Couepia

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Couepia
Fruits of Couepia grandiflora

Fruits of Couepia grandiflora

Systematics
Eudicotyledons (Eudicots)
Rosids clade (Rosids)
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Gold plum family (Chrysobalanaceae)
Genre : Couepia
Scientific name
Couepia
Aubl.

Couepia is a plant genus in the family of chrysobalanaceae (Chrysobalanaceae). Since 2014 only about 62 species are distributed from Mexico via Central America (only about seven species) to South America (with Paraguay as the southernmost place of discovery). The center of biodiversity is the Amazon region in Brazil and the Guyanas .

description

Bark of Couepia rufa
Branch with alternate, simple leaves of Couepia rufa with a bare upper surface
Branch with alternate, simple leaves of Couepia rufa with hairy underside and pinnate veins

Vegetative characteristics

The Couepia species form medium-sized trees that usually reach heights of 20 to 25 meters, rarely taller or smaller. The chest height diameters are usually up to 50, rarely up to 180 centimeters. They form more or less dense tree tops .

The leaves, which are usually arranged alternately on the branches, are mostly petiolate. The simple, entire, membranous to more or less leathery leaf blades are elliptical to lanceolate with a rounded to pointed upper end and they can be up to 35 centimeters long. The upper side of the leaf is glabrous and the underside of the leaf is densely hairy or balding. There is pinnate veins . The leaves often have relatively small, flat glands. The durable or early falling stipules are linear or narrow-triangular.

Generative characteristics

The terminal or lateral inflorescences are more or less stalked thyrses , grapes or panicles . There can be covers and front pages . There are mostly flower stalks.

The hermaphrodite flowers are asymmetrical or zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . There is often a bell-shaped to tubular, larger and partly stalked (pedicellum), hollow flower cup on which the sepals and petals sit. There are five calyx lobes. The five bald or downy hairy petals are partly early sloping.

There are seldom 10 to, mostly 15 to 300, free, relatively long stamens that are inserted into the flower cup. Staminodes may be present. The upper to medium-sized, single-chambered and often hairy ovary is often located on the side of the rim / mouth of the flower cup. The thread-like, usually long stylus is often attached to the side and bottom of the ovary.

The round to ellipsoid drupes contain only one seed.

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

Taxonomy

The genus Couepia was 1775 Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée Aublet in Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise , 1, page 519, Table 207 set . The generic name Couepia is derived from the common name in French Guiana . The type species is Couepia guianensis Aubl. Synonyms for Couepia Aubl. are: Dulacia Neck. , Pleragina Arruda nom. nud.

Botanical history

The first monograph by Prance 1972 contained 55 species and the second by Prance and Sother 2003 contained 71 species. Sothers et al. In 2014 some species moved into other genera (see below) and since then only about 62 species have been accepted.

External system

The genus Couepia belongs to the tribe Couepieae in the family Chrysobalanaceae .

Foliage leaves and fruits of Couepia grandiflora

Species and their distribution

The Couepia species are distributed from Mexico through Central America (only about seven species) to South America (with Paraguay as the southernmost locality). The center of biodiversity is the Amazon region in Brazil and the Guyanas .

The 62 or so Couepia species that have been accepted since 2014 are:

