Bertrand de Déaulx

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Bertrand de Déaux.jpg

Bertrand de Déaulx (or Deaux , also Deux ; Latin Bertrandus de Deucio , † October 21, 1355 in Avignon ) was a French bishop, diplomat and cardinal. He was probably born around 1290 in Castrum de Blandiaco ( Blauzac ) in the diocese of Uzès or in Deaux . Trained as a lawyer, he worked in the papal courts and became an arbitrator and diplomat of the papacy. He had several assignments in Italy and one in Catalonia. He was responsible for the reorganization of the University of Montpellier and the issuing of revised statutes.

Life

As a young man, Bertrand worked at the parish church of S. Marcel de Carretret, but received an exemption from his bishop for a seven-year absence to continue his education on the condition that he be ordained a subdeacon within a year. On September 16, 1312 Pope Clement V granted him an extension of another seven years at the request of Bertrand's uncle Guillaume de Mandagot , Archbishop of Aix (1311-1313), who became a cardinal in December 1312. The extension was subject to the condition that he was ordained a priest at the end of the seven-year period. The 14 years are not surprising when you consider that it took about ten years to complete a law degree. Bertrand received his legal training in Montpellier and received his Doctor legum on September 7, 1316. He is then said to have taught law at the University of Toulouse .

Benefices

On June 12, 1318, Bertrand de Déaulx received a position as a canon at the Cathedral of Narbonne as papal chaplain , combined with the granting of a non-priestly benefice . On June 13th Pope John XXII appointed him . after the resignation of the incumbent archdeacon of the Corberiensis ( Corbières ) in the Archdiocese of Narbonne . On September 10, 1318 he was papal chaplain, canon at the cathedral of Embrun , canon at the collegiate school of Fenolheddesio in the diocese of Alet , also served the rural parish of Saint-Saturnin in the archbishopric of Embrun . He was granted a benefice and the office of provost at the church of Embrun, he was allowed to keep his other benefices with the exception of those connected with the archdeaconate of Narbonne; He also received a benefice in the Diocese of Amiens , which he had to do without. On June 22, 1322 he was appointed auditor litterarum contradictarum of the Apostolic Palace, d. H. as a judge, mentioned. He was Provost of Embrun and Archdeacon in Paris. With more than one of these appointments, it is evident that Bertrand's uncle was the driving force behind it.

archbishop

On August 26, 1323 he was appointed Archbishop of Embrun . On December 9, 1327, the Archbishop de Déaulx, still active as an auditor, published a detailed ordinance on the functions and conduct of procurators representing clients before the court of the auditor litterarum contradictarum . He supplemented this with a further decree of January 26, 1333, in which all mandates issued by the auditor during a case should be entered in the quaterno and should remain in force until the notary of the Audientia has deleted it after the case has been closed.

Italy

The long absence of the Pope from Rome had enabled individual nobles to broaden their interests and wage war against each other and against the independent city-states. This situation was due in part to the opposition of Pope John XXII. against King Ludwig IV. claims to the throne. On March 31, 1317, he announced that the pope would be the legal vicar of the empire if the throne was vacant and that all vassals should swear allegiance to him. But they refused. In 1325 Pope John formed an alliance with Robert of Lucca and the Italian Guelphs against Louis. In 1327 Ludwig crossed the Alps and was crowned King of Italy in Milan. The Romans now demanded the pope's return to Rome. Pope John received their delegation on July 7, 1327 and only replied that he would send his answer through his nuncio. Rome then renounced the protection of Robert of Anjou as papal vicar for all of Italy, refused his envoy permission to enter Rome, and instead received King Ludwig. Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , the papal legate in Tuscany, was hastily sent to Rome to support the nuncio and the papal vicar and to do everything possible to get the situation under control.

In 1333 Archbishop Bertrand was sent to Italy to settle differences of opinion between Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget and some Italian nobles. He should also seek homage to the Church from Robert of Anjou. He achieved this on June 25, 1333. Pope John XXII. died on December 4, 1334.

