep Caves|publisher=[[National Speleological Society]] (NSS)}}</ref> Above ground, the park includes the largest remaining natural mixed-grass [[prairie]] in the United States.
''' Wind Cave National Park''' is an American [[national park]] located {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} north of the town of [[Hot Springs, South Dakota|Hot Springs]] in western [[South Dakota]]. Established on January 3, 1903<ref name="wcnp-01" /> by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], it was the sixth national park in the U.S. and the first [[cave]] to be designated a national park anywhere in the world. The cave is notable for its [[calcite]] formations known as [[boxwork]], as well as its [[frostwork]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/wica/index.htm |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> Approximately 95 percent of the world's discovered boxwork formations are found in Wind Cave.
Wind Cave is one of the best known examples of a [[breathing cave]]. The cave is recognized as the densest cave system in the world, with the greatest passage volume per cubic mile. Wind Cave is the seventh [[List of longest caves|longest cave in the world]] with {{convert|154.2|mi|km|2}} of explored cave passageways ({{as of|2021|lc=y}}) and the third [[List of longest caves in the United States|longest cave in the United States]], though it is only the second longest cave in [[Custer County, South Dakota]] behind [[Jewel Cave National Monument|Jewel Cave]].<ref name="Gulden">{{cite web|last=Gulden|first=Bob|date=April 19, 2021|title=Worlds longest caves|url=http://www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm|access-date=September 4, 2021|work=Geo2 Committee on Long and Deep Caves|publisher=[[National Speleological Society]] (NSS)}}</ref> Despite the close proximity, no connection has ever been found between Wind Cave and Jewel Cave and most geologists believe the caves are not connected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esri News -- ArcNews Winter 2002/2003 Issue -- Developing a Cave Potential Map for South Dakota's Wind Cave Using GIS |url=https://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/winter0203articles/developing-a-cave.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.esri.com}}</ref> Above ground, the park includes the largest remaining natural mixed grass [[prairie]] in the United States.


==Origin of name==
==Origin of name==
The passages in the park are said to "breathe" as air continually moves into or out of them, equalizing the [[atmospheric pressure]] of the cave and the outside air. When the air pressure is higher outside the cave than inside it, air flows into the cave, raising the cave's pressure to match the outside pressure. When the air pressure inside the cave is higher than outside it, air flows out of the cave, lowering the air pressure within the cave.<ref name="brochure" /> A large cave such as Wind Cave with only a few small openings will "breathe" more obviously than a small cave with many large openings.
The passages of the cave are said to "[[Breathing cave|breathe]]" as air continually moves into or out of them, equalizing the [[atmospheric pressure]] of the cave and the outside air. When the air pressure is higher outside the cave than inside it, air flows into the cave, raising the cave's pressure to match the outside pressure. When the air pressure inside the cave is higher than outside it, air flows out of the cave, lowering the air pressure within the cave.<ref name="brochure" /> A large cave such as Wind Cave with only a few small openings will "breathe" more obviously than a small cave with many large openings.


Rapid weather changes, accompanied by rapid barometric changes, are a feature of western South Dakota weather. If a fast-moving storm was approaching on the day the Bingham brothers found the cave, the atmospheric pressure would have been dropping fast, causing the cave's higher-pressure air to rush out all available openings, creating the wind for which Wind Cave was named.
Rapid weather changes, accompanied by rapid barometric changes, are a feature of western South Dakota weather. If a fast-moving storm was approaching on the day the Bingham brothers found the cave, the atmospheric pressure would have been dropping fast, causing the cave's higher-pressure air to rush out all available openings, creating the wind for which Wind Cave was named.
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The Lakota ([[Sioux]]), an indigenous people who live in the [[Black Hills]] region of South Dakota, spoke of a hole that blew air, a place they consider [[sacred]] as the site where they first emerged from the underworld where they had lived before the [[demiurge]] [[creation myth#Lakota|creation of the world]].<ref name="NPS explorers"/> Originally called Washun Niya, Wind Cave played an important role in the traditions and culture of the Lakota people.<ref>Fritz, Jessica Garcia, and Federico Garcia Lammers. "ORIGINS FROM WIND CAVE WASHUN NIYA: SACRED SPACE AS CONTESTED TERRITORY." GENIUS LOCI: 33.</ref> The fables of these people tell the story of Tokahe, the first human to emerge from the cave, symbolizing an emergence from the underworld. His story and presence at Wind Cave is an important part of Lakota history, and heavily influences their origin story.
The Lakota ([[Sioux]]), an indigenous people who live in the [[Black Hills]] region of South Dakota, spoke of a hole that blew air, a place they consider [[sacred]] as the site where they first emerged from the underworld where they had lived before the [[demiurge]] [[creation myth#Lakota|creation of the world]].<ref name="NPS explorers"/> Originally called Washun Niya, Wind Cave played an important role in the traditions and culture of the Lakota people.<ref>Fritz, Jessica Garcia, and Federico Garcia Lammers. "ORIGINS FROM WIND CAVE WASHUN NIYA: SACRED SPACE AS CONTESTED TERRITORY." GENIUS LOCI: 33.</ref> The fables of these people tell the story of Tokahe, the first human to emerge from the cave, symbolizing an emergence from the underworld. His story and presence at Wind Cave is an important part of Lakota history, and heavily influences their origin story.


