Cyrtanthus

Cyrtanthus
	Cyrtanthus brachyscyphus ,; habit and inflorescences of this evergreen species
Systematics
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae)
Subfamily :	Amaryllidoideae
Tribe :	Cyrtantheae
Genre :	Cyrtanthus
Scientific name of the tribe
	Cyrtantheae
	Salisb.
Scientific name of the genus
	Cyrtanthus
	Aiton

Cyrtanthus is the only genus of the tribe Cyrtantheae in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the plant family of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). The approximately 56 to 60 species arenative to sub-Saharan Africa .

description

Illustration of Cyrtanthus ventricosus from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , 51, plate 2471

The genus Cyrtanthus is very variable in both the vegetative and the generative characteristics.

Appearance and leaves

The Cyrtanthus species grow as perennial, herbaceous plants that reach very different heights depending on the species. They form onions as persistence organs, which have a diameter of 1 to 5 cm and usually do not protrude from the ground. The onions often produce many daughter onions. They are either evergreen ( Cyrtanthus brachysciphus , Cyrtanthus elatus , Cyrtanthus epiphyticus , Cyrtanthus herrei , Cyrtanthus montanus , Cyrtanthus obliquus , Cyrtanthus obrienii , Cyrtanthus ochroleucus , Cyrtanthus staadensis ) or the leaves are geophytes and only dry up after the dryness and fresh leaves Drive out flowering time again. Among the geophytes there are species that are green in the South African summer and others that are green in winter.

The few to many, depending on the species, only basal, upright to spreading leaves are sessile. The simple leaf blades are linear to belt-shaped, sometimes twisted to spiral. The leaf surfaces are bare and the leaf margin is smooth. The midrib is often clearly raised and there is a parallel nerve.

Inflorescence and flowers

Inflorescences with the bracts and the flowers in detail of Cyrtanthus falcatus , the ovary below , the six bracts, the stamens slightly protruding above the inflorescence and the style protruding far from the inflorescence are clearly visible .

The mostly hollow, bald inflorescence stem is erect. Depending on the species, one to many flowers are grouped together in an often loosely structured, golden inflorescence . In the budding state, two to four narrow, lanceolate, membranous bracts (called spathe) surround the inflorescence, they wither early during the anthesis . The flowers are each over a bracteole (bracteole). The upright to hanging flower stalks are at most the same length as the flower envelope.

In some species the flowers are fragrant. The flowers , which vary in size depending on the species, are hermaphroditic, rarely radial symmetry , mostly somewhat zygomorphic and threefold. The six similarly shaped bracts are fused to more than half of their length to form an often curved tube that is more or less widened at its base. The inflorescence is tubular or trumpet-shaped. The color of the bracts ranges from white to yellow to orange and from red to pink. There are two circles, each with three identical stamens , which can protrude over the flower envelope. The stamens are usually free or rarely grown together with a broadened base and then form a secondary crown. The anthers are dorsifix or rarely pseudo-basifix and move freely. Three carpels are almost spherical one, dreikammerigen under constant ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains many (10 to 30) ovules . The upright, straight stylus is as long or longer than the stamens and can protrude beyond the inflorescence; it ends with a short to clearly three-lobed scar.

The English common name "fire lily" is used for some species ; this is also a very apt name for Cyrtanthus contractus , Cyrtanthus ventricosus and Cyrtanthus odorus , for example . These species bloom very quickly after bush fires. From Cyrtanthus ventricosus is known that they flourished for nine days after a bush fire and Cyrtanthus odorus is believed that it blooms in nature only by bush fires.

Most Cyrtanthus species bloom from late South African summer to mid-autumn. Exceptions are, for example, Cyrtanthus galpinii , which blooms from the beginning to the end of the South African winter, and Cyrtanthus falcatus , which blooms in early spring.

There are many different pollinators for species in the genus Cyrtanthus . The summer and autumn red flowering species of large butterflies (of the subfamily of Julia Butterfly (Satyrinae), such as Aero Petes Tulbaghia pollinated). In species with red, tubular flowers, nectar birds (Nectariniidae) are the pollinators. Moths pollinate species ( e.g. Cyrtanthus mackenii ) with fragrant and narrow-tube flowers. Bees and long-nosed flies have also been observed as pollinators.

Fruits and seeds

The more or less ellipsoidal, loculicidal capsule fruits open with three back-curving fruit valves. The black seeds are flattened, wrinkled, and usually a little winged.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is x = 8, in which Cyrtanthus differs from most genera of the Amaryllidoideae.

Occurrence

The genus Cyrtanthus is widespread on the African continent south of the Sahara . 22 species are elements of the Capensis . In the Eastern Cape , most species occur.

Most species thrive in the humid climate of the eastern part of Southern Africa . Only six species reach into the dry summer area of the southwestern Capensis. Only two species extend north to East Africa .

Systematics and endangerment of the species

The genus name Cyrtanthus was first published in 1789 by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis , 1st p. 414 . Cyrtanthus angustifolius Aiton was specified as the lectotype species by Edwin Percy Phillips in The Genera of South African Flowering Plants , 2nd edition, p. 204 in 1951 . A homonym is the name Cyrtanthus Schreb published in the same year by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in Genera Plantarum , 1789, p. 122 . This was stated in Vienna ICBN Art. 14.10 & App. III established. Synonyms of Cyrtanthus Aiton are: Anoiganthus Baker , Gastronema Herb. , Monella Herb. , Vallota Salisb. ex Herb. . The generic name Cyrtanthus is derived from the Greek words kyrtos for curved and anthos for flower, this refers to the curved flower tube of many Cyrtanthus species.

