Alkatiri (family)
The Alkatiri family is an Arab family in East Timor , several of whom have descended from Amude Alkatiri have played various important roles in the country since the 1970s. The most prominent member of the family is Marí Bin Amude Alkatiri , who was East Timor's Prime Minister twice .
history
origin
The Kathiri are one of the largest and most famous tribes in Yemen . This tribe moved from Sanaa to Hadramaut in the 15th century , where they founded the Kathiri Sultanate . The sultanate went under at the end of the British colonial period and became part of the Republic of South Yemen in 1967.
The Hadramis formed trade networks from the east coast of Africa to the Malay Archipelago . When the political order collapsed in Hadramaut, many Arabs emigrated from there and settled around the Indian Ocean in those places where they had traded for centuries. Here they mingled with the local population, founded schools for religious and secular instruction, and had an influence not only in trade but also in the Islam of Southeast Asia.
In the 19th century, Hadhramis, who had already partially mixed with the Southeast Asian population, also settled in the Portuguese Timor colony . But their number remained small. In 1949 the Arab community in the colony numbered 146. The Arabs founded their own district of the capital Dili in Kampung Alor .
As traders, the Alkatiris competed with the Chinese community in Timor , which is why the Arab newcomers switched to agriculture. The first generation still bought land in neighboring Fatuhada Land and the family now lived from growing rice.
Colonial and occupation times
During the Japanese occupation (1942–1945), parts of the Arab community collaborated with the invaders. After the restoration of Portuguese rule, some Arabs showed sympathy for the new, predominantly Muslim neighboring state of Indonesia . At the end of the colonial period, the Alkatiri family had both supporters of an annexation of East Timor to Indonesia and members of the left-wing FRETILIN , which was striving for an independent state. Indonesian intrigues led to the civil war in East Timor in 1975 , from which FRETILIN emerged victorious. It proclaimed independence on November 28, 1975 , and Indonesia occupied the country nine days later. A guerrilla war raged for 24 years until East Timor came under UN administration in 1999 and was finally given independence in 2002. The Alkatiris remained Muslim, even if East Timor is now almost entirely Catholic.
Prominent members of the family
The immigrants in the 19th century also included the two third-generation grandfathers who came directly from Hadramaut. The grandmothers were Timorese from Maubara (the wife of Azan bin Umar Al-Katiri) and Venilale . Azan donated the land for the Annur Mosque , today's main mosque in East Timor. The father Amude (also written as Hamud ) Alkatiri was considered impoverished and had a total of six sons and five sisters. In addition, there were other siblings from the first marriage, so that Amude had 18 children, all of whom grew up with him. All children of Amude Alkatiri and his second wife survived the Indonesian occupation.
Marí Bin Amude Alkatiri (* 1949) campaigned for the colony's independence from an early age. From 1970 he studied in Angola and Mozambique and then worked in Dili as an administrative officer in the building department. Marí became a founding member of FRETILIN and Secretary for Political Affairs in 1974. After independence was proclaimed, he became Minister for Political Affairs in the Cabinet . Even before the Indonesian invasion , Marí traveled abroad to solicit support for the new state. He now lived in Mozambique. From 1977 he was foreign minister of the government in exile. After the United Nations took control of East Timor , Marí returned to East Timor. He became economics minister in the first interim government of East Timor , chief minister in the second interim government and after being released from independence from 2002 prime minister until 2006. He held the office again from 2017 to 2018.
Marí Alkatiri is married to the Catholic Timoresin Marina Ribeiro Alkatiri . Between 2009 and 2014 she was the ambassador for East Timor in Mozambique . Their daughter, Nurima Ribeiro Alkatiri (* 1982), entered the East Timorese national parliament in 2017 . Nurima has two younger brothers, Lukeno and Solok .
Marí's brother Ali bin Amude Alkatiri (1945–2017) became a member of the Central Committee of FRETILIN (CCF) in 1975 and took part in the fight against the Indonesian occupation.