Wind Cave and other areas throughout the Black Hills were important to the native people in other ways beyond spirituality. Nicknamed, euphemistically, as a “supermarket,” the areas surrounding the cave provided abundant resources for native survival. Often during the winter seasons, such areas served as ideal spots for camps; much of the game they hunted preferred the shelter provided by the cave and made these areas ideal to become Lakota settlements and hunting grounds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albers |first=Patricia |last2=Berndt |first2=Christina |last3=Brown |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Kelly |first4=Yvonne |last5=Kittelson |first5=Vanessa |last6=Rossina |first6=Kim |last7=Schlegel |first7=Stacy |last8=Yardley |first8=Andrea |date=2003-01-01 |title=The Home of the Bison : An Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Study of Traditional Cultural Affiliations to Wind Cave National Park |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/158 |journal=U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers}}</ref>
Wind Cave and other areas throughout the Black Hills were important to the native people in other ways beyond spirituality. Nicknamed, euphemistically, as a “supermarket,” the areas surrounding the cave provided abundant resources for native survival. Often during the winter seasons, such areas served as ideal spots for camps; much of the game they hunted preferred the shelter provided by the cave and made these areas ideal to become Lakota settlements and hunting grounds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albers |first1=Patricia |last2=Berndt |first2=Christina |last3=Brown |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Kelly |first4=Yvonne |last5=Kittelson |first5=Vanessa |last6=Rossina |first6=Kim |last7=Schlegel |first7=Stacy |last8=Yardley |first8=Andrea |date=2003-01-01 |title=The Home of the Bison : An Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Study of Traditional Cultural Affiliations to Wind Cave National Park |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/158 |journal=U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers}}</ref>


The eventual dispossession of the Lakota people followed the consistent history of dispossession of indigenous peoples across the country. In 1851 a [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)|Treaty was formed at Fort Laramie]], entering the tribe into a legal relationship with the U.S. government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |title=Oníya Ošóka: The Interpretation of Oglála Lakȟóta Continuing and Historical Relational Connections at Wind Cave National Park |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60g1q0r0 |publisher=UCLA |date=2018 |language=en |first=Bear |last=Eagle}}</ref> Another [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]] in 1868 redefined and reduced the borders of Lakota land within the Black Hills.<ref name=":2" /> Article two within that treaty allowed for forts to be built within Lakota land and in 1874 General [[George Armstrong Custer|George A. Custer]] began surveying the land and mistakenly reported a significant presence of gold, despite the geologist on his team of surveyors saying there were no quantities of substance.<ref name=":2" /> Miners then began to invade the hills in search of gold, which was against the treaty with the Lakota people, though the government did little to punish such offenses. In 1875 the Lakota title to the land was deemed invalid due to their lack of structural development and supposed “wasting” of the land.<ref name=":2" /> When the [[Dawes Act]] was passed in 1877, the site was opened to settlers and effectively sealed the dispossession of the Lakota from their ancestral lands.<ref name=":2" />
The eventual dispossession of the Lakota people followed the consistent history of dispossession of indigenous peoples across the country. In 1851 a [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)|Treaty was formed at Fort Laramie]], entering the tribe into a legal relationship with the U.S. government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |title=Oníya Ošóka: The Interpretation of Oglála Lakȟóta Continuing and Historical Relational Connections at Wind Cave National Park |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60g1q0r0 |publisher=UCLA |date=2018 |language=en |first=Bear |last=Eagle}}</ref> Another [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]] in 1868 redefined and reduced the borders of Lakota land within the Black Hills.<ref name=":2" /> Article two within that treaty allowed for forts to be built within Lakota land and in 1874 General [[George Armstrong Custer|George A. Custer]] began surveying the land and mistakenly reported a significant presence of gold, despite the geologist on his team of surveyors saying there were no quantities of substance.<ref name=":2" /> Miners then began to invade the hills in search of gold, which was against the treaty with the Lakota people, though the government did little to punish such offenses. In 1875 the Lakota title to the land was deemed invalid due to their lack of structural development and supposed “wasting” of the land.<ref name=":2" /> When the [[Dawes Act]] was passed in 1877, the site was opened to settlers and effectively sealed the dispossession of the Lakota from their ancestral lands.<ref name=":2" />
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The first documented [[Discovery (observation)|discovery]] of the cave by [[white Americans]] was in 1881, when the brothers Tom and Jesse Bingham heard wind rushing out from a {{convert|10|in|cm|0|adj=on}} by {{convert|14|in|cm|0|adj=on}} hole in the ground. According to the story, when Tom looked into the hole, the wind exiting the cave blew his hat off of his head.<ref name="brochure">Wind Cave brochure, National Park Service, GPO, WDC</ref>
The first documented [[Discovery (observation)|discovery]] of the cave by [[white Americans]] was in 1881, when the brothers Tom and Jesse Bingham heard wind rushing out from a {{convert|10|in|cm|0|adj=on}} by {{convert|14|in|cm|0|adj=on}} hole in the ground. According to the story, when Tom looked into the hole, the wind exiting the cave blew his hat off of his head.<ref name="brochure">Wind Cave brochure, National Park Service, GPO, WDC</ref>


From 1881 to 1889, few people ventured far into Wind Cave. Then in 1889 the South Dakota Mining Company hired Jesse D. McDonald to oversee their mining claim on the cave site. The South Dakota Mining Company may have hoped to find valuable minerals, or it may have had commercial development of the cave in mind from the start.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nps.gov/wica/historyculture/alvin_mcdonald.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070216171023/http://www.nps.gov/wica/historyculture/alvin_mcdonald.htm| archive-date = 2007-02-16| title = Wind Cave National Park - Alvin McDonald (1873-1893) (U.S. National Park Service)}} </ref>
From 1881 to 1889, few people ventured far into Wind Cave. Then in 1889 the South Dakota Mining Company hired Jesse D. McDonald to oversee their mining claim on the cave site. The South Dakota Mining Company may have hoped to find valuable minerals, or it may have had commercial development of the cave in mind from the start.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nps.gov/wica/historyculture/alvin_mcdonald.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070216171023/http://www.nps.gov/wica/historyculture/alvin_mcdonald.htm| archive-date = 2007-02-16| title = Wind Cave National Park - Alvin McDonald (1873-1893) (U.S. National Park Service)}}</ref>


