Älvdalisch
| Älvdalisch | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
 Sweden ( Älvdalen )
|
|
| speaker | 2400 (2010) | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-3 |
ovd |
|
Elfdalian ( Swedish älvdalska , historically elfdalska or älvdalsmål; Elfdalian övdalską or dalska ) is now used by about 2,000 to 2,500 people in the old Swedish parish ( socks ) Älvdalen , the southern part of the municipality of Älvdalen in the province of Dalarna spoken.
status
Älvdalisch is by the majority regarded as a Swedish dialect and traditionally assigned to Svealandisch, but it also has western Nordic traits. Due to its typological independence, which is based on many archaisms as well as many neologisms, some linguists today regard it as a separate language . Of the latter, Älvdalisch is assigned to a different branch of the Scandinavian languages than standard Swedish , namely Dalekarlischen (alternative name / Swedish Dalmål ). The gap between Älvdal and Standard Swedish is larger than the gap between Norwegian , Danish, and Swedish.
Today, Älvdalisch is undergoing a process of revitalization, with children's books appearing in this language, cultural events taking place and language courses being offered. There is a standardized orthography that was established in 2005 by Råðdjärum, the Alvdalian language council. In the language area, street names have been signposted in both languages since 2008. In 2015 (modified in 2016), the ISO-639-3 code ovdfor Älvdalian was given under the name Elfdalian / Övdalian (corresponding to the English forms of the historical Swedish and Elvdalian names).
Nevertheless, Alvdalian does not have the status of a minority language in Sweden so far (as of 2017), despite several initiatives in this regard since 2006.
Alphabet and Phonology
The Alvdal alphabet has 36 letters. The language has a rich vowel inventory. The 9 basic vowels a, e, i, o, u, y, å, ä and ö can be pronounced long and short. In addition, a, e, i, u, y and å in the nasalized versions ą, ę, į, ų, y̨ and ą̊, whereby these can also all be pronounced short or long except for ę and y̨. In addition, there are other vowels in diphthongs and triphthongs . There are a total of 37 different vowels and 24 consonants.
| Letter | pronunciation | annotation |
|---|---|---|
| Aa | / ɑ /, / ɑː / | in diphthongs / a / |
| Ąą | / ɑ̃ /, / ɑ̃ː / | in diphthongs / ã / |
| Port | / b / | |
| Cc | / k /, / s / | occurs only in foreign words |
| Dd | / d / | |
| Đð | / ð / | |
| Ee | / e /, / eː / | |
| Ęę | / ẽː / | |
| Ff | / f / | |
| Gg | / g /, / ɣ / | <ng> = / ŋ / |
| Hh | /H/ | |
| Ii | / i /, / iː / | |
| Įį | / ĩ /, / ĩː / | |
| Yy | / y / | after <d> and <t> / z /, / ʒ / or / s /, / ʃ / |
| Kk | / k / | |
| Ll | / ɭ /, / lː / | <sl> = / l̪ / |
| Mm | / m / | |
| Nn | / n / | <ng> = / ŋ / |
| Oo | / o /, / oː / | in di- and triphthongs / ɵ / |
| Pp | / p / | |
| / k / | occurs only in foreign words | |
| Rr | / r / | |
| Ss | / s / | <sl> = / l̪ / |
| Tt | / t / | |
| Uu | / ʉ /, / ʉː / | in di- and triphthongs / u / |
| Ųų | / ʉ̃ /, / ʉ̃ː / | in di- and triphthongs / ũ / |
| Vv | / v / | |
| Ww | / w / | |
| Xx | / ks / | occurs only in foreign words |
| Yy | / ʏ /, / ʏː / | in diphthongs / y / |
| Y̨y̨ | / ʏ̃ / | in diphthongs / ỹ / |
| Currently | / s / | occurs only in foreign words |
| Åå | / ɔ /, / ɔː / | |
| Ą̊ą̊ | / ɔ̃ /, / ɔ̃ː / | |
| Ää | / æ /, / æː / | |
| Öö | / œ /, / œː / | in the diphthong <yö> / ø /, / øː / |
| bilabial | labiodental | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | |
| Plosives | p | b | t | d | k | G | ||||||||||||
| Fricatives | f | v | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ɣ | H | |||||||||
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||||||
| Vibrants | r | |||||||||||||||||
| Approximants | j | w | ||||||||||||||||
| lateral approximants | l̪ | l | ɭ | |||||||||||||||
| front | almost in front | central | almost in the back | back | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | ◯ | - | ◯ | - | ◯ | - | ◯ | - | ◯ | ||||||||||||
| k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | k. | l. | ||
| closed | unnasaled | i | iː | y | yː | ʉ | ʉː | u | |||||||||||||
| nasalized | ĩ | ĩː | ʉ̃ | ʉ̃ː | ũ | ||||||||||||||||
| almost closed | unnasaled | ʏ | ʏː | ||||||||||||||||||
| nasalized | ʏ̃ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| half closed | unnasaled | e | eː | O | O | ɵ | O | O | |||||||||||||
| nasalized | ẽ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| medium | unnasaled | ||||||||||||||||||||
| nasalized | |||||||||||||||||||||
| half open | unnasaled | œ | œː | ɔ | ɔː | ||||||||||||||||
| nasalized | ɔ̃ | ɔ̃ː | |||||||||||||||||||
| almost open | unnasaled | æ | æː | ||||||||||||||||||
| nasalized | |||||||||||||||||||||
| open | unnasaled | a | ɑ | ɑː | |||||||||||||||||
| nasalized | ã | ɑ̃ | ɑ̃ː | ||||||||||||||||||
Web links
- Älvdalisch at Ethnologue (English)
- Älvdalisch at omniglot
- Language examples (Swedish)
- Endangered languages in Europe - Älvdalisch (PDF; 406 kB)
- Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln . ( Memento from July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 508 kB; Swedish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Östen Dahl: Att sätta älvdalskan på kartan. (PDF) In: Rapport från Fuost konferensn um övdalskų. Uppsala Universitet, May 3, 2005, archived from the original on July 22, 2011 ; accessed on February 15, 2010 (Swedish, "Putting Elfdalian on the map" - English title).
- ↑ Älvdalisch (ovd) at SIL International (English)