Beth Elohim Congregation

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Beth Elohim Congregation
Main entrance to the synagogue of the Beth Elohim Congregation

Main entrance to the synagogue of the Beth Elohim Congregation

Data
place B274 Garfield Place & Eighth Avenue, Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York City, United States
architect Synagogue: Simon Eisendrath & B. Horowitz; Temple House: Mortimer Freehof & DavidLevy
Architectural style Synagogue: Classical Revival; Temple House: "Jewish Deco" (Romanesque Revival and Art Deco)
Construction year Synagogue: 1909; Temple House: 1928

The Beth Elohim Congregation or Beth Elohim Congregation ( Hebrew בֵּית אֱלֹהִים), also known as Garfield Temple and Eighth Avenue Temple , is a Reform Jewish congregation between Garfield Place and Eighth Avenue in the Park Slope district of Brooklyn , New York City , USA.

It was founded in 1861 as a more liberal offshoot of the Congregation Baith Israel. In the first 65 years there were several unsuccessful attempts to merge with other congregations, including three times with Baith Israel. In 1910 the community completed the neoclassical building of the synagogue and in 1929 the temple building, built in the “Jewish Art Deco” style ( neo-Romanesque and Art Deco ). The two buildings were contributing properties of the historic Slope district, which was listed as a Grade I listed area on the National Register of Historic Places .

The community had a difficult time during the Great Depression. In 1946, the buildings were almost confiscated by the banks. The membership fell sharply in the 1930s, increased after the Second World War , but fell again in the 60s and 70s due to demographic change. Programs for the promotion of children helped settle Jewish families in the area so that membership numbers could be increased again.

In 2006, Beth Elohim had over 1,000 members, in 2009 it was the largest and most active Reform Church in Brooklyn, the "oldest church in Brooklyn that still exists under its original name," and its pulpit was the oldest continuously in use of all the synagogues in Brooklyn. In 2009, Newsweek ranked it among the 25 most vibrant Jewish communities.

Early days: Pearl Street

The Beth Elohim Congregation was organized by 41 German Jews on September 29, 1861 in the Granada Hall on Myrtle Avenue. They were members of the Baith Israel Congregation , disappointed in its unsuccessful attempts at reform. The new synagogue, the name of which was chosen by the members, was under the direction of George Brandenstein, who served as cantor and received an annual salary of $ 150 (now about $ 4,000). Brandenstein was employed as a cantor and not as a rabbi because the community believed this office was more important. In practice, however, he filled both roles. A shamash was also employed.

Granada Hall men and women sat together, not like in the tradition separated . Services were held in German and Hebrew. After a few months, the Calvary Protestant Episcopal Church on Pearl Street, between Nassau and Concord, was acquired. On March 30, 1862, after the renovation, the building was occupied. The synagogue community became known as the "Pearl street synagogue". In 1868 the number of members had risen to 103, in 1869 about 100 students attended Sunday School.

On February 19, 1870, Beth Elohim introduced the "moderately Reformed" order of worship instead of the traditional worship service up to now. Attempts were made to stop the turning away from the faith and to make the synagogue more attractive for existing and new members. Therefore, the Central Presbyterian Church building on Schermerhorn Street near Nevins Street was bought in 1870 for $ 55,000 (now $ 1,030,000) . However, contrary to expectations, the number of members did not increase, which is why the new building was abandoned. Instead, the building on Pearl Street was renovated, an organ acquired and a choir set up.

Beth Elohim decided to retire Brandenstein in 1882, which sparked controversy inside and outside the community. Younger community members wanted a change and managed to get a new board of officers elected. This was accepted with 29 against 21 out of 53 or 54 votes (only male heads of household were eligible to vote). Solomon Mosche replaced Brandenstein.

