Carludovica
| Carludovica | ||||||||||||
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Carludovica drudei , leaves and fruit cobs |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Carludovica | ||||||||||||
| Ruiz & Pav. |
Carludovica is a genus of plantsbelonging tothe disk flower family (Cyclanthaceae). It includes four species that are native to the tropics of the New World . Of dried leaf fibers of Carludovica palmata , the most widely used type are in Ecuador the Panamahats prepared.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The species of Carludovica are strong, perennial plants that take root in the ground and have a short stem . The basal, helical , palm-like leaves have a 1.5–3 (–4) m long, ± cylindrical stem, which is much longer than the blade. The fan-shaped leaf blade is about as wide as it is long or slightly wider. It is hand-shaped divided into four wedge-shaped, longitudinally folded sections that are serrated at the front or deeply divided into narrow, pointed sections. The base of the blade has three short ribs, the lateral ones of which do not run along the edge of the blade. In Carludovica palmata in particular , less clearly in other species, a pair of callus-like thickenings are present at the base of the spread.
Generative characteristics
The sex distribution of the flowers is single sexed ( monoecious ). The inflorescences are stalked, narrow cylindrical, up to 12 cm long pistons . Immediately below the piston are four, more rarely three sheath-like bracts ( spathes ), which envelop it before blossoming and then fall off. The numerous small, radially symmetrical flowers are densely packed on the bulb in regular groups, whereby a sitting female flower is always surrounded by four short-stalked, non-fused male flowers.
The male flowers have a flower base that gradually narrows into the flower stalk. At its edge sits an inflorescence made of inconspicuous, finger-shaped tepals , which have a resin gland on their outside . The numerous stamens are fused together with their stamens at the base. The basifix, i.e. the anthers attached to the base of the filament, open lengthways.
The female flowers are laterally fused together on the bulb surface. The four inconspicuous, leathery, entire tepals are free or fused together at the base. On the inside they are connected to the bottom with a white, several centimeters long, thread-like staminodium . The four carpels grown together under constant ovary is unilocular. The four styluses are short and fused together or they are missing. The laterally compressed or broadly egg-shaped scars together form a diagonal cross in the square formed by the tepals. Numerous ovules are present on the parietal placenta in the ovary .
From the inflorescence an up to 26 cm long and up to 4 cm wide piston-shaped fruit cluster forms , on which the bracts of the female flowers sit on the outer cover. Inside is red pulp, in which the seeds are embedded. When ripe, the shell of the fruit bulb tears open at the tip, curls outwards and falls off piece by piece. This makes the pulp with the seeds visible from afar. It is believed that this is intended to attract fruit-eating birds in order to take over the spread of the seeds.
Flower biology
In the night before blooming, the white, thread-like staminodes unfold, enveloping the blooming cobs and releasing fragrances to attract small beetles, especially weevils of the Derelomini tribe , but also short-winged species . In the morning, these beetles penetrate between the male flowers to the female flowers hidden below. The beetles lick a sweet sap given off from the base of the staminodes and from the stigma, thereby pollinating the flower. They stay inside the inflorescences for a day and the following night, mate and lay their eggs . The next morning they crawl outside and get a load of pollen from the surrounding male flowers with which they pollinate the next plant they visit. The male flowers and staminodes fall off after flowering.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Carludovica in 1794 by the Spanish botanists Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavón Jiménez described . In 1958 Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. Was chosen as the lectotype . Salmia Willd. is a synonym .
In the past, Carludovica was defined much broader than it is today, and it contained either all or most of the species of the present-day subfamily Carludovicoideae. In 1889, when Oscar Drude worked on The Natural Plant Families, the small or monotypical genera Evodianthus , Stelestylis , Sarcinanthus (now Asplundia ) and Ludovia were accepted as separate genera alongside a broader Carludovica . But, for example, in the processing of the Cyclanthaceae in the Flora of Panama from 1943, these genera were used as synonyms for Carludovica . Only the Swedish botanist Gunnar Harling restricted Carludovica to its present size in the 1950s and separated and described the species-rich genera Asplundia , Dicranopygium and Sphaeradenia .
A cladistic investigation based on morphological and anatomical features showed Carludovica as part of an Asplundia group and as a probable sister taxon of the two closely related genera Evodianthus and Dianthoveus .
etymology
The genus is named in honor of the reigning Spanish royal couple Charles IV and Maria Luise ( lat. Ludovica) at the time of the first description .
Systematics
In the current definition, the genus consists of four species:
| Scientific name | distribution |
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| Carludovica three mast. | southeastern Mexico , Guatemala , Costa Rica to Ecuador and northwestern Venezuela |
| Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. | southeastern Mexico to Bolivia , northwestern Venezuela, Ecuador and northern Brazil |
| Carludovica rotundifolia H. Wendl. ex Hook.f. | Guatemala, Honduras , Costa Rica, Panama |
| Carludovica sulcata mutton | southeastern Nicaragua , Costa Rica |
literature
- R. Eriksson: The remarkable weevil pollination of the neotropical Carludovicoideae (Cyclanthaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. 189, 1994, pp. 75-81. doi: 10.1007 / BF00937579
- NM Franz: Analyzing the history of the derelomine flower weevil- Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 81, 2004, pp. 483-517. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2003.00293.x
- BE Mutton: Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A. Rich. In: WD Stevens, Ulloa Ulloa C., Pool A., Montiel OM (eds.): Flora de Nicaragua. Vol. 1: Introducción, gimnospermas y angiospermas (Acanthaceae – Euphorbiaceae). (= Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 85). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-95-9 . ( Carludovica - online )
- BE Mutton: Cyclanthaceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. II: Gimnospermas y Monocotiledóneas (Agavaceae – Musaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-22-9 , pp. 424-455. ( Carludovica - online )
- A. Weber, B. Hammel: Cyclanthaceae. In: Anton Weber, Werner Huber, Anton Weissenhofer, Nelson Zamora, Georg Zimmermann (eds.): An introductory field guide to the flowering plants of the Golfo Dulce rain forsts, Costa Rica. In: Stapfia. Volume 78, Linz 2001, ISBN 3-85474-072-7 , pp. 130-133. ( PDF on ZOBODAT )
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Ruiz López H., Pavón JA: Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis prodromus. Madrid 1794, p. 146. (online)
- ↑ a b E. R. Farr, G. Zijlstra (eds.): Carludovica. In: Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 1996, accessed July 3, 2014 .
- ^ O. Drude: Cyclanthaceae. In: A. Engler, K. Prantl (ed.): The natural plant families together with their genera and more important species, especially the useful plants. Part II. 3. Dept. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1889, pp. 93-101. (on-line)
- ^ RE Woodson, RW Schery: Cyclanthaceae. In: Flora of Panama. Part II. Fasc. 2. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 30, 1943, pp. 396-403. (on-line)
- ↑ G. Harling: Sphaeradenia, a new genus of the Cyclanthaceae. In: Acta Horti Bergiani. 17, 1954, pp. 1-6.
- ↑ G. Harling: Taxonomical studies in the genus Carludovica R. & P. In: Acta Horti Bergiani. 17, 1954, pp. 39-45.
- ↑ G. Harling: Monograph of the Cyclanthaceae. In: Acta Horti Bergiani. 18, 1958, pp. 1-428.
- ^ R. Eriksson: Phylogeny of the Cyclanthaceae. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. 190, 1994, pp. 31-47. doi: 10.1007 / BF00937857
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin, Berlin 2018. (bgbm.org)
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Carludovica. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 3, 2014.
- ^ Carludovica , Subordinate Taxa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 3, 2014.
Web links
- Carludovica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 3, 2014.