Cinnamon
Cinnamon | ||||||||||||
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![]() Alder-leaved cinnamon ( Clethra alnifolia ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Clethra | ||||||||||||
L. |
The cinnamon or Scheinellern ( Clethra ) are a genus of plants within the Scheinellergewächse family (Clethraceae). Most of the approximately 77 species are common in the New World and Southeast Asia.
description
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Afbeeldingen_der_fraaiste%2C_meest_uitheemsche_boomen_en_heesters_%28Plate_57%29_%287899793328%29.jpg/220px-Afbeeldingen_der_fraaiste%2C_meest_uitheemsche_boomen_en_heesters_%28Plate_57%29_%287899793328%29.jpg)
Vegetative characteristics
The cinnamon are partly evergreen, partly deciduous trees or shrubs . Buds, twigs, leaf blades, inflorescences and flowers are loosely to densely hairy with predominantly star-shaped hairs. The alternate leaves are in clusters at the branch ends. The leaf blades are simple (undivided) with mostly serrated, sometimes smooth leaf margin. There are no stipules .
Generative characteristics
The terminal racemose inflorescences are mostly multi-flowered and elongated; they stand individually or in small groups.
The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals overlap. The five mostly white petals are free or fused at the base. There are two circles with five stamens each; they are mostly fused with the base of the petals. The stamens are more or less V-shaped and curved inward. Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. The ovary is approximately spherical, but flattened at the base of the stylus. Each of the three ovary chambers contain 20 to 40 ovules . There is a stylus that ends at the tip in a mostly three-lobed or three-lobed scar .
The capsule fruits are hemispherical to spherical, three-chambered and hairy. The seeds have a thin shell with a net-like imprint.
The basic chromosome number is x = 8.
fossil
A fossil representative of this genus from the Baltic amber ( Eocene , age around 40 to 50 million years) is very similar to the only Macaronesian species, Clethra arborea .
Systematics and distribution
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Clethra_acuminata.jpg/220px-Clethra_acuminata.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clethra_arborea1.jpg/220px-Clethra_arborea1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clethra_barbinervis3.jpg/220px-Clethra_barbinervis3.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Clethra_barbinervis0.jpg/220px-Clethra_barbinervis0.jpg)
The genus Clethra was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Clethra L. are: Junia Adans. nom. illeg., People's America P.Browne nom. illeg., Tinus L. nom. illegal, Gillena Adans. nom. illeg., Cuellaria Ruiz & Pav. , Kowalewskia Turcz. , Crossophrys Klotzsch .
The Clethra species are common in the New World and Southeast Asia in the tropical to moderately warm areas. Only one species, Clethra arborea , occurs on the Macaronesian islands.
About 77 species belong to the genus Clethra :
- Berg-Zimterle ( Clethra acuminata Michx. , Syn .: Clethra glauca Pers. , Clethra glauca Steud. , Clethra montana Fraser ex Loisel. , Clethra michauxii Courtois , Clethra alnifolia var. Michauxii (Courtois) G.Nicholson ): It comes in the eastern United States .
- Clethra alcoceri Greenm. : It occurs in the Mexican states of Hidalgo and Jalisco .
- Clethra alexandri Griseb. : This endemic occurs in Jamaica only in the Blue Mountains.
- Alder-leaved cinnamon ( Clethra alnifolia L. nom. Cons., Syn .: Clethra incana Pers. Nom. Illeg., Clethra angustifolia Raf. Nom. Illeg., Clethra tomentosa Lam. , Clethra dentata Aiton , Clethra paniculata Aiton , Clethra pubescens Willd. , Clethra bracteata Raf. , Clethra pumila Raf. , Clethra alnifolia var. Glabella Michx. , Clethra alnifolia var. Denudata Aiton , Clethra alnifolia var. Pubescens Aiton , Clethra alnifolia var. Paniculata (Sol.) G.Nicholson , Clethra alnifolia var. tomentosa Michx. , Clethra alnifolia var. rosea (Rehder) Rehder ): It occurs from southeastern Canada to Texas .
- Lily of the valley cinnamon ( Clethra arborea Aiton , Syn .: Clethra arborea Vent. Nom. Illeg., Clethra cordata Raf. , Clethra secundiflora Decne. ): It occurs on Macaronesian islands: on the Azores island of São Miguel , on Madeira and on Tenerife in front.
- Clethra arfakana Sleumer : It occurs in New Guinea .