No valuable mineral deposits were found, and the McDonald family began developing the cave for tourism. Jesse initially hired his son Alvin (age 16 in 1890) and, beginning in 1891, Alvin's brother Elmer, to explore and help develop the cave.<ref>McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, pp. 20-21 and 23-25.</ref> Alvin fell in love with the cave and kept a cave diary.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nps.gov/wica/historyculture/alvin-mcdonalds-diary-text.htm| title = Alvin McDonald's Diary - Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)}} </ref> Others who worked at Wind Cave and helped explore it between 1890 and 1903 include Katie Stabler, Emma McDonald (Elmer's wife), Inez McDonald (Emma and Elmer's daughter), and Tommy McDonald (brother of Elmer and Alvin).<ref name="NPS explorers"/>
No valuable mineral deposits were found, and the McDonald family began developing the cave for tourism. Jesse initially hired his son Alvin (age 16 in 1890) and, beginning in 1891, Alvin's brother Elmer, to explore and help develop the cave.<ref>McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, pp. 20-21 and 23-25.</ref> Alvin fell in love with the cave and kept a cave diary.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nps.gov/wica/historyculture/alvin-mcdonalds-diary-text.htm| title = Alvin McDonald's Diary - Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)}}</ref> Others who worked at Wind Cave and helped explore it between 1890 and 1903 include Katie Stabler, Emma McDonald (Elmer's wife), Inez McDonald (Emma and Elmer's daughter), and Tommy McDonald (brother of Elmer and Alvin).<ref name="NPS explorers"/>


By February 1892 the cave was open for visitors;<ref>McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, p. 9</ref> the standard tour fee was apparently $1.00<ref>McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, p. 8-9</ref> (equivalent to roughly $30 in 2021). Tourists explored the cave by candlelight on guided tours. These early tours were physically demanding and sometimes involved crawling through narrow passages.
By February 1892 the cave was open for visitors;<ref>McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, p. 9</ref> the standard tour fee was apparently $1.00<ref>McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, p. 8-9</ref> (equivalent to roughly $30 in 2021). Tourists explored the cave by candlelight on guided tours. These early tours were physically demanding and sometimes involved crawling through narrow passages.
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==Flora and fauna==
==Flora and fauna==
[[File:A556, Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA, 2001.jpg|thumb|left|A [[American bison|bison]] scratches against the stone base of a park sign.]]
[[File:A556, Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA, 2001.jpg|thumb|left|A [[American bison|bison]] scratches against the stone base of a park sign.]]
Wind Cave National Park protects a [[Biodiversity|diverse ecosystem]] with eastern and western plant and animal species. Wildlife that inhabits this park include [[raccoon]]s, [[elk]], [[American bison|bison]], [[coyote]]s, [[striped skunk|skunk]]s, [[American badger|badger]]s, [[stoat|ermine]]s, [[black-footed ferret]]s, [[North American cougar|cougar]]s, [[bobcat]]s, [[red fox]]es, [[American mink|mink]]s, [[pronghorn]] and [[prairie dogs]]. The [[Wind Cave bison herd]] is one of only four free-roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three herds are the [[Yellowstone Park bison herd]], the [[Henry Mountains bison herd]] in [[Utah]], and on Elk Island in [[Alberta, Canada]]. The Wind Cave bison herd is currently [[brucellosis]]-free.<ref name="brochure" />
Wind Cave National Park protects a [[Biodiversity|diverse ecosystem]] with eastern and western plant and animal species. Wildlife that inhabits this park include [[raccoon]]s, [[elk]], [[American bison|bison]], [[coyote]]s, [[striped skunk|skunk]]s, [[American badger|badger]]s, [[stoat|ermine]]s, [[black-footed ferret]]s, [[North American cougar|cougar]]s, [[bobcat]]s, [[red fox]]es, [[American mink|mink]]s, [[whooping crane]], [[pronghorn]] and [[prairie dogs]]. The [[Wind Cave bison herd]] is one of only four free-roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three herds are the [[Yellowstone Park bison herd]], the [[Henry Mountains bison herd]] in [[Utah]], and on Elk Island in [[Alberta, Canada]]. The Wind Cave bison herd is currently [[brucellosis]]-free.<ref name="brochure" />

=== Endangered species ===
<gallery mode="packed-overlay">
File:Grus americana Sasata.jpg|Whooping Crane
File:Black footed ferret whole.jpg|Black-footed ferret
</gallery>

The black-footed ferret and whooping crane are on the endangered species list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of threatened and endangered species in National Parks |url=https://esa.npca.org/map/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Wildlife and Wild Lands |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ECOS: Species Profile |url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/758 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=ecos.fws.gov}}</ref> The whooping crane population in Wind Cave National Park is considered a non-self-sustaining wild population.<ref name=":1" />


==Climate==
==Climate==
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| Dec record high F = 66
| Dec record high F = 66
| year record high F = 105
| year record high F = 105