  • Couepia belemii Prance : It occurs in the Brazilian states from southeastern Bahia to Espírito Santo .
  • Couepia bernardii Prance : It occurs from northern Peru to northwestern Brazil.
  • Couepia bondarii Prance : It occurs only in southeastern Bahia.
  • Couepia bracteosa Benth. : It is common in tropical South America.
  • Couepia carautae Prance : It occurs only in Espírito Santo.
  • Couepia caryophylloides Benoist : There are two subspecies:
    • Couepia caryophylloides Benoist subsp. caryophylloides : It occurs from northern Brazil to the Guyanas .
    • Couepia caryophylloides subsp. glabra Prance : It only occurs in the Brazilian state of Pará .
  • Couepia cataractae Ducke : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Pará.
  • Couepia chrysocalyx (Poepp.) Benth. ex Hook. f. : It is common in tropical South America.
  • Couepia cidiana Prance : It occurs only in western Pará.
  • Couepia coarctata Prance : It occurs only in southeastern Bahia.
  • Couepia comosa Benth. : It occurs in Guyana and in the Venezuelan state of Bolívar .
  • Couepia eriantha Spruce ex Hook. f. : It occurs in northern Brazil.
  • Couepia excelsa Ducke : It occurs in French Guiana and northern Brazil.
  • Couepia exflexa Fanshawe & Maguire : It occurs in the Guyanas .
  • Couepia froesii Prance : It occurs in northern Brazil.
  • Couepia glabra Prance : This endemic occurs only in the Brazilian state of Amazonas near Manaus.
  • Couepia grandiflora (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Syn .: Couepia formosana Taub. , Couepia suberosa Pilg. ): It iswidespreadfrom Bolivia to Paraguay to Brazil.
  • Couepia guianensis Aubl. : There are three subspecies:
    • Couepia guianensis subsp. divaricata (Huber) Prance (Syn .: Couepia divaricata Huber , Couepia divaricata var. strictiuscula Huber ): It is distributed from Venezuela via Guyana to northern and northeastern Brazil.
    • Couepia guianensis subsp. glandulosa (Miq.) Prance (Syn .: Couepia glandulosa Miq. , Couepia myrtifolia Benth. ex Hook. f. , Couepia thyrsiflora Hook. f. ): It is widespread in tropical South America.
    • Couepia guianensis Aubl. subsp. guianensis (Syn .: Couepia leptostachya Benth. ex Hook. f. , Couepia surinamensis Kleinh. , Couepia versicolor Benoist ): It is widespread in tropical South America.
  • Couepia habrantha Standl. : It is distributed from Colombia and Venezuela over the Guyanas to northern Brazil.
  • Couepia hallwachsiae D. Santam. & Lagom. : It wasfirst describedin 2015 from Costa Rica .
  • Couepia hondurasensis Prance : It wasfirst describedfrom Honduras in 1999.
  • Couepia impressa Prance : There are two subspecies:
    • Couepia impressa subsp. cabraliae Prance : It only occurs in Bahia.
    • Couepia impressa Prance subsp. impressa : It occurs in northeastern Brazil.
  • Couepia insignis Fritsch : It occurs only in southeastern Bahia.
  • Couepia janzenii D. Santam. & Lagom. : It was first described in 2015. It occurs from Costa Rica to Panama .
  • Couepia joaquinae Prance : It occurs in French Guiana and in the neighboring Brazilian state of Amapá . It was 1998 in endangered Red List species the IUCN as "Critically Endangered" = "threatened with extinction" rated. It was first described in 1991 from Jari. Since then and until 1997 only four copies are known.
  • Couepia krukovii Standl. : It occurs from Colombia and Bolivia to northern Brazil.
  • Couepia latifolia Standl. : It occurs from Colombia and Peru via Bolivia to northern Brazil.
  • Couepia leitaofilhoi Prance : It wasfirst describedin 1999 from the Brazilian state of São Paulo .
  • Couepia longipetiolata Prance : It occurs only in southeastern Bahia.
  • Couepia macrophylla Spruce ex Hook. f. (Syn .: Couepia speciosa Pilg. ): It is widespread from Panama through northern South America to northern Brazil.
  • Couepia magnoliifolia Benth. ex Hook. f. : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Amazonas and in French Guiana .
  • Couepia maguirei Prance : It occurs from southern Venezuela to northwestern Brazil.
