Eve
As evening ( ahd. Âpand , Abant , âbunt ; mhd. Åbent ), the latter part refers to the day, a part of the day between afternoon and night .
With the previous evening , an evening is related to the following day; traditionally especially before a festival , especially before a saint or church festival . The composition Saturday denotes a day of the week , synonymous with Saturday , earlier the word, like sunnanæfen in Old English, had the meaning " Sunday evening before ". In addition, there are a number of word compositions in German as well as idioms that take up evening as a concept of time or with concepts derived from it or with transferred meanings.
Out of date - especially in literary poetry , but also used in nautical science or spherical astrononomy - evening is also referred to as the direction of the sunset , the west (see: Occident, Occident or regions of the world , astronomical: West or evening point , evening distance ) .
etymology
The origin of the word evening can be traced back to Old High German as āband in the 9th century . In Middle High German developed åbent . The word formation is on the West Germanic form āfanþija * , * āfanðija due extending from North Germanic (equivalents altnordisch aptann , Swedish Afton , Danish aften ) by the absence of Dentals and the length of Anlauts differs. A relationship with Greek epí (ἐπί) 'auf', opsé (ὀψέ) 'late' is considered likely , which is based on Indo-European * epi , * opi for 'close to, on, behind'. Evening in the sense of 'West, Occident' became popular according to the position of the sun , in isolated cases as early as the end of the 14th century in Central German under the influence of the Latin vesper for 'evening, evening area, west' and since the beginning of the 16th century especially by Luther .
Concepts of time
Evening as time of day
Evening - as an adverb also in the evening - describes a time of day as an approximate time span towards the end of the day. The end of the bright day is sunset , the time of which depends on the location and the season . The length of day and the duration of twilight varies in moderate geographical latitudes . In early New High German , the evening period meant the "time of day between the end of the day's work and the beginning of the night's rest". Today's concept of time in the evening as - according to the Duden - “time of day around twilight, getting dark before the start of the night”, is also oriented towards the end of the bright day. In common usage, a distinction is made between an early and a late evening, which can last well into the night and often includes a social get-together.
In antiquity, such as in the Roman Empire , both night and day were usually divided into twelve temporal hours, the length of which was adapted to the duration of the light day over the course of the year. The twelve hours of the day were grouped into four sections: the morning (mane) , the morning (ad meridiem) , the afternoon (de meridie) and the evening (suprema) . The evening spanned the period from the beginning of the tenth hour to the end of the twelfth hour, sunset. The four sections of the day were publicly proclaimed in Rome by officials of the consuls. In the late Middle Ages, with the invention of the clock, the equinox became established in Europe, which resulted in an adjustment of the hour counting that was independent of the seasons .
Similar to the Romance languages, especially in the West and South German language areas, the evening was understood as the last part of the bright day, while the time after dark was called night . In northern and central German language evening could also mean the early hours of the night. In the Goethe dictionary, for example, it says "especially in the social field, the evening extends into the time of darkness, but is not interchangeable with it like ' night '."
Evening as a whole day
Christianity
With evening or Hebrew Erev sometimes even in our time, a whole day designated. Examples of this are the concept of Saturday before the highest day of the week in Christianity, Sunday , or Christmas Eve , the day before Christmas . The term then refers to the vigil of a high feast that liturgically begins with the first Vespers or a night watch, the vigil .
In English this usage for evening or evening before ( English eve ) has been preserved in several places. So at Halloween , on All Hallows' Eve , the day before All Saints Day , or New Year's Eve for New Year's Eve .
In the Middle Ages, the term evening ("am avende von" or the synonyms Vigilia or Pridie ) was used as a term for the vigil before a festival in the church year, both in colloquial language and in documentary language to denote the entire preceding day. During the Middle Ages, “on the avende of Magareten” meant “on July 12th” and not “on the evening of July 13th” in most dioceses .
Judaism
Erev Shabbat
Ma'ariv (Hebrew מעריב) is the first significant word of the Jewish evening prayer. It's from Erev , in Hebrew ערב derived for "evening".
The eve of the Jewish feast days, Hebrew Erev ( Hebrew ערב"Evening") and Aramaic Aruvta mean "evening". Erev in particular is used in the sense of eve in combination with feast days, so Erev Shabbat means eve of the Sabbath . Colloquially, a day preceding the Sabbath or feast day can also be meant.
On the Erev Shabbat , that is, on Friday until nightfall, the Shabbat is prepared in Jewish households. The eve of Shabbat plays an important role in attuning to Shabbat.