⚫
|Jan avg record high F = 57.5
|Feb avg record high F = 57.7
|Mar avg record high F = 69.3
|Apr avg record high F = 77.3
|May avg record high F = 84.6
|Jun avg record high F = 91.8
|Jul avg record high F = 96.0
|Aug avg record high F = 94.7
|Sep avg record high F = 91.3
|Oct avg record high F = 79.7
|Nov avg record high F = 67.2
|Dec avg record high F = 56.9
|year avg record high F = 97.7

| Jan high F = 39.7
| Jan high F = 39.7
| Feb high F = 40.7
| Feb high F = 40.7
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| Dec low F = 15.4
| Dec low F = 15.4
| year low F = 33.9
| year low F = 33.9

⚫
| Jan record low F = -21
|Jan avg record low F = -9.6
|Feb avg record low F = -8.3
|Mar avg record low F = 1.2
|Apr avg record low F = 14.6
|May avg record low F = 26.0
|Jun avg record low F = 37.6
|Jul avg record low F = 45.8
|Aug avg record low F = 42.8
|Sep avg record low F = 31.5
|Oct avg record low F = 15.1
|Nov avg record low F = 1.5
|Dec avg record low F = -7.2
|year avg record low F = -18.2

| Jan record low F = -30
| Feb record low F = -32
| Feb record low F = -32
| Mar record low F = -20
| Mar record low F = -20
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| source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web
| source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=unr
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=unr
| title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data
| title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = June 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| access-date = June 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00399347&format=pdf
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00399347&format=pdf
| title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020
| title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = June 12, 2021}}</ref>
| access-date = June 12, 2021}}</ref>
}}Throughout the years, the [[Great Plains|great plains]] have seen a considerable rise in temperature. Being that Wind Cave is located in the great plains, these temperature rises have already started to affect the park and the area around it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change - Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/wica/learn/nature/climate-change-impacts-of-warming-on-the-great-plains.htm |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> The average [[Climate change|temperature rise]] across the plains has been two degrees Fahrenheit, with some areas seeing increases as high as five degrees Fahrenheit.<ref name=":0" /> This trend is projected to cause [[drought]] like conditions in the area.<ref name=":0" />
}}


==Infrastructure==
==Infrastructure==
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The Wind Cave visitor center features three exhibit rooms about the [[geology]] of the caves and early cave history, the park's wildlife and natural history, and the work of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] in the park.
The Wind Cave visitor center features three exhibit rooms about the [[geology]] of the caves and early cave history, the park's wildlife and natural history, and the work of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] in the park.


Elk Mountain Campground, located in a [[Pinus ponderosa|ponderosa pine]] forest, is about {{convert|1.25|mi|km|1}} from the visitor center. The campground has 75 sites for tents and recreational vehicles, and is open year-round with campfire programs offered in the summer and limited services available in the winter.<ref name="brochure" />
Elk Mountain Campground, located in a [[Pinus ponderosa|ponderosa pine]] forest, is about {{convert|1.25|mi|km|1}} from the visitor center. The campground has 75 sites for tents and recreational vehicles and is open year-round with campfire programs offered in the summer and limited services available in the winter.<ref name="brochure" />


== Geology ==
== Geology ==
[[File:NPS Wind Cave NP Geologic Map.png|thumb|upright=1.75|A [[geologic map]] of the park:<br /> NPS Wind Cave National Park Geologic Map, where Mp is the Mississippian [[Pahasapa Formation|Pahasapa]] ([[Madison Limestone|Madison]]) Limestone, Phm is the Pennsylvanian [[Minnelusa Formation]], Po is the Permian [[Opeche Shale]], Pm is the [[Minnekahta Formation|Minnekahta Limestone]], TRPs is the Triassic [[Spearfish Formation]], Tw is the Tertiary [[White River Group]], while Qal and Qt are Quaternary alluvial deposits]]
[[File:NPS Wind Cave NP Geologic Map.png|thumb|upright=1.75|A [[geologic map]] of the park:<br /> NPS Wind Cave National Park Geologic Map, where Mp is the Mississippian [[Pahasapa Formation|Pahasapa]] ([[Madison Limestone|Madison]]) Limestone, Phm is the Pennsylvanian [[Minnelusa Formation]], Po is the Permian Opeche Shale, Pm is the [[Minnekahta Formation|Minnekahta Limestone]], TRPs is the Triassic [[Spearfish Formation]], Tw is the Tertiary [[White River Group]], while Qal and Qt are Quaternary alluvial deposits]]
The three levels making up the Wind Cave system are located in the upper 76 m of the [[Mississippian (geology)|Mississippian]] [[Pahasapa Formation|Pahasapa]] [[Limestone]]. Deposited in an inland sea, [[chert]], [[gypsum]], and [[anhydrite]] [[lens (geology)|lenses]] within the limestone are evidence of high periods of evaporation. When sea levels dropped at the end of the Mississippian, [[dissolution (chemistry)|dissolution]] of the limestone formed a Kaskaskia paleo[[karst]] terrain, complete with solution [[fracture (geology)|fissure]]s, [[sinkhole]]s, and caves. Thus, an [[unconformity]] exists between this limestone and the overlying [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]] Minnelusa Formation. These red sands and clays filled in cavities. Those cavities not filled in were coated in [[dogtooth spar]]. Subsequent deposition of the [[Permian]] [[Opeche Shale]], [[Permian]] [[Minnekahta Formation|Minnekahta Limestone]], [[Triassic]] [[Spearfish Formation]], and [[Tertiary]] [[White River Group]] followed. [[Paleocene]] and [[Eocene]] erosion removed these overlying sediments, in the area of the caves, down to the Minnelusa. [[Geologic uplift]] started during the [[Laramide Orogeny]], which lowered the water table, draining the cave system and enlarging it. Today the water level is 150 m below the surface, which amounts to a drop of 0.4 m every 1000 years.<ref name="KellerLynn">{{cite book|last1=KellerLynn|first1=K.|title=Wind Cave National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR-2009/087|date=2009|publisher=National Park Service|location=Denver|pages=14–15, 29–30}}</ref>
The three levels making up the Wind Cave system are located in the upper 76 m of the [[Mississippian (geology)|Mississippian]] [[Pahasapa Formation|Pahasapa]] [[Limestone]]. Deposited in an inland sea, [[chert]], [[gypsum]], and [[anhydrite]] [[lens (geology)|lenses]] within the limestone are evidence of high periods of evaporation. When sea levels dropped at the end of the Mississippian, [[dissolution (chemistry)|dissolution]] of the limestone formed a Kaskaskia paleo[[karst]] terrain, complete with solution [[fracture (geology)|fissure]]s, [[sinkhole]]s, and caves. Thus, an [[unconformity]] exists between this limestone and the overlying [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]] Minnelusa Formation. These red sands and clays filled in cavities. Those cavities not filled in were coated in [[dogtooth spar]]. Subsequent deposition of the [[Permian]] Opeche Shale, [[Permian]] [[Minnekahta Formation|Minnekahta Limestone]], [[Triassic]] [[Spearfish Formation]], and [[Tertiary]] [[White River Group]] followed. [[Paleocene]] and [[Eocene]] erosion removed these overlying sediments, in the area of the caves, down to the Minnelusa. [[Geologic uplift]] started during the [[Laramide Orogeny]], which lowered the water table, draining the cave system and enlarging it. Today the water level is 150 m below the surface, which amounts to a drop of 0.4 m every 1000 years.<ref name="KellerLynn">{{cite book|last1=KellerLynn|first1=K.|title=Wind Cave National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR-2009/087|date=2009|publisher=National Park Service|location=Denver|pages=14–15, 29–30}}</ref>