In April 1883, Baith Israel, Beth Elohim, and Temple Israel, Brooklyn's three leading churches, attempted to join forces. This was the third attempt after failing twice due to disagreement over the ritual of worship. The community association could have acquired new land, would have had 150 members; they would have been reimbursed half of their contribution for the pews in the existing buildings. Moshe and the rabbi from Temple Israel shared their work . Baith Israel did not have a rabbi at the time. Although the merger attempt failed again, many forms of collaboration took place, including a picnic and the celebration of the 100th birthday of Moses Montefiore . At that time the number of members was still around 50.

Mosche fell ill in 1884 and was replaced by William Sparger. Moshe died on November 3, 1911.

Sparger was Hungarian by birth and had completed his studies at the University of Vienna . According to the New York Times "he belonged to the extremely liberal school of Jewish theology". He introduced innovations including an improvement to the choir, a new prayer book, Friday night services, and made the sermon a main part of the service. As a result, attendance at services increased, especially among younger parishioners.

State Street

Buildings on State Street in 1891

Despite a larger number of seats, the community had grown so much that a new synagogue was sought. After three years, Beth Elohim acquired the Congregational Church building at 305 State Street (near Hoyt) in 1885 for $ 28,000 ($ 740,000 in 2012) and moved that year.

In 1891, the Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan Sparger offered a higher salary, whereupon he switched. Beth Elohim subsequently separated the offices of cantor and rabbi. Taubenhaus was employed as rabbi and Moritz Weisskopf as cantor.

G. Taubenhaus when he was appointed rabbi in 1891

The Warsaw-born Taubenhaus read the Pentateuch fluently in Hebrew at the age of four and began studying the Talmud at the age of six. He studied for six years at the Berlin Theological Seminary, today's College for the Science of Judaism . After emigrating to the USA he worked at the Kehillah Kodesh Bene Yeshurum in Paducah, Kentucky , at the Temple Israel in Dayton, Ohio and at the Congregation B'nai Israel in Sacramento, California , before becoming rabbi of Shaari Zedek (“Gates of Hope “) Synagogue in New York. Differences with this latter congregation led to his resignation shortly before he was hired by Beth Elohim. Taubenhaus' brother Joseph became a rabbi in the Baith Israel Congregation, Beth Elohim's mother church, in 1898. Another brother, Jacob / Jean Taubenhaus, was a famous French chess master.

At the time Taubenhaus was employed, Beth Elohim was "recognized as the leading Jewish community in Brooklyn," according to the Brooklyn Eagle. The community's view of the kashrut had become very liberal; In 1892, when Hyman Rosenberg was dismissed as rabbi of the Beth Jacob Synagogue for eating ham, Taubenhaus said he did not think his community would fire him for this reason.

In 1895, Samuel Radnitz succeeded Weisskopf as cantor and remained so until his death in 1944.

At the turn of the century, English had replaced German as the language of worship and protocols, and the second public holidays had been abolished. The congregation now had 106 members and an annual income of approximately $ 8,000 (2012 $ 230,000), and Sunday School accepted approximately 300 students.

Taubenhaus left the congregation in 1901, and Alexander Lyons succeeded him a year later, making him the first American-born rabbi. Lyons served the ward for 37 years until he died in 1939 at the age of 71.

In 1907 the women's auxiliary committee was established; Until then, women had little say in the community despite the mixed seating arrangements. In 1907 the ward had 110 member families and an annual income of $ 9,259.55 (2012 $ 240,000). The community school had 15 teachers and 200 students.

Garfield Place and Eighth Avenue

1908–1929: New buildings

Exterior view of the temple

In 1908, the parish purchased property on the northeast corner of Garfield Place and Eighth Avenue. The new synagogue was to seat 1,500 people and cost 100,000 ($ 2.6 million in 2012). The planning was done by the architectural office of Simon Eisendrath and B. Horowitz (or Horwitz) in Manhattan. Construction began in 1909 and was completed in 1910. The classicism- style design, as a “monumental example” of “strict neoclassical grandeur”, had five pages depicting the five books of Moses, a sanctuary for 1200 visitors and was vaulted by a “saucer dome”. The entrance area faced the corner of Garfield Square and Eighth Avenue, and above the portal a Bible verse was carved in stone: My house should be a house of prayer for all peoples. Classrooms, an auditorium and administration rooms were on the ground floor. Behind the Torah shrine was a room that served both as the rabbi's study and as a meeting room for the community council. The previous building on State Street was sold to the Mount Sinai community.