  • Couepia marleneae Prance : This endemic occurs only in the Brazilian state of Amazonas near Manaus .
  • Couepia martini Prance : It only occurs in French Guiana.
  • Couepia meridionalis Prance : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of São Paulo .
  • Couepia monteclarensis Prance : It occurs in the Brazilian states of southeastern Bahia to Rio de Janeiro .
  • Couepia morii Prance : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.
  • Couepia multiflora Benth. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Roraima and in Guyana.
  • Couepia nutans Prance : It occurs only in western Colombia.
  • Couepia obovata Ducke : It is common in tropical South America.
  • Couepia osaensis Aguilar & D.Santam. : It wasfirst describedfrom Costa Rica in 2014.
  • Couepia ovalifolia (Schott) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Syn .: Couepia hypoleuca Miq. ): It occurs in eastern Brazil.
  • Couepia oxossii Amorim & Asprino : It was first described in 2018 from the Atlantic Forest in Bahia.
  • Couepia paraensis (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth. : There have been three subspecies since 1972:
    • Couepia paraensis subsp. cerradoana Prance : It occurs in the Brazilian states of southeast Pará to Mato Grosso .
    • Couepia paraensis subsp. glaucescens (Spruce ex Hook. f.) Prance (Syn .: Couepia duckei Huber, Couepia glaucescens Spruce ex Hook. f. ): It is widespread in tropical South America.
    • Couepia paraensis (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth. subsp. paraensis (Syn .: Couepia vismioides Klotzsch ex Hook. f. ): It occurs from southern Venezuela to western Brazil.
  • Couepia parvifolia Prance : This endemic occurs only in the Serra do Petrópolis in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.
  • Couepia pernambucensis Prance : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Pernambuco .
  • Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose (syn .: Couepia kunthiana . (Mart & Zucc) Benth.. Nom Superfl.. Couepia dodecandra (Moc & Sessé ex DC) Hemsl... , Couepia floccosa Fritsch ): She is from Mexico onspreadall over Central America .
  • Couepia rankiniae Prance : It occurs in French Guiana and in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.
  • Couepia reflexa Ducke : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Pará.
  • Couepia robusta Huber : It occurs from northern Brazil to Maranhão .
  • Couepia rufa Ducke (Syn .: Couepia glazioviana Pilg. ): It occurs in the Brazilian states of Pernambuco to Minas Gerais.
  • Couepia sandwithii Prance : It occurs from Venezuela to Guyana.
  • Couepia schottii Fritsch : It thrives in the Restinga vegetation in the Brazilian states of southeastern Bahia via Espírito Santo to Rio de Janeiro.
  • Couepia scottmorii Prance : This endemic occurs only on Cerro Jefe in Panama. It was 1998 in endangered Red List species the IUCN as "Critically Endangered" = "threatened with extinction" rated. It thrives in the cloud forest at altitudes of 800 to 1000 meters. Before this area was placed under protection as Chagres National Park, a large part of this forest was already cleared.
  • Couepia spicata Ducke : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.
  • Couepia stipularis Ducke : This endemic occurs only in the Brazilian state of Amazonas near Manaus.
  • Couepia subcordata Benth. ex Hook. f. (Syn .: Couepia amazonica Fritsch ): It is widespread from western South America to northern Brazil.
  • Couepia trapezioana Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia, northern Peru and northern Brazil.
  • Couepia uiti (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Syn .: Couepia dahlgrenii Standl. , Couepia martiana Hook. F. , Couepia paraguariensis Hassl. ): It occurs from Bolivia via Paraguay to Brazil.
  • Couepia ulei Pilg. : It is common in tropical South America.
  • Couepia venosa Prance : It occurs in southeastern Brazil.
  • Couepia williamsii J.F. Macbr . : It occurs in Colombia, northern Peru and northern Brazil.