Boxwork was first noted in Wind Cave. These calcite fins were once cracks filling gypsum and anhydrite. Calcite-gypsum [[pseudomorph]]s are common. The released [[sulfuric acid]] weakened the bedrock, allowing it to weather faster than the calcite. The resultant intersecting fins form open chambers and protrude from the surrounding bedrock by amounts ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 m. Lower levels of the cave have boxworks mixed with frostwork and [[cave popcorn]]. [[Helictite]] bushes were also first discovered in Wind Cave. [[Moonmilk]] is found on many surfaces, while [[calcite rafts]] are found in the lower levels of the cave system.<ref name=KellerLynn/>{{rp|18,20–21}}
Boxwork was first noted in Wind Cave. These calcite fins were once cracks filling gypsum and anhydrite. Calcite-gypsum [[pseudomorph]]s are common. The released [[sulfuric acid]] weakened the bedrock, allowing it to weather faster than the calcite. The resultant intersecting fins form open chambers and protrude from the surrounding bedrock by amounts ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 m. Lower levels of the cave have boxworks mixed with frostwork and [[cave popcorn]]. [[Helictite]] bushes were also first discovered in Wind Cave. [[Moonmilk]] is found on many surfaces, while [[calcite rafts]] are found in the lower levels of the cave system.<ref name=KellerLynn/>{{rp|18,20–21}}
Line 205: Line 245:


During the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 Democratic Party presidential primary]] [[2020 Democratic Party presidential debates#Sixth debate (December 19, 2019)|debate on December 19, 2019]], candidate Senator [[Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign|Amy Klobuchar]] referenced the Wind Cave as part of an attack on fellow candidate Mayor [[Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign|Pete Buttigieg]], who had hosted a campaign fundraiser in a purported wine cave. Klobuchar remarked, “I came here to make a case for progress, and I have never even been to a wine cave. I’ve been to the Wind Cave in South Dakota, which I suggest you go to.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/presidential-candidate-promotes-wind-cave-during-debate/article_f8a64c30-dbc8-5f67-86ba-8e3855e03f8a.html|title = Presidential candidate promotes Wind Cave during debate}}</ref> South Dakota public figures, including the state's Representative [[Dusty Johnson]], used it to promote tourism to Wind Cave National Park.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1207854211276238850|user=RepDustyJohnson|title=For once, I agree with @amyklobuchar....|date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
During the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 Democratic Party presidential primary]] [[2020 Democratic Party presidential debates#Sixth debate (December 19, 2019)|debate on December 19, 2019]], candidate Senator [[Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign|Amy Klobuchar]] referenced the Wind Cave as part of an attack on fellow candidate Mayor [[Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign|Pete Buttigieg]], who had hosted a campaign fundraiser in a purported wine cave. Klobuchar remarked, “I came here to make a case for progress, and I have never even been to a wine cave. I’ve been to the Wind Cave in South Dakota, which I suggest you go to.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/presidential-candidate-promotes-wind-cave-during-debate/article_f8a64c30-dbc8-5f67-86ba-8e3855e03f8a.html|title = Presidential candidate promotes Wind Cave during debate}}</ref> South Dakota public figures, including the state's Representative [[Dusty Johnson]], used it to promote tourism to Wind Cave National Park.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1207854211276238850|user=RepDustyJohnson|title=For once, I agree with @amyklobuchar....|date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

The cave is featured in Dan Jorgensen's novel ''And the Wind Whispered''.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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[[Category:Civilian Conservation Corps in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Civilian Conservation Corps in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Landforms of Custer County, South Dakota]]
[[Category:Landforms of Custer County, South Dakota]]
[[Category:Sacred natural sites]]