1909 beat Judah Leon Magnes his Kehilla ago , a "comprehensive community organization of all the Jews of New York", which existed until the 1,922th Lyons resisted, saying the Jews of New York were too different to get along in a common organization. Jews should only unite for religious purposes. He also assumed that only Reform Judaism would survive. Orthodox Judaism is doomed:

“For me, Reform Judaism is a conviction that cannot be resisted. I believe it will be the religion of the future of Judaism, but I see orthodoxy as a survival that is artificially preserved now and then (that may have a galvanized life now and then), but on the whole to the end is condemned. "

In 1919, Beth Elohim had 133 member families. The school had 305 students and 16 teachers.

In 1925 negotiations began to unite with the Union Temple (the successor to Temple Israel). Shortly before the merger, younger community members prevented the decision from being implemented. The reason was the fear of a loss of identity.

Temple House

The community raised money for a second building and built the six-story Temple House in 1928 and 1929. Planned by Mortimer Freehof and David Levy, the style of the building corresponded to the so-called “Jewish Deco”, a mixture of neo-Romanesque and Art Deco forms that were typical of Jewish architecture of the time. For example, the fenestrations were neo-Romanesque , a prominent feature of Art Deco was the statue of Moses and the tablets of the law on the parapet. The doorway and balcony at the eastern end of the building were clearly designed in an oriental style, with the Star of David , the menorah and the lion of Judas among the symbolic ornaments . The names of important figures of the Tanach were on the facade towards Garfield Square. Bible verses were written on the facade towards Eighth Avenue: Show me your ways, oh Lord and lead me your paths. The building was also decorated with reliefs showing Jonah being devoured by a whale and the Babylonian chariots. Inside there is a chapel with 125 seats, a large dance room, social rooms, classrooms, a library, handball courts, a gym and a swimming pool.

Lyons took on various issues between 1910 and 1930: he worked with Bishop David Greer and Rabbi Stephen Wise to denounce the living conditions in the New York's tenements, renounced Tammany Hall candidates, and sought retrial Leo Frank and opposed many of Samuel Gompers ' views . In 1912 he was one of the founders of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis , which was founded against the opposition of the Central Conference of Reform Rabbis. In 1919 he retired from the Brooklyn Victory Celebration Committee (which celebrated the Allied victory in World War I ) and asked for the donations to be given to the Red Cross . Because of the open politicization of the event and its control by William Randolph Hearst , other committee members resigned.

1930s: Landman joins, Great Depression, Lyons dies

Isaac Landman, who had studied at the Hebrew Union College , became a colleague of Lyons as rabbi of the Beth Elohim Congregation in 1931. Born in Russia in 1880, Landman traveled to the United States in 1890. In 1911, with the help of Jacob Schiff , Julius Rosenwald and Simon Bamberger, he founded a Jewish agricultural settlement in Utah , and during World War I was called the "first Jewish chaplain in the US Army to serve on foreign soil." As an opinion leader de Judeo-Christian ecumenism , he published the American Hebrew Magazine from 1918 , was a delegate of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (today Union for Reform Judaism) at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , in the thirties and early forties he was editor of the new 10-volume edition of the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia .

Landman was also a prominent opponent of Zionism : in 1922, Congress considered supporting the Lodge – Fish resolution in favor of the Balfour Declaration . Landman and Rabbi David Philipson presented the current anti-Zionist position of the reform movement to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs . Landman printed many comments against the resolution and Zionism in the American Hebrew Magazine . The bill was finally passed unanimously by both Houses and approved by President Harding .