In 1335, the new Pope Benedict XII. Archbishop Bertrand as Apostolic Nuncio in the Patrimony of Peter with the task of bringing order to the territories of the Church in Italy. His commission dates from May 6, 1335. He arrived in Naples in September 1335, then visited Benevento . In Rome, where the people appointed him syndic and defender of the people, he tackled the problem of the perpetual war between the Orsini and the Colonna and forced them to conclude a peace treaty on January 13, 1336. In the Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli , both sides swore to keep the armistice for two years. During his time in Italy, the Archbishop also undertook to revise the statutes of the secular government in his area of ​​responsibility. His work led to the statutes of the Mark Ancona . It also had its critics, including Gentile di Camerino, who complained in writing to the Pope. The recall letter to Archbishop Bertrand is dated April 8, 1337. King Ludwig concluded an alliance with King Edward III. of England against King Philip VI. of France and its Pope Benedict XII.

cardinal

In his only consistory for the appointment of cardinals on December 18, 1338, Benedict XII. six names. Bertrand de Déaulx received the rank of cardinal priest and the titular church of San Marco . On March 9, 1339 Pope Benedict XII. a bull by which he gave Cardinal Bertrand de Déaulx the task of changing and reforming the statutes of the University of Montpellier. This was the perfect job for a lawyer, judge, and alumnus . Cardinal Bertrand issued the new statutes for the law faculty of the University of Montpellier on July 20, 1339. His work was not without criticism: the Bishop of Maguelonne , who traditionally had rights at the university, protested and hindered him wherever he could. He once did a doctorate in law without referring to law school.

Pope Benedict XII. died on April 25, 1342. The conclave for the election of his successor took place in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon and began on Sunday, May 5, 1342 with eighteen cardinals, including Bertrand de Déaulx. The conclave ended on Tuesday morning, May 7th, with the election of Cardinal Pierre Rogier, Archbishop of Sens , as Chancellor of King Philip VI. (1334-1338). He chose the name Clement VI. Clement VI. was crowned on May 19, 1342, Pentecost Sunday .

Bertrand de Déaulx was appointed Apostolic Legate in Catalonia and left Avignon on June 2, 1344. His aim was to achieve peace between Peter IV of Aragon and James III. to convey from Mallorca , who had been driven from his kingdom in a short war (1343-1344). But instead of making peace, Peter IV conquered the Kingdom of Mallorca and incorporated it into the Kingdom of Aragon. The papal intervention was fruitless.

Due to the crisis in southern Italy with the murder of Andrew of Hungary on September 18, 1345, the husband of Queen Joan I of Naples , Cardinal Bertrand was on March 4, 1346 by Pope Clement VI. appointed apostolic legate; on March 30th he was appointed temporary vicar general in the Patrimonium of Petri . Naples was a papal fiefdom, and the Pope had a keen interest in who might be the next ruler. There were several bad options. Cardinal Bertrand set out for Naples as Apostolic Legate on August 26, 1346 and arrived on November 20. Andreas had a son posthumously on December 25th. Clement VI. ordered Cardinal Bertrand back to Avignon on September 15, 1347 and October 12. He arrived on November 17, 1348. After the Cola di Rienzo uprising , he was taken over by Pope Clement VI. sent to Rome to restore the senatorial regime under papal authority.

After his return to Avignon, Bertrand de Déaulx was promoted to the rank of Cardinal Bishop on November 4, 1348 and was assigned the diocese of Sabina .

Pope Clement VI died in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon on December 6, 1352. 26 cardinals took part in the following conclave to elect his successor, including Cardinal Bertrand. The conclave began on December 16 and was successfully completed on December 18. Cardinal Étienne Aubert, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, was elected . He was named Innocent VI on December 30, 1352 . crowned.

Bertrand de Déaulx died on October 21, 1355 and was buried in the Saint Didier church in Avignon, which he himself had donated. In 1362 his executors obtained permission from the King of France to appoint two chaplains, one in Nîmes Cathedral and the other in Santa Maria Nova Church in Uzès .