Erev Passover
The pre-Passover festival is a busy time in preparation for the Passover festival, of which the first and last days of Passover are major holidays that avoid all weekday work. The Erev Passover serves in particular to prepare for the Seder evening .
Derived terms
The evening is often used metaphorically or literarily for the end of a period, an era or an age. Thus, the designated closing time , the rest of the daily working. The period of a person's life that they spend in retirement is poetically referred to as end of life . In addition, the period immediately before a significant historical event is referred to as its eve, such as the eve of the Battle of Waterloo or the eve of the October Revolution. On the other hand, pre-evening also refers to the late afternoon and early evening, in terms such as pre-evening program .
In the cultural field, art forms developed, such as in the music serenade , evening music , nocturne and last but not least, derived from the soldierly term Zapfenstreich, the so-called Great Zapfenstreich as a military ceremony. An evening party is also known as a soirée . Further derived terms are also evening wear or evening dress for a dress code for festive occasions taking place in the evening.
See also
- Evening first and evening last
- Lord's Supper (disambiguation)
- end of working day
- Day-night border
literature
- Ignaz Bernstein : Jewish proverbs and sayings . J. Kauffmann , 2nd edition Frankfurt a. M. 1908
- Georg Herlitz and Bruno Kirschner: Jüdisches Lexikon : an encyclopedic manual of Jewish knowledge in four volumes . Jewish publishing house 1927
- Leo Hirsch : Jewish faith world . Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1966
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ EVENING, m. . In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm : German Dictionary . Hirzel, Leipzig 1854–1961 ( woerterbuchnetz.de , University of Trier).
- ^ Entry on Saturday in Duden (online); accessed on January 23, 2019
- ↑ SUNDAY, m. . In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm : German Dictionary . Hirzel, Leipzig 1854–1961 ( woerterbuchnetz.de , University of Trier).
- ↑ evening in duden.de; accessed on January 25, 2019
- ↑ evening in DWDS ; accessed on January 24, 2019
- ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon 1905 (entry evening in: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1905) on Zeno.org
- ^ Evening , in: Wolfgang Pfeifer et al., Etymological Dictionary of German (1993), digitized and revised version in the Digital Dictionary of the German Language ; accessed on January 24, 2019
- ↑ evening In: Early New High German Dictionary of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen; accessed on January 8, 2019
- ↑ Evening In: Duden.de; accessed on January 8, 2019
- ↑ late evening , duden.de; accessed on January 23, 2019
- ↑ Wolfgang Trapp : Small manual of the dimensions, numbers, weights and the time calculation . Philipp Reclam, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-89836-198-5 , p. 53.
- ↑ evening ; In: Goethe dictionary. Ed. V. of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences [up to vol. 1, 6th line: German Academy of Sciences in Berlin; to vol. 3, 4th line: Academy of Sciences of the GDR], the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen and the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences. Stuttgart 1978-. In: Dictionarynetz.de of the University of Trier
- ↑ See A. von Brandt: Tool of the Historian. An Introduction to the Historical Auxiliary Sciences, 1960, p. 45.
- ^ "Ma'ariv - Synonym: Arawit ; the evening prayer" Mauricio Manuel Dessauer, Ulrich Michael Lohse: Everything you always wanted to know about Judaism - and didn't dare to ask . Pelican Pub., Fehmarn 2006, ISBN 978-3-934522-13-8 , p. 88.
- ↑ Living Jewish: values, practices and traditions By Berel Wein, page 88
- ↑ " Erew -" evening ", commonly used in the sense of the evening before, for example Shabbat or a feast day; colloquially the day preceding a Shabbat or feast day." Mauricio Manuel Dessauer, Ulrich Michael Lohse: Everything you always wanted to know about Judaism - and didn't dare to ask . Pelican Pub., Fehmarn 2006, ISBN 978-3-934522-13-8 , p. 46.
- ↑ "The apartment is set up like at a party, all equipment is cleaned and the table is set in white. You bathe and put on fresh clothes from head to toe if possible. You put money and whatever else in your pockets out and about prepare in every way for the Shabbat, which is not hurried and not worked, where there is no business and no everyday care. " Leo Hirsch: Jewish faith world . C. Bertelsmann, 1966, ISBN B0089UVW78, p. 86.
- ↑ Berel Wine, Special Time. What Friday afternoon contributes to the atmosphere of Shabbat , in: Jüdische Allgemeine, May 22, 2008
- ↑ Pre- evening program , duden.de; accessed on January 23, 2019.