- Japanese Zimterle ( Clethra barbinervis Siebold & Zucc. , Syn .: Clethra japonica Thunb. Ex Steud. , Clethra kawadana Yanagita , Clethra stolonifera Nakai , Clethra wuyishanica R.C.Ching ex LCHu , Clethra wuyishanica var. Erosa L.C.Hu , Clethra barbinervis var. Kawadana ( Yanagita) H.Hara ): It occurs from southern China to Korea and on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Kyushu .
- Clethra bodinieri H.Lév. (Syn .: Clethra glandulosa W.P. Fang & LCHu , Clethra bodinieri var. Latifolia S.Y.Hu , Clethra bodinieri var. Parvifolia S.Y.Hu , Clethra bodinieri var. Coriacea L.C.Hu , Clethra bodinieri var. Parviflora W.P. Fang & LCHu. ) China to Hainan .
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Clethra canescens Reinw. ex flower : There are four varieties:
- Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. canescens : It occurs in southern and central Malesia.
- Clethra canescens var. Clementis (Merr.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra clementis Merr. ): It occurs in Borneo .
- Clethra canescens var. Ledermannii (Schltr.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra papuana Schltr. Nom. Illeg., Clethra ledermannii Schltr. ): It occurs in New Guinea.
- Clethra canescens var. Luzonica (Merr.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra luzonica Merr. ): It occurs in the Philippines .
- Clethra canescens var. Novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra lancifolia Turcz. , Clethra williamsii C.B.Rob. , Clethra castanea Elmer , Clethra longispicata var. Novoguineensis Kaneh. & Hatus. ): It comes in the central and eastern Malesia before.
- Clethra cardenasii Sleumer : It occurs in Bolivia.
- Clethra castaneifolia Meisn. (Syn .: Clethra mathewsii Turcz. , Clethra sprucei Turcz. , Clethra guyanensis var. Brevis J.F. Macbr. ): It occurs in Peru .
- Clethra chiapensis L.M. González : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas .
- Clethra concordia D.A. Neill : It was first described in 2012. It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
- Clethra consimilis Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra coloradensis C.W.Ham. ): It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama .
- Clethra conzattiana L.M. González : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Oaxaca .
- Clethra crispa Gust. : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Clethra cubensis A. Rich. (Syn .: Clethra byrsonimoides Griseb. ): This endemic occurs only in eastern Cuba .
- Clethra cuneata Rusby : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.
- Clethra delavayi Franch. (Syn .: Clethra cavaleriei H.Lév. , Clethra esquirolii H.Lév. , Clethra lineata H.Lév. , Clethra monostachya Rehder & EHWilson , Clethra euosmoda Dop , Clethra longibracteata Sleumer , Clethra sinica K.S.Hao , Clethra yuiana S.Y.Hu , Clethra lancilimba C.Y.Wu , Clethra minutistellata C.Y.Wu , Clethra monostachya var. lancilimba (CYWu) CYWu & LCHu , Clethra monostachya var. minutistellata (CYWu) CYWu & LCHu , Clethra cavaleriei var. leptophylla L.C.Hu , Clethra cavaleriei var. subintegrifolia R.C.Ching ex LCHu , Clethra monostachya var. cuprescens W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra monostachya var. trichopetala W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra nanchuanensis W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra purpurea W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra purpurea var. microcarpa W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra delavayi var. glabra SYHu , Clethra delavayi var. Lanata S.Y.Hu , Clethra delavayi var. Yuiana (SYHu) CYWu & LCHu ): It occurs in Bhutan , Myanmar , Vietnam and in southern China.
- Clethra elongata Rusby : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia .
- Clethra fabri Hance (syn .: Clethra annamensis Dop , Clethra tonkinensis Dop , Clethra smithiana W.P.Fang , Clethra liangii H.L.Li , Clethra smithiana var. Latifolia C.Y.Wu , Clethra fabri var. Brevipes L.C.Hu , Clethra fabri var. Laxiflora W.P.Fang & LCHu ): It occurs in southern China and Vietnam.
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Clethra fagifolia Kunth : There are two varieties:
- Clethra fagifolia var. Bicolor (Kunth) Sleumer (Syn .: Clethra bicolor Kunth ): It occurs in Venezuela , Colombia and Ecuador.
- Clethra fagifolia Kunth var. Fagifolia (Syn .: Clethra fagifolia var. Macrophylla Kuntze , Clethra fagifolia var. Microphylla Kuntze ): It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador.