During the global economic crisis , the number of members decreased significantly. Due to financial constraints, the community stopped paying mortgage interest. In 1931, however, the community opened its Academy of Adult Jewish Education, which offered Bible courses, courses on religious issues and contemporary Jewish life. This academy worked throughout the Depression. In 1937 Lyons was appointed rabbi for life.

World War II and post-war: Sacks entry, Landman death

The fortunes improved in the 1940s, but in 1946 the bank threatened to close the buildings and sell them to the Catholic Church because the community had not paid mortgage interest for years. The community succeeded in renegotiating the mortgage agreements, reducing the remaining debt, and Max Koeppel started an initiative to pay off the entire debt.

Eugene Sack, the father of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Robert D. Sack, became Landman's rabbi in 1946. As assistant rabbi of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation of Philadelphia, he had supported the establishment of the National Federation of Temple Youth in 1939. From 1943 he spent 18 months in the Pacific war zone as an army chaplain; on one occasion he had to replace the Passover wine with peach juice.

Sack had originally also participated in anti-Zionist enterprises of the reform rabbinate. In 1942, however, the Central Conference of American Rabbis had abandoned its previous anti-Zionist stance and adopted a resolution advocating the establishment of a Jewish army in Palestine to fight alongside and under the command of the Allies. Sack and other prominent reform rabbis resisted. At a meeting on March 18, 1942, they agreed that “it was necessary to revive Reform Judaism, to oppose Jewish nationalism and to make their point of view public”. They planned a meeting of non-Zionist reformist rabbis in Atlantic City to discuss problems of Judaism. Thirty-six rabbis were present at the conference on June 1, 1942, including Landman. The conference resulted in the establishment of the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism, "the only Jewish organization in the US with the specific purpose of fighting Zionism and opposing the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine."

Landman died unexpectedly in 1946, leaving Sack to run the church alone. He eventually served the church for 35 years. Richard Harvey was appointed cantor in the 1940s; He served the ward in that office until his death in the 1970s.

After the war, Beth Elohim allowed women full membership with all privileges in election and office. The community chose Jeanette Marks as trustee. At this time, the composition of the congregation also changed, as Jews from Eastern Europe joined the congregation.

In the late 1940s, cracks in the central dome needed repairing. The pulpit was also renewed so that the cantor and rabbi had two separate pulpits. Flooding problems due to an underground current were solved in the 1950s with the help of backwater valves and a concrete floor.

In 1953, Beth Elohim had grown to over 700 families and the school had 550 students. However, membership decreased in the 1960s as many young families moved to the suburbs.

1970–2000: Relegation, Weider's accession, regaining strength

Interior of the sanctuary

In 1970 the congregation was faced again with difficulties, declining membership numbers and bleak prospects for the future. However, the congregation founded one of the first nursery schools in the district, which, together with the Brownstone Revival Movement in Oark Slope, made returning to the temple attractive to Jewish families and revitalized membership. One of these young families was the Gerald I. Weiders, a young rabbi who became part of the administration in 1978.

Weider, who grew up in the Bronx, attended Rutgers University . In 1973 he was ordained at the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati (1998 he received a doctorate in theology from the Hebrew Union College). Prior to joining the Beth Elohim Congregation , he served as an assistant rabbi at the Ohabei Shalom Temple in Brookline , Massachusetts and as the associate rabbi of the Washington Hebrew Congregation in Washington, DC At Beth Elohim, his primary focus was on programs and services for city Jewish families. After school and early childhood care centers were established in 1978, and a day camp the following year, all housed in Temple House.

In the 1970s, the congregation also returned to more traditional forms of worship. Some members wore headgear, and some Hebrew prayers were added to the Sabbath service. The new High Holy Days prayer book called The Gates of Repentance has been introduced. The synagogue and temple buildings were contributing properties of the Park Slope Historic District , which was registered as a New York City Landmark District in 1973 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .

Chief Rabbi Gerald Weider on his 25th anniversary in service

In 1985, Weider and Beth Elohim, together with rabbis from the Park Slope Jewish Center and the Baith Israel Anshei Emes community, proposed opening a Jewish day school in Brooklyn. She should be housed in Beth Elohim, but not affiliated with any particular Jewish branch, open to all children of all branches. Planning started in 1994; The Abraham Joshua Heschel School in New York, which emerged from Beth Elohim's preschool program , was followed. They wanted to start with the first grade in 1995 and reach the 8th grade by 2000. At that time, there were 500 families in the community and 141 children attended preschool. The school opened in 1995 and existed for three years. Most recently, it had 38 students, so it moved and was named Hannah Senesh Community Day School .

The buildings were renovated several times in the 1980s and 1990s.

Janet Leuchter became cantor of the community in 2001. A native of Vineland , New Jersey , she graduated from Hebrew Union College in 1999, previously serving as Cantor of Temple Avodah in Oceanside, New York.

Weider retired, events since 2006

Weider retired as chief rabbi in 2006 after 28 years of service and was replaced by Andy Bachman. At the time, Beth Elohim had over 1,000 members. In 2007 she won an award from the Union for Reform Judaism's Congregation of Learners for medium-sized synagogues because she was one of those synagogues "that provide an exceptional environment of varied and understandable learning opportunities and fill the community with a culture of learning".

Interior of the sanctuary

In 2009, Beth Elohim was described as the largest and most active Reform Church in Brooklyn. US Senator Chuck Schumer was among the prominent members . In April 2009, Newsweek listed Beth Elohim as one of the 25 “most vibrant” Jewish communities. In September, four days before Yom Kippur , part of the roof of the sanctuary collapsed. No one was injured, but the sanctuary had to be closed. The nearby old Old First Reformed Church, with which it had had close ties since the 1930s, offered its facilities for the holidays (Sunday night and Monday) and accepted more than 1,000 revelers. The day before the holiday, the synagogue was besieged by members of the Westboro Baptist Church who shouted anti-Semitic and anti-gay slogans.

In 2012, Beth Elohim was the oldest church in Brooklyn still operating under its original name, and its pulpit was the oldest in Brooklyn still in use. Rabbis were Andy Bachman, Shira Koch Epstein and Marc Katz, the retired rabbi was Gerald Weider, the cantor was Joshua Breitzer.

Bachman graduated from the University of Wisconsin – Madison . He was ordained at the Hebrew Union College in 1996 and became the ward's first new Chief Rabbi on October 25, 2006 after 25 years. From 1993 to 1998 he worked here as a teacher. He advocated a stronger focus on tradition and in 2002 founded a small Hebrew prayer group. He also advocated a more traditional liturgy. Bachman and his wife Rachel Altstein helped bring twenty and thirty year olds into the ward, and in December 2007 Bachman was named one of The Forward 50's by The Forward . In 2008 he was a regular contributor to the Washington Post's interactive website Newsweek. Born in the Bronx and raised in New Milford, Connecticut , Epstein attended Wesleyan University and Hebrew Union College and served as the coordinator of the Institute for Reform Zionism. In 2008 she was a member of the group "Rabbis for Obama", which included more than 300 American rabbis from different backgrounds who supported Barack Obama in the presidential election campaign. Marc Katz, who is from Barrington, Rhode Island, graduated from Tufts University and studied at the Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem before becoming rabbi for Beth Elohim in 2009.

On September 22, 2013, Beth Elohim celebrated his 150th birthday and dedicated a new Sefer Torah to this event . It was stated to be "the first Torah in New York that was completed by a woman".

Bachman's departure, Timoner's entry, events since 2015

In June 2015, Andy Bachman left to join 92nd Street Y as director of Jewish content and community ritual. Rachel Timoner became Chief Rabbi in July 2015.