literature

  • Edmond Albe, Autour de Jean XXII .: Hugues Géraud, évêque de Cahors. L'affaire des poisons et des envoûtements en 1317 , Paris: Société des Études Littéraires, Scientifiques et Artistiques du Lot, 1904
  • Ugo Aloisi, Benedetto XII e Bertrando arcivescovo Ebredunense riformatore nella Marca d'Ancona . Atti e memorie della R. Deputazione di storia patria per le province delle Marche. ns, tape. 3, 1906, pp. 413-439
  • Étienne Baluze (Stephanus Baluzius), Vitae paparum Avenionensium, hoc est, Historia pontificum romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt from anno Christi MCCCV. usque ad annum MCCCXCIV , volume 1. Paris: apud Franciscum Muguet, 1693. New edition by Guillaume Mollat , volume 2, Paris 1927
  • Étienne Baluze, Vitae Paparum Avenionensium, Hoc est Historia Pontificum Romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt from anno Christi MCCCV usque ad annum MCCCXCIV , volume 2. Paris: Muguet, 1693
  • Cesare Baronio , Augustin Theiner (ed.), Annales ecclesiastici: AD 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti from Augustino Theiner , Volume 24 [1313-1333], Paris: Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin, 1872
  • Cesare Baronio, Augustin Theiner, (ed.), Annales ecclesiastici: AD 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti from Augustino Theiner , Volume 25, [1333-1356], Bar-le-Duc: Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin , 1872
  • William Henry Bliss (Ed.) Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters , Volume 2 (1305-1342), London: HM Stationery Office, 1895
  • William Henry Bliss, C. Johnson, Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters , Volume 3 (1342-1362), London: HM Stationery Office, 1897
  • François Duchesne , Histoire De Tous Les Cardinaux François De Naissance , Volume 1, Paris 1660, pp. 465-470
  • François Duchesne, Preuves de l 'Histoire de tous les cardinaux François de naissance , Paris 1660, pp. 311–322
  • Konrad Eubel , Hierarchia catholica medii aevi: sive Summorum pontificum, SRE cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series from anno 1198 usque ad annum [1605] perducta e documentis tabularii praesertim Vaticani collecta, digesta , volume 1, Münster: sumptibus et typis librianae, 1898, librianae 2nd edition 1913
  • Marcel Fournier, Histoire de la science du droit en France , Volume 3, Paris: L. Larose & Forcel, 1892
  • Marcel Fournier, Les statuts et privilèges des universités françaises depuis leur fondation jusqu'en 1789, Volume 2, Part 1, Paris: L. Larose et Forcel, 1891
  • G. Giordanengo, Droit féodal et droit romain dans les universités du Midi: l'exemple de Bertrand de Deaux . Mélanges R. Aubenas. Montpellier: pp. 343-349, 1974
  • Ferdinand Gregorovius , A. Hamilton, (translator, ed.). History of the city of Rome in the Middle Ages , Volume 6, Part 1 (1305-1354), London: G. Bell & sons, 1906
  • Ralf Lützelschwab, Flectat cardinales ad velle suum? Clement VI. and his Cardinal College: A Contribution to Curial Politics in the Middle of the 14th Century , Berlin: De Gruyter, 2007, pp. 438–441
  • Guillaume Mollat, Bertrand de Deaulx, jurisconsulte et pacificateur des états de l 'Église au XIVe siècle . Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, 6, 1968, pp. 393-397.
  • Yves Renouard, The Avignon papacy, 1305-1403 , Hamden CT USA: Archon Books, 1970
  • Chantal Reydellet-Guttinger, L'administration pontificale dans le duché de Spolète (1305-1352). Firenze: Leo S. Olschke, 1975
  • Joëlle Rollo-Koster, Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society New York-London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2015
  • Denis de Sainte-Marthe, (OSB), Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa . Volume 3, Paris: Ex Typographia Regia, 1725