- Farges Zimterle ( Clethra fargesii Franch. , Syn .: Clethra brachypoda L.C.Hu , Clethra brachystachya W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra magnifica W.P.Fang & LCHu , Clethra magnifica var. Trichocarpa L.C.Hu ): It occurs in southern China.
- Clethra ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Link ex Spreng. (Syn .: Clethra divaricata Loisel. ): It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.
- Clethra fimbriata Kunth (Syn .: Clethra brevifolia Benth. , Clethra punctata Turcz. ): It iswidespreadin western South America .
- Clethra formosa E. Alfaro & JFMorales : It was first described from Costa Rica in 2006.
- Clethra fragrans L.M.González & R.Delgad. : It was first described in 2005/2006. It occurs in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Guerrero .
- Clethra galeottiana Briq. (Syn .: Clethra breedlovei C.W.Ham. ): It occurs in central and southern Mexico.
- Clethra gelida Standl. : It occurs in Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama.
- Clethra guyanensis Klotzsch ex Meisn. : It occurs in Venezuela and maybe in Guiana.
- Clethra hartwegii Britton : It occurs in Mexico.
- Clethra hendersonii Sleumer : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula .
- Clethra hirsutovillosa S.Valencia & Cruz Durán : It was first described in 2011 from the Mexican state of Guerrero.
- Clethra hondurensis Britton (Syn .: Clethra obliquinervia Standl. , Clethra caloneura Standl. & LOWilliams , Clethra nutantiflora Standl. & LOWilliams ex Ant.Molina ): It is distributed from southeastern Mexico across Central America.
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Clethra javanica Turcz. : There are two varieties:
- Clethra javanica var. Javanica : It occurs on the islands of Java and Bali .
- Clethra javanica var. Lombokensis Sleumer : It occurs on the Lesser Sunda Islands .
- Clethra kaipoensis H.Lév. (Syn .: Clethra pinfaensis . H.Lév , Clethra brammeriana Hand.-Mazz. , Clethra polyneura H.L.Li , Clethra kwangsiensis S.Y.Hu , Clethra kaipoensis var. Polyneura (HLLi) WPFang & LCHu , Clethra kaipoensis var. Paucinervis L.C.Hu ): It occurs in southern China.
- Clethra kebarensis Sleumer : It occurs in New Guinea.
- Clethra licanioides Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs in Guatemala and Honduras.
- Clethra longispicata J.J.Sm. (Syn .: Clethra elongata J.J.Sm. nom. Illeg.): It occurs in Borneo in central Malesia.
- Clethra luzmariae L.M. González : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas .
- Clethra macrophylla M. Martens & Galeotti (Syn .: Clethra serrulata (Turcz.) Turcz. , Clethra spicigera Meisn. , Clethra badendalii Briq. ): It occurs in the Mexican states of Veracruz , Puebla and Oaxaca .
- Clethra mexicana DC. (Syn .: Clethra integrifolia Moc. & Sessé ex DC. , Clethra ovalifolia Moc. & Sessé ex DC. , Clethra lanata M.Martens & Galeotti , Clethra quercifolia Lindl. , Clethra kowalewskii Turcz. Nom. Superfl., Clethra integerrima (Turcz .) LMGonzález , Clethra confertifolia Ernst , Clethra costaricensis Britton , Clethra salvadorensis Britton , Clethra augustinensis Briq. , Clethra broadwayana Briq. , Clethra smithii Briq. , Clethra kenoyeri Lundell , Clethra bimatris & Steyerm Standl.. , Clethra panamensis Standl. & LOWilliams , Clethra michoacana C.W.Ham. , Clethra nicaraguensis C.W.Ham. ): It is widespread from Mexico through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela and occurs on the island of Trinidad .
- Clethra oaxacana C.W. Ham. : It occurs in southwestern Mexico.
- Clethra obovata (Ruiz & Pav.) G.Don (Syn .: Clethra macrostachya Loisel. , Clethra dombeyi Turcz. , Clethra virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) O.Fedtsch. ): It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
- Clethra occidentalis (L.) Kuntze (Syn .: Clethra bracteata Griseb. Nom. Illeg., Clethra tinifolia Sw. , Clethra angustifolia DC. , Clethra grisebachii Merr. , Clethra jamaicensis Britton ): It occurs only in Jamaica .
- Clethra oleoides L.O.Williams : It occurs from the Mexican states of eastern Guerrero and Chiapas via Guatemala and El Salvador to Honduras.
- Clethra ovalifolia Turcz. (Syn .: Clethra cutervoana Szyszyl. ): It occurs in western South America from Colombia and Ecuador to Peru and northwestern Venezuela.