Revision as of 01:34, 9 March 2024

For the Romanian cave also known as Wind Cave, see Peștera Vântului.
Wind Cave National Park
Boxwork formation
Map showing the location of Wind Cave National Park
Map showing the location of Wind Cave National Park
Wind Cave
Location in South Dakota
Map showing the location of Wind Cave National Park
Map showing the location of Wind Cave National Park
Wind Cave
Location in the United States
LocationCuster County, South Dakota, United States
Nearest cityHot Springs, South Dakota
Coordinates43°33′23″N 103°28′43″W / 43.55635°N 103.47865°W / 43.55635; -103.47865
Area33,847 acres (136.97 km2)[1]
EstablishedJanuary 9, 1903[2][3]
Visitors448,405 (in 2020)[4]
Governing bodyNational Park Service
WebsiteWind Cave National Park
Black Hills Badlands National Park
Southwestern South Dakota
Sculptures
Geologic and natural history
Mountains
Caves
Forests and wildernesses
Lakes
Scenic byways
Historic sites

Wind Cave National Park is an American national park located 10 miles (16 km) north of the town of Hot Springs in western South Dakota. Established on January 3, 1903[3] by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was the sixth national park in the U.S. and the first cave to be designated a national park anywhere in the world. The cave is notable for its calcite formations known as boxwork, as well as its frostwork.[5] Approximately 95 percent of the world's discovered boxwork formations are found in Wind Cave.

Wind Cave is one of the best known examples of a breathing cave. The cave is recognized as the densest cave system in the world, with the greatest passage volume per cubic mile. Wind Cave is the seventh longest cave in the world with 154.2 miles (248.16 km) of explored cave passageways (as of 2021) and the third longest cave in the United States, though it is only the second longest cave in Custer County, South Dakota behind Jewel Cave.[6] Despite the close proximity, no connection has ever been found between Wind Cave and Jewel Cave and most geologists believe the caves are not connected.[7] Above ground, the park includes the largest remaining natural mixed grass prairie in the United States.

Origin of name

The passages of the cave are said to "breathe" as air continually moves into or out of them, equalizing the atmospheric pressure of the cave and the outside air. When the air pressure is higher outside the cave than inside it, air flows into the cave, raising the cave's pressure to match the outside pressure. When the air pressure inside the cave is higher than outside it, air flows out of the cave, lowering the air pressure within the cave.[8] A large cave such as Wind Cave with only a few small openings will "breathe" more obviously than a small cave with many large openings.

Rapid weather changes, accompanied by rapid barometric changes, are a feature of western South Dakota weather. If a fast-moving storm was approaching on the day the Bingham brothers found the cave, the atmospheric pressure would have been dropping fast, causing the cave's higher-pressure air to rush out all available openings, creating the wind for which Wind Cave was named.

History

The Lakota, Cheyenne, and other Native American tribes who traveled through and made camps around the area were aware of the cave's existence, as were early Euro-American settlers, but there has been no recorded evidence discovered that anyone actually entered it.[9]

The Lakota (Sioux), an indigenous people who live in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, spoke of a hole that blew air, a place they consider sacred as the site where they first emerged from the underworld where they had lived before the demiurge creation of the world.[9] Originally called Washun Niya, Wind Cave played an important role in the traditions and culture of the Lakota people.[10] The fables of these people tell the story of Tokahe, the first human to emerge from the cave, symbolizing an emergence from the underworld. His story and presence at Wind Cave is an important part of Lakota history, and heavily influences their origin story.

Wind Cave and other areas throughout the Black Hills were important to the native people in other ways beyond spirituality. Nicknamed, euphemistically, as a “supermarket,” the areas surrounding the cave provided abundant resources for native survival. Often during the winter seasons, such areas served as ideal spots for camps; much of the game they hunted preferred the shelter provided by the cave and made these areas ideal to become Lakota settlements and hunting grounds.[11]

The eventual dispossession of the Lakota people followed the consistent history of dispossession of indigenous peoples across the country. In 1851 a Treaty was formed at Fort Laramie, entering the tribe into a legal relationship with the U.S. government.[12] Another Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 redefined and reduced the borders of Lakota land within the Black Hills.[12] Article two within that treaty allowed for forts to be built within Lakota land and in 1874 General George A. Custer began surveying the land and mistakenly reported a significant presence of gold, despite the geologist on his team of surveyors saying there were no quantities of substance.[12] Miners then began to invade the hills in search of gold, which was against the treaty with the Lakota people, though the government did little to punish such offenses. In 1875 the Lakota title to the land was deemed invalid due to their lack of structural development and supposed “wasting” of the land.[12] When the Dawes Act was passed in 1877, the site was opened to settlers and effectively sealed the dispossession of the Lakota from their ancestral lands.[12]

The first documented discovery of the cave by white Americans was in 1881, when the brothers Tom and Jesse Bingham heard wind rushing out from a 10-inch (25 cm) by 14-inch (36 cm) hole in the ground. According to the story, when Tom looked into the hole, the wind exiting the cave blew his hat off of his head.[8]

From 1881 to 1889, few people ventured far into Wind Cave. Then in 1889 the South Dakota Mining Company hired Jesse D. McDonald to oversee their mining claim on the cave site. The South Dakota Mining Company may have hoped to find valuable minerals, or it may have had commercial development of the cave in mind from the start.[13]

No valuable mineral deposits were found, and the McDonald family began developing the cave for tourism. Jesse initially hired his son Alvin (age 16 in 1890) and, beginning in 1891, Alvin's brother Elmer, to explore and help develop the cave.[14] Alvin fell in love with the cave and kept a cave diary.[15] Others who worked at Wind Cave and helped explore it between 1890 and 1903 include Katie Stabler, Emma McDonald (Elmer's wife), Inez McDonald (Emma and Elmer's daughter), and Tommy McDonald (brother of Elmer and Alvin).[9]

By February 1892 the cave was open for visitors;[16] the standard tour fee was apparently $1.00[17] (equivalent to roughly $30 in 2021). Tourists explored the cave by candlelight on guided tours. These early tours were physically demanding and sometimes involved crawling through narrow passages.