Cyrtanthus is the only genus of the tribe Cyrtantheae Salisb. in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family Amaryllidaceae . It used to be part of the Liliaceae family.

Habit of this geophyte and inflorescences of Cyrtanthus falcatus in late September in South Africa.

Cyrtanthus mackenii inflorescence in late December in South Africa, with long-tube, white flowers.

There are about 56 to 60 Cyrtanthus - types :

Cyrtanthus angustifolius (L. f.) Aiton : It occurs in the Capensis . It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus attenuatus R.A.Dyer : It occurs from Free State to Lesotho . It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus aureolinus Snijman : This endemic species ,first described in 2007,is only known from a damp location in the Swartberg Mountains in the Western Cape . In 2009 it was rated "Critically Rare" = "Rare, but not endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus bicolor R.A. Dyer : It occurs from Mpumalanga to Swaziland . It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus brachyscyphus Baker (Syn .: Cyrtanthus parviflorus Baker ): It occurs from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal . It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus brachysiphon Hilliard & BLBurtt : It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal. In 2009 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus breviflorus Harv. : It occurs from Kenya to South Africa . It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus carneus Lindl. : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. In 2009 it was rated "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus clavatus (L'Hér.) RADyer : It occurs in the southern Capensis.
Cyrtanthus collinus Ker Gawl. : It occurs in the Capensis. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus contractus N.E.Br. : It occurs in South Africa. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus debilis Snijman : It occurs in the southern Western Cape (only in the Outeniqua Mountains ). In 2009 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus elatus (Jacq.) Traub : It occurs in the Capensis. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus epiphyticus J.M.Wood : It occurs from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus erubescens Killick : This rare species only occurs in a few locations in the Drakensberg in KwaZulu-Natal. In 2009 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus eucallus R.A.Dyer : It occurs Mpumalanga. In 2009 it was rated "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus falcatus R.A. Dyer : It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal. In 2009 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus fergusoniae L.Bolus : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus flammosus Snijman & Van Jaarsv. : She comes in the Eastern Cape. It is only known from one location, but is still not endangered. In 2009 it was rated “Critically Rare” = “Rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus flanaganii Baker : It occurs in South Africa. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus flavus Barnes : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. In 2009 it was rated "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus galpinii Baker : It occurs from western Mozambique to South Africa. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus guthrieae L.Bolus : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. In 2009 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus helictus clay. : It occurs in the Eastern Cape.
Cyrtanthus herrei (FMLeight.) RADyer : It occurs from Namibia to the Western Cape. In 2009 it was rated "Near Threatened" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus huttonii Baker : It occurs from Mpumalanga to the Eastern Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus inaequalis O'Brien : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus junodii Beauverd : It occurs in the North Cape.
Cyrtanthus labiatus R.A.Dyer : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus leptosiphon Snijman : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. In 2009 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus leucanthus Schltr. : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. In 2009 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus loddigesianus (Herb.) RADyer : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus mackenii Hook. f. : It occurs with two subspecies from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. One of them is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.
Cyrtanthus macmasteri Snijman : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. In 2009 it was rated "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus macowanii Baker : It occurs from Mpumalanga to the Eastern Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus montanus R.A. Dyer : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus nutans R.A. Dyer : It occurs from KwaZulu-Natal to Swaziland.
Cyrtanthus obliquus (L. f.) Aiton : It occurs in the interior of KwaZulu-Natal and the southeastern area of the Eastern Cape. In 2009 it was rated as "Declining" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa, which is intended to express that this species is constantly decreasing in numbers, but this has not yet led to this species being endangered.
Cyrtanthus obrienii Baker : It occurs from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus ochroleucus (Herb.) Burch. ex Steud. : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. In 2009 it was rated "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus odorus Ker Gawl. : It occurs in the southern Western Cape. In 2009 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus rhodesianus Rendle : It occurs in tropical Southern Africa only in the Chimanimani Mountains .
Cyrtanthus rhododactylus Stapf : It occurs in the Capensis. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus rotundilobus N.E.Br. : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus sanguineus (Lindl.) Walp. : It occurs from Sudan to Tanzania and from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus smithiae Watt ex Harv. : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus spiralis Burch. ex Ker Gawl. : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. In 2009 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus staadensis Schönland : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. In 2009 it was rated "Near Threatened" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus stenanthus Baker : It occurs with two varieties in South Africa. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus striatus Herb. : It occurs in the Capensis.
Cyrtanthus suaveolens Schönland : It occurs in the Eastern Cape. In 2009 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus thorncroftii C.H.Wright : It occurs in the North Cape. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus tuckii Baker : It occurs with three varieties in South Africa. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus ventricosus Willd. : It occurs in the southern Capensis. It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus wellandii Snijman : It occurs in the southern Capensis. In 2009 it was rated "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Cyrtanthus welwitschii Here ex Baker : It occurs in tropical southern Africa.

use

Some species are used as ornamental plants . The most common are Cyrtanthus sanguineus and Cyrtanthus elatus in culture.

swell

John C. Manning , Peter Goldblatt & Deirdré A. Snijman : The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs , 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0 : Cyrtanthus on pp. 116–124 (section description, occurrence and use)
Emily Smith, April 27, 2009: Cyrtanthus - Datasheet at Gateway to African Plants . (Section description)