Web links

swell

New York Times

Congregation Beth Elohim - Congregation website

Other sources

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Morrone & Iska (2001), p. 376.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Olitzky and Raphael 1996, p. 228.
  3. ^ A b Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973, pp. Xiii, xiv, 25, 60.
  4. ↑ a b Olitzky & Raphael (1996) , p. 228
  5. ↑ a b c Sleeper, Jim. In Search of New York , Transaction Publishers, 1989. p. 160.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i "The Temple House" ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Beth Elohim website. Retrieved November 20, 2016  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.congregationbethelohim.org
  7. ↑ a b c d Norsen, Francesca: Congregation Beth Elohim Set to Install New Rabbi. In: ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Brooklyn Eagle, October 20, 2006. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.brooklyneagle.com
  8. ↑ a b Gersten (2009) .
  9. ↑ a b c d "Origins", Beth Elohim website .
  10. ↑ a b c d e Bergmann (2001), p. 314.
  11. ↑ a b Newsweek, April 4, 2009
  12. ↑ Olitzky & Raphael (1996), p. 226.
  13. ↑ a b c Gross (1999) .
  14. ↑ a b c d e "Timeless Symbolism", Beth Elohim website .
  15. ↑ a b c d Stiles (1870) , p. 816.
  16. ↑ a b Brooklyn Eagle, September 27 , 1891 .
  17. ↑ a b Brooklyn Eagle, October 4 , 1882 , p. 4.
  18. ↑ Abelow (1937) , pp. 23-24.
  19. ↑ a b Abelow (1937) , p. 24.
  20. ↑ a b Brooklyn Eagle, May 27, 1884 , p. 2.
  21. ↑ The sources give different names for Mosche: The  American Jewish Year Book , Vol. 14 , p. 125 and  Landman (1940) , p. 546 refer to him as "Solomon Mosche". The Brooklyn Eagle ( September 17, 1882 , p. 6, April 26 , 1883 , p. 2,  May 27, 1884 , p. 2) and  Abelow (1937) , p. 24 refer to him as "the Rev. S. Moshe ". The New York Times , July 11, 1884 , p. 8 refers to him as "the Rev. Mr. Mosher".
  22. ↑ a b Landmann (1940) , p. 546.
  23. ↑ Brooklyn Eagle, April 7, 1883 , p. 1.
  24. ↑ a b Brooklyn Eagle, April 26, 1883 , p. 2.
  25. ^ Brooklyn Eagle, April 26 , 1883 , p. 2.
  26. ↑ Brooklyn Eagle Brooklyn Eagle, July 7, 1884 , p. 4.
  27. ^ Brooklyn Eagle, October 27, 1884 , p. 1.
  28. ^ A b The New York Times , July 11, 1884 , p. 8.
  29. ↑ American Jewish Year Book , Vol. 14 , p. 125.
  30. ↑ a b c Brooklyn Eagle, October 25, 1891, p. 2.
  31. ↑ The New York Times , June 29, 1885 , p. 8.
  32. ↑ a b c Brooklyn Eagle, October 25, 1891 , p. 2.
  33. ↑ The sources give different first names for Taubenhaus.
  34. ↑ Brooklyn Eagle, May 1, 1893 , p. 10.
  35. ^ Brooklyn Eagle, October 25, 1891 , p. 2.
  36. ^ Brooklyn Eagle, December 16, 1892 , p. 1.
  37. ^ American Jewish Year Book , Vol. 2 , p. 328.
  38. ^ A b "New Century", Beth Elohim website .
  39. ↑ The New York Times , June 7, 1939 , p. 26.
  40. ^ American Jewish Year Book , Vol. 9 , p. 262.
  41. ↑ a b Brooklyn Eagle , October 7, 1908 .
  42. ↑ Kamil & Wakin (2005) , p. 152.
  43. ^ Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973 , pp. Xiii.