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Following his epitaph in the church of Saint-Didier in Avignon ( Gallia christiana III, p. 1086); the inscription is not contemporary and contains serious errors, for example that he was Vice Chancellor of the Church. Vice-Chancellor from 1325 to 1361 was Cardinal Pierre Desprès , d. H. during the entire time of Bertrand de Déaulx as cardinal.
  2. ↑ Mollat (1968), p 393. Lützelschwab, S. 438th
  3. ↑ Mollat (1968), p 393. Lützelschwab, p 438. Regestum Clementi V Volume 7, p 234, No. 8587. Litterarum insistens studio .
  4. ↑ Mollat (1968), p 393. Lützelschwab, S. 438th
  5. ^ H. Kantorowicz, after EM Meijers, Responsa Doctorum Tholosanorum . in: The English Historical Review 54 (1939), p. 713. This may be a mistake by Kantorowicz; Bertrand is linked to the reform of Montpellier, where his uncle, Cardinal Mandagot, was a professor, not Toulouse
  6. ↑ G. Mollat, Jean XXII, Lettres communes Volume 2 (Paris 1905), p. 184, no. 7464; P. 186, no.7483.
  7. ↑ probably: Fenouillèdes
  8. ↑ Guillaume Mollat, Jean XXII, Lettres communes Volume II (Paris 1905), p. 279, No. 8406, cf. Gallia christiana Volume 3 (Paris 1725), p. 1101.
  9. ^ John E. Weakland, Administrative and Fiscal Centralization under Pope John XXII, 1316-1334 , The Catholic Historical Review, Volume 54.1, pp. 39-54, pp. 52-54
  10. ↑ G. Mollat, Jean XXII, Lettres communes Volume 4 (Paris 1906), p. 113, no.15626.
  11. ^ Gallia christiana Volume 3, pp. 1085-1086.
  12. ^ Josef Teige, "Contributions to the history of the Audientia litterarum contradictarum", Prague 1897, pp. VI-XI; Mollat, 1968, p. 396
  13. ^ Teige, pp. XI-XII. Mollat ​​(1968), p. 396.
  14. ↑ Gregorovius, Volume 6.1, pp. 108-109 (Book 11, Chapter 3), pp. 129-131.
  15. ^ Gregorovius, p. 137.
  16. ^ Blake R. Beattie, Angelus Pacis: The Legation of Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 1326-1334, pp. 28-36
  17. ↑ Gregorovius, pp. 185-189. Lisetta Ciaccio, Il Cardinal Legato Bertrando del Poggetto in Bologna (1327-1334) (Bologna 1906), pp. 141, 145-151.
  18. ↑ Mollat ​​(1968), p. 394.
  19. ↑ Aloisi, pp. 414 and 418-419.
  20. ↑ Gregorovius, pp. 194-195.
  21. ↑ Mollat ​​(1968), pp. 395-397.
  22. ^ Raffaele Foglietti, Opuscoli di storia del diritto: Le costitutiones Marchæ Anconitanæ. Cenni storici sull'università di Macerata da prima del 1290 all 1620. Cenni storici sul tribunale superiore di Macerata. Il catasto di Macerata del 1268 , 1886, pp. 7-9
  23. ↑ Aloisi, pp. 432-435.
  24. ↑ Aloisi, pp. 414 and 437-438.
  25. ↑ A seventh, Raymond Montfort, was named but died before he could be informed of his appointment
  26. ↑ Eubel, p. 17 and p. 44.
  27. ↑ Fournier, Histoire , pp. 358-372.
  28. ↑ Fournier, II, pp. 42-65, No. 946-947.
  29. ↑ Fournier, Statuts II, pp. 65–66, No. 947 ter.
  30. ↑ Bertrand de Déaulx was related to Pierre Rogier, cf. House Rogier de Beaufort )
  31. ↑ JP Adams, Sede Vacante 1342, ( online
  32. ↑ David Abulafia, A Mediterranean Emporium: The Catalan Kingdom of Majorca , Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 201-202; Michael A. Vargas, Taming a Brood of Vipers: Conflict and Change in Fourteenth-Century Dominican Convents , Leiden-New York, 2011, pp. 91-92
  33. ^ Du Chesne, Preuves , p. 324. Its full title was: Apostolicae Sedis Legatus terrarum ac provinciarum Romanae Ecclesiae in partibus Italiae consistentium Reformator et Vicarius Generalis .
  34. ↑ Mollat (1968), S. 395th
  35. ↑ Eubel, p. 17, No. 9.
  36. ↑ Eubel, p. 38.
  37. ↑ JP Adams, Sede Vacante 1352 ( Sede Vacante 1352 online )
  38. ↑ J.-B.-M. Joudou, Avignon, son histoire, ses papes, ses monumens et ses environs, Avignon 1842, p. 408
  39. ↑ Du Chesne, Preuves , p. 324.
personal data
SURNAME Bertrand de Déaulx
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bertrand de Deaux; Bertrand de Deux; Bertrandus de Deucio
BRIEF DESCRIPTION cardinal
DATE OF BIRTH around 1290
PLACE OF BIRTH Blauzac or Deaux
DATE OF DEATH October 21, 1355
Place of death Avignon