- Clethra pachecoana Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs from the Mexican state of Chiapas via Guatemala and El Salvador to Honduras.
- Clethra pachyphylla Merr. : It occurs in Borneo.
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Clethra papuana J.J.Sm. : There are two varieties:
- Clethra papuana var. Papuana : It occurs in New Guinea.
- Clethra papuana var. Trichostyla Sleumer : It occurs in western New Guinea.
- Clethra parallelinervia Gust. : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Clethra × parvifolia Lundell = Clethra suaveolens × Clethra vicentina : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
- Clethra pedicellaris Turcz. (Syn .: Clethra obovata var. Sprucei Meisn. ): It occurs in western South America from Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia to Peru.
- Clethra peruviana Szyszyl. (Syn .: Clethra peruviana var. Subintegra Szyszyl. ): It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
- Clethra petelotii Dop & Troch.-Marq. : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan and northern Vietnam.
- Clethra poilanei Gagnep. ex Dop : It occurs only in northeastern Laos.
- Clethra pringlei S. Watson : It occurs in Mexico.
- Clethra pulgarensis Elmer : It occurs only in Palawan .
- Clethra purpusii L.M. González : It was first described in 2005/2006. It occurs in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Chiapas.
- Clethra pyrogena Sleumer : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
- Clethra repanda Turcz. (Syn .: Clethra ocanensis Turcz. ): It occurs in Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.
- Clethra retivenia Sleumer : It occurs in northeastern Peru.
- Clethra revoluta (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng. (Syn .: Clethra nervosa Loisel. ): It occurs in southern Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
- Clethra rosei Britton (Syn .: Clethra obovata Hook. & Arn. Nom. Illeg., Clethra palmeri Britton , Clethra confusa Briq. , Clethra guadalajarensis Briq. ): It occurs in Mexico.
- Clethra rugosa Steyerm. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
- Clethra scabra Pers. (Syn .: Clethra alnifolia var. Scabra (Pers.) G.Nicholson , Clethra scabra Loisel. Nom. Illeg., Clethra brasiliensis Cham. & Schltdl. , Clethra micrantha Remy , Clethra brasiliensis var. Bracteata Meisn. , Clethra brasiliensis var. reticulata Meisn. , Clethra brasiliensis var. venosa Meisn. , Clethra maromensis Villa , Clethra gardneri Turcz. , Clethra laevigata Meisn. , Clethra scabra var. laevigata (Meisn.) Sleumer , Clethra scabra var. venosa (Meisn.) Sleumer ): Sie iswidespreadin South America to northwest Argentina .
- Clethra skutchii Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs in Guatemala.
- Clethra sleumeriana K.S.Hao : It occurs in Hunan.
- Clethra suaveolens Turcz. : (Syn .: Clethra vulcanicola Standl. , Clethra glaberrima Lundell , Clethra matudae Lundell , Clethra nubium Standl. & LOWilliams , Clethra viridifolia Standl. & LOWilliams ) It is distributed from southern Mexico via Guatemala and El Salvador to Honduras.
- Clethra sumatrana J.J.Sm. (Syn .: Clethra pulcherrima Ridl. , Clethra longipedicellata Merr. , Clethra pubifolia Merr. ): It occurs in Sumatra .
- Clethra sumbawaensis Sleumer : It occurs on the Lesser Sunda Islands.
- Clethra symingtonii Sleumer : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula only in Perak (G. Korbu).
- Clethra talamancana C.W. Ham. : It occurs in Costa Rica.
- Clethra tomentella Rolfe ex Dunn : It occurs in the Philippines.
- Clethra tutensis C.W. Ham. : It occurs in Panama.
- Clethra tuxtlensis L.M. González : It was first described in 2005/2006 from the Mexican state of Veracruz.
- Clethra uleana Sleumer : It occurs in southern Brazil.
- Clethra vicentina Standl. (Syn .: Clethra johnstonii Standl. & Steyerm. , Clethra molinae Standl. & LOWilliams ): It is widespread from southern Mexico to Central America.
swell
- Haining Qin, Peter Fritsch: Clethraceae. , P. 238: the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 . (This is actually the family description of the Clethraceae, however, according to the representation there, it only includes the genus Clethra .)
Individual evidence
- ↑ George O. Poinar, Jr .: Life in Amber . 350 pp., 147 figs., 10 plates, Stanford University Press, Stanford (Cal.) 1992, ISBN 0-8047-2001-0 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Clethra. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 10, 2017.