Nine species have been identified by Sothers et al. 2014 placed in the new genus Gaulettia Sothers & Prance :

A few other species were also identified by Sothers et al. 2014 moved to other categories:

  • Couepia dolichopoda Prance → Acioa dolichopoda (Prance) Sothers & Prance
  • Couepia longipendula Pilg. → Acioa longipendula (Pilg.) Sothers & Prance
  • Couepia platycalyx Cuatrec. → Licania platycalyx (Cuatrec.) Sothers & Prance
  • Couepia recurva Spruce ex Prance → Hirtella recurva (Spruce ex Prance) Sothers & Prance : It is only known from four localities along the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador.

use

Few Coupia species (for example Couepia chrysocalyx , Couepia subcordata ) are used as ornamental plants in tropical parks and gardens. Few Coupia species are planted as shade trees.

The fruits of some types of Coupia are edible. The fruits of Couepia caryophylloides , Couepia chrysocalyx and Couepia rufa are harvested from wild specimens and eaten locally. Few Coupia species are grown for the fruit. One of the most important species of this genus, the fruits of which are eaten and therefore grown, is Couepia bracteosa .

Oil is extracted from the fruits of Couepia guianensis , which is said to taste like almond oil.

Specimens of some species, for example Couepia carautae , Couepia chrysocalyx , Couepia dolichopoda , Couepia froesii , Couepia grandiflora , Couepia guianensis , Couepia macrophylla , Couepia paraensis , Couepia ulei , Couepia williamsii , are taken from wild stocks and the wood is used locally. Couepia bracteosa is grown in the Neotropic and provides good wood.

swell

literature

  • Ghillean T. Prance: New species and notes on Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 54, 1999, pp. 103-115. doi : 10.2307 / 4111027
  • Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull: The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7 , pp. 254–456 ( Coupia on pp. 254-456 in the Google book search).
  • Ghillean T. Prance: Chrysobalanaceae R.Br. (1818) nom. cons. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Flowering plants. Eudicots: Malpighiales. Volume XI. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4 , pp. 24 ( Coupia on p. 24 in the Google book search).
  • Cynthia A. Sothers, Ghillean (Iain) Tolmie Prance: Taxonomic novelties in Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae: towards a monophyletic Couepia. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 172, Issue 3, June 2014, pp. 181-182. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.172.3.2
  • Daniel A. Santamaría-Aguilar, Laura P. Lagomarsino: Synopsis of Couepia (Chrysobalanaceae) in Costa Rica, with a description of two new species. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 233, Issue 1, October 2015, pp. 69–79. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.233.1.5 PDF.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Daniel A. Santamaría-Aguilar, Laura P. Lagomarsino: Synopsis of Couepia (Chrysobalanaceae) in Costa Rica, with a description of two new species. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 233, Issue 1, 2015; Pp. 69-79. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.233.1.5 PDF.
  2. ↑ a b c data sheet Couepia at Plants of the World online from KEW Science .
  3. ^ A b c d Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull: The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7 , pp. 254–456 ( Coupia on pp. 254-456 in the Google book search).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Ghillean T. Prance: Chrysobalanaceae R.Br. (1818) nom. cons. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Flowering plants. Eudicots: Malpighiales. Volume XI. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4 , pp. 24 ( Coupia on p. 24 in the Google book search).
  5. ^ Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée Aublet: Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise , 1, 1775, page 519, plate 207: Scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ↑ a b Couepia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 27, 2019.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Couepia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Cynthia A. Sothers, Ghillean (Iain) Tolmie Prance: Taxonomic novelties in Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae: towards a monophyletic Couepia. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 172, Issue 3, June 2014, pp. 181-182. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.172.3.2 PDF.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Couepia in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998. Retrieved on 2019-05-28.
  10. ^ André Márcio Amorim, Rafael Gomes Barbosa-Silva, Cynthia A. Sothers, Renata Camargo Asprino: A tribute to the Orixás: A new Couepia Aubl. (Chrysobalanaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. In: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society , Volume 145, Issue 3, August 10, 2018, pp. 271-277. doi : 10.3159 / TORREY-D-17-00048.1
  11. ↑ a b c Ken Fern, Ajna Fern: Couepia data sheet at Useful Tropical Plants Database , 2014
  12. ↑ a b Couepia bracteosa in Plants For A Future . Retrieved May 28, 2019.

Web links

Commons : Couepia  - collection of images, videos and audio files