  44. ^ Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973 , p. Xiiv.
  45. ↑ a b c "The Main Sanctuary", Beth Elohim website .
  46. ↑ Morrone & Iska (2001) , p. 375.
  47. ↑ Isaiah 56: 7 MINE HOUSE SHALL BE AN HOUSE OF PRAYER FOR ALL PEOPLE
  48. ↑ Abelow (1937) , p. 53.
  49. ↑ Kaufman (1999) , p. 133.
  50. ↑ The New York Times , March 14, 1909 , p. 6.
  51. ↑ American Jewish Year Book , Vol. 21 , p. 439.
  52. ↑ a b Abramovitch & Galvin (2001) , p. 33.
  53. ↑ Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973 , p. 25.
  54. ^ Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973 , p. 60.
  55. ↑ Psalms 25: 4-5 SHOW ME THY WAYS O LORD TEACH ME THY PATHS GUIDE ME
  56. ^ Shaw (2008) .
  57. ^ A b "The Temple House", Our Buildings, Beth Elohim website .
  58. ^ The New York Times , October 26, 1910 , p. 6.
  59. ↑ Lyons (1913) .
  60. ^ The New York Times , Nov. 29, 1914 , p. 13.
  61. ^ Lyons (1920) .
  62. ^ The New York Times , Apr. 23, 1912 , p. 24.
  63. ↑ The New York Times , June 19, 1912 , p. 9.
  64. ^ The New York Times , Apr. 28, 1914 , p. 8.
  65. ↑ The New York Times , February 8, 1919 , p. 11.
  66. ↑ The New York Times , May 30, 1931 , p. 2.
  67. ^ A b c Isaac Landman Papers , University of Illinois at Chicago website .
  68. ^ A b The New York Times , September 5, 1946 , p. 20.
  69. ^ Cohen (2003) , p. 68.
  70. ^ Reich (2007) , p. 206.
  71. ^ Time magazine , April 4, 1932 .
  72. ↑ Abelow (1937) , p. 26.
  73. ↑ a b c Zauderer (2008) .
  74. ↑ See District 5 history and District 5 History (continued) , Women of Reform Judaism Atlantic District website.
  75. ^ Zeidman (2007) , pp. 4-5.
  76. ^ Bronstein (2007).
  77. ↑ Kolsky (1992) , p. 42.
  78. ↑ Kolsky (1992) , p. 45.
  79. ↑ Kolsky (1992) , p. 46.
  80. ↑ Kolsky (1992) , p. 49.
  81. ↑ Kolsky (1992) , pp. Ix.
  82. ↑ a b c Another Renaissance - The 1970’s , Beth Elohim website .
  83. ^ A b Rabbi Emeritus Gerald I Weider , Beth Elohim website .
  84. ↑ Olitzky & Raphael (1996) , p. 229.
  85. ↑ a b c Kane Street Synagogue (ed.): Liberal Jewish Day School Sought. In: The Synagogue Journal. No. 44, November 23, 2006 ( kanestreet.org PDF; 1.8 MB).
  86. ↑ a b Desantis (1994) .
  87. ↑ See “School History,” Hannah Senesh Community Day School website , Levy (2005) , and George (1997) .
  88. ^ "Cantor & Music", Beth Elohim website .
  89. ^ Nussbaum Cohen (2006) .
  90. ^ Union for Reform Judaism, "Congregation of Learners, Best Practices in Adult Study" (2007) , p. 7.
  91. ↑ a b McLaughlin (2009) .
  92. ↑ Muessig (2009) .
  93. ↑ a b Leadership & Staff, Beth Elohim website .
  94. ^ Nussbaum Cohen (2002) .
  95. ↑ Lando (2007) .
  96. ^ The Forward , December 12, 2007 .
  97. ^ Andy Bachman, On Faith website .
  98. ↑ See "Rabbi Shira Koch Epstein", Beth Elohim website and IRZ - The ARZA Institute for Reform Zionism , Association of Reform Zionists of America website .
  99. ↑ Fingerhut (2008) .
  100. ↑ News 12 Brooklyn , September 22, 2013 .
  101. ^ Andy Bachman Takes New Post at 92nd Street Y - Breaking News.
  102. ↑ Donny Levit: July 29, 2015.