Like the nearby Jewel Cave National Monument, currently the third longest cave in the world, Herb and Jan Conn played an important role in cave exploration during the 1960s.[18]

Flora and fauna

A bison scratches against the stone base of a park sign.

Wind Cave National Park protects a diverse ecosystem with eastern and western plant and animal species. Wildlife that inhabits this park include raccoons, elk, bison, coyotes, skunks, badgers, ermines, black-footed ferrets, cougars, bobcats, red foxes, minks, whooping crane, pronghorn and prairie dogs. The Wind Cave bison herd is one of only four free-roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three herds are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd in Utah, and on Elk Island in Alberta, Canada. The Wind Cave bison herd is currently brucellosis-free.[8]

Endangered species

  • Whooping Crane
    Whooping Crane
  • Black-footed ferret
    Black-footed ferret

The black-footed ferret and whooping crane are on the endangered species list.[19][20] The whooping crane population in Wind Cave National Park is considered a non-self-sustaining wild population.[20]

Climate

Climate data for Wind Cave, South Dakota (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1990–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 69
(21) 		69
(21) 		77
(25) 		89
(32) 		92
(33) 		102
(39) 		105
(41) 		101
(38) 		103
(39) 		89
(32) 		76
(24) 		66
(19) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 57.5
(14.2) 		57.7
(14.3) 		69.3
(20.7) 		77.3
(25.2) 		84.6
(29.2) 		91.8
(33.2) 		96.0
(35.6) 		94.7
(34.8) 		91.3
(32.9) 		79.7
(26.5) 		67.2
(19.6) 		56.9
(13.8) 		97.7
(36.5)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.7
(4.3) 		40.7
(4.8) 		50.0
(10.0) 		57.7
(14.3) 		66.4
(19.1) 		77.4
(25.2) 		84.7
(29.3) 		83.6
(28.7) 		76.2
(24.6) 		61.4
(16.3) 		48.4
(9.1) 		39.4
(4.1) 		60.5
(15.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 27.2
(−2.7) 		28.1
(−2.2) 		36.8
(2.7) 		44.3
(6.8) 		53.7
(12.1) 		63.8
(17.7) 		70.7
(21.5) 		69.2
(20.7) 		61.2
(16.2) 		47.7
(8.7) 		35.9
(2.2) 		27.4
(−2.6) 		47.2
(8.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 14.8
(−9.6) 		15.5
(−9.2) 		23.7
(−4.6) 		30.9
(−0.6) 		40.9
(4.9) 		50.1
(10.1) 		56.6
(13.7) 		54.9
(12.7) 		46.2
(7.9) 		34.0
(1.1) 		23.4
(−4.8) 		15.4
(−9.2) 		33.9
(1.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −9.6
(−23.1) 		−8.3
(−22.4) 		1.2
(−17.1) 		14.6
(−9.7) 		26.0
(−3.3) 		37.6
(3.1) 		45.8
(7.7) 		42.8
(6.0) 		31.5
(−0.3) 		15.1
(−9.4) 		1.5
(−16.9) 		−7.2
(−21.8) 		−18.2
(−27.9)
Record low °F (°C) −30
(−34) 		−32
(−36) 		−20
(−29) 		1
(−17) 		15
(−9) 		30
(−1) 		38
(3) 		31
(−1) 		23
(−5) 		−2
(−19) 		−15
(−26) 		−27
(−33) 		−32
(−36)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.45
(11) 		0.70
(18) 		1.07
(27) 		2.32
(59) 		3.74
(95) 		3.29
(84) 		3.01
(76) 		2.30
(58) 		1.53
(39) 		1.55
(39) 		0.71
(18) 		0.53
(13) 		21.20
(538)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.3
(16) 		7.1
(18) 		9.6
(24) 		7.8
(20) 		0.9
(2.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		2.1
(5.3) 		4.4
(11) 		7.5
(19) 		45.9
(117)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.5 5.8 6.0 9.4 11.2 11.4 9.7 8.5 6.3 7.0 4.1 3.8 87.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.9 4.9 3.5 2.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 2.7 3.6 23.1
Source: NOAA[21][22]

Throughout the years, the great plains have seen a considerable rise in temperature. Being that Wind Cave is located in the great plains, these temperature rises have already started to affect the park and the area around it.[23] The average temperature rise across the plains has been two degrees Fahrenheit, with some areas seeing increases as high as five degrees Fahrenheit.[23] This trend is projected to cause drought like conditions in the area.[23]

Infrastructure

Several roads run through the park and there are 30 miles (48 km) of hiking trails on the surface. The park had an estimated 656,397 visitors in 2018.[4] More than 109,000 people toured the cave itself in 2015, the most since 1968 before cave tours were limited to 40 people each.[24]

The Wind Cave visitor center features three exhibit rooms about the geology of the caves and early cave history, the park's wildlife and natural history, and the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps in the park.