The two years younger brother Djafar Bin Amude Alkatiri (* 1947) was East Timorese ambassador to Malaysia from 2002 to 2004 . Djafar is owned by Tafui Oil Company Ltd. , which was commissioned by the Marí Alkatiris government to supply fuel for the East Timorese electricity works, which led to allegations of nepotism.
Djafar's daughter Nur Aini Djafar Alkatiri is a tax officer and currently (as of 2019) Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of East Timor .
Tomás Bin Amude Alkatiri is another son of Amude Alkatiri and is married to the sister-in-law of the politician and freedom fighter Nicolau dos Reis Lobato . Nevertheless, he was an ardent supporter of APODETI , which sought to connect East Timor to Indonesia.
The brother Ahmad Alkatiri was head of the East Timorese branch of the pro-Jakarta youth organization Pemuda Pancasila during the occupation . Ahmad is the owner of the Hidayat company , which built the new military barracks in Baucau .
The youngest of the brothers, Bader bin Amude Alkatiri, is the owner of Cavalo Bravo PTY , which in the first years of independent East Timor took care of arms imports for the East Timorese National Police (PTL) and the East Timorese Defense Forces (F-FDTL). The company registration also lists the import of heavy weapons such as tanks, helicopters and boats, but according to Bader, his company only imported ammunition for the police. Bader also received orders for road construction from the government. During riots in December 2002, Bader's house, like Marí's, was burned down by demonstrators.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c ETAN East Timor's Premier Has Arab Ancestry
- ↑ a b c d e f Melissa Johnston: A 'Muslim'Leader of a' Catholic'Nation? Mari Alkatiri's Arab-Islamic Identity and its (Inter-) National Contestations , 2012.
- ↑ Geoffrey C. Gunn: History of Timor , p. 133 , available from the Centro de Estudos sobre África, Ásia e América Latina , CEsA of the TU Lisbon (PDF file; 805 kB).
- ^ Gunn, p. 123.
- ^ School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS): ASDT
- ↑ Timor Agora: Nurima Alkatiri: “Ha'u-nia Mehi atu Kontribui…” , October 2, 2017 , accessed on October 4, 2017.
- ↑ STL Online: Fretilin Lakon tan Figura Diak Ida , September 18, 2017 .
- ↑ UNMIT Daily Media Review October 30, 2007: Fretilin rejects Kristy Sword to be Ambassador , accessed May 4, 2020.
- ↑ Government of East Timor: REPÚBLICA DE TIMOR-LESTE Democratica, GABINETE DO Primeiro-MINISTRO, Press Conference: Food Security - The Facts Food Security - The Facts , July 9th 2008 , accessed on 4 May 2020th
- ^ A b Ruth Elizabeth Nuttall: The Origins and Onset of the 2006 Crisis in Timor-Leste , February 2007, The Australian National University , accessed May 4, 2020.
- ^ Central Bank of East Timor: Organization , accessed May 4, 2020.
- ↑ a b George J. Aditjondro: Self-Determination under Globalization: Timor Loro Sa'e's transformation from Jakarta's colony to a global capitalist outpost , Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Newcastle, Australia in December 1999.
- ↑ The Sydney Morning Herald: Timor minister equipped police as private army , June 19, 2006 , accessed May 5, 2020.
- ↑ Publico: Governo de Timor nega monopólio de armas de Bader Alkatiri , July 8, 2005 , accessed on May 5, 2020.
- ^ Damien Kingsbury: East Timor: The Price of Liberty , Springer 2009. Limited preview in the Google book search.
- ↑ RTP: Irmão do primeiro-ministro de Timor-Leste nega ilegalidades em negócio de armas , July 7, 2005 , accessed on May 5, 2020.
- ^ The Age: Australian on Timor theft counts , August 3, 2003 , accessed May 5, 2020.