Elk Mountain Campground, located in a ponderosa pine forest, is about 1.25 miles (2.0 km) from the visitor center. The campground has 75 sites for tents and recreational vehicles and is open year-round with campfire programs offered in the summer and limited services available in the winter.[8]

Geology

A geologic map of the park:
NPS Wind Cave National Park Geologic Map, where Mp is the Mississippian Pahasapa (Madison) Limestone, Phm is the Pennsylvanian Minnelusa Formation, Po is the Permian Opeche Shale, Pm is the Minnekahta Limestone, TRPs is the Triassic Spearfish Formation, Tw is the Tertiary White River Group, while Qal and Qt are Quaternary alluvial deposits

The three levels making up the Wind Cave system are located in the upper 76 m of the Mississippian Pahasapa Limestone. Deposited in an inland sea, chert, gypsum, and anhydrite lenses within the limestone are evidence of high periods of evaporation. When sea levels dropped at the end of the Mississippian, dissolution of the limestone formed a Kaskaskia paleokarst terrain, complete with solution fissures, sinkholes, and caves. Thus, an unconformity exists between this limestone and the overlying Pennsylvanian Minnelusa Formation. These red sands and clays filled in cavities. Those cavities not filled in were coated in dogtooth spar. Subsequent deposition of the Permian Opeche Shale, Permian Minnekahta Limestone, Triassic Spearfish Formation, and Tertiary White River Group followed. Paleocene and Eocene erosion removed these overlying sediments, in the area of the caves, down to the Minnelusa. Geologic uplift started during the Laramide Orogeny, which lowered the water table, draining the cave system and enlarging it. Today the water level is 150 m below the surface, which amounts to a drop of 0.4 m every 1000 years.[25]

Boxwork was first noted in Wind Cave. These calcite fins were once cracks filling gypsum and anhydrite. Calcite-gypsum pseudomorphs are common. The released sulfuric acid weakened the bedrock, allowing it to weather faster than the calcite. The resultant intersecting fins form open chambers and protrude from the surrounding bedrock by amounts ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 m. Lower levels of the cave have boxworks mixed with frostwork and cave popcorn. Helictite bushes were also first discovered in Wind Cave. Moonmilk is found on many surfaces, while calcite rafts are found in the lower levels of the cave system.[25]: 18, 20–21 

In popular culture

During the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary debate on December 19, 2019, candidate Senator Amy Klobuchar referenced the Wind Cave as part of an attack on fellow candidate Mayor Pete Buttigieg, who had hosted a campaign fundraiser in a purported wine cave. Klobuchar remarked, “I came here to make a case for progress, and I have never even been to a wine cave. I’ve been to the Wind Cave in South Dakota, which I suggest you go to.”[26] South Dakota public figures, including the state's Representative Dusty Johnson, used it to promote tourism to Wind Cave National Park.[27]

The cave is featured in Dan Jorgensen's novel And the Wind Whispered.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 7, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
  2. ^ "Park Celebrates Centennial - Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)".
  3. ^ a b "Birth of a National Park - A National Park is Created". Wind Cave National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  5. ^ "Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  6. ^ Gulden, Bob (April 19, 2021). "Worlds longest caves". Geo2 Committee on Long and Deep Caves. National Speleological Society (NSS). Retrieved September 4, 2021.
  7. ^ "Esri News -- ArcNews Winter 2002/2003 Issue -- Developing a Cave Potential Map for South Dakota's Wind Cave Using GIS". www.esri.com. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  8. ^ a b c d Wind Cave brochure, National Park Service, GPO, WDC
  9. ^ a b c National Park Service: Early cave explorers
  10. ^ Fritz, Jessica Garcia, and Federico Garcia Lammers. "ORIGINS FROM WIND CAVE WASHUN NIYA: SACRED SPACE AS CONTESTED TERRITORY." GENIUS LOCI: 33.
  11. ^ Albers, Patricia; Berndt, Christina; Brown, Elizabeth; Kelly, Yvonne; Kittelson, Vanessa; Rossina, Kim; Schlegel, Stacy; Yardley, Andrea (2003-01-01). "The Home of the Bison : An Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Study of Traditional Cultural Affiliations to Wind Cave National Park". U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers.
  12. ^ a b c d e Eagle, Bear (2018). Oníya Ošóka: The Interpretation of Oglála Lakȟóta Continuing and Historical Relational Connections at Wind Cave National Park (Thesis). UCLA.
  13. ^ "Wind Cave National Park - Alvin McDonald (1873-1893) (U.S. National Park Service)". Archived from the original on 2007-02-16.
  14. ^ McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, pp. 20-21 and 23-25.
  15. ^ "Alvin McDonald's Diary - Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)".
  16. ^ McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, p. 9
  17. ^ McDonald, Alvin Frank. A Private Account of A. F. McDonald, Permanent Guide of Wind Cave (a.k.a. "Alvin McDonald Diary," written 1891-1893). Facsimile ed., no pub. data. Sold through Wind Cave National Park. Financial entries, p. 8-9
  18. ^ Higbee, paul (January 1998). "Explorers of an Unseen World". South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  19. ^ "Map of threatened and endangered species in National Parks". Wildlife and Wild Lands. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  20. ^ a b "ECOS: Species Profile". ecos.fws.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  21. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  22. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c "Climate Change - Wind Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  24. ^ Kent, Jim (January 19, 2016). "Wind Cave Numbers Highest In 40 Years". South Dakota Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  25. ^ a b KellerLynn, K. (2009). Wind Cave National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR-2009/087. Denver: National Park Service. pp. 14–15, 29–30.
  26. ^ "Presidential candidate promotes Wind Cave during debate".
  27. ^ @RepDustyJohnson (December 20, 2019). "For once, I agree with @amyklobuchar..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_Cave_National_Park&oldid=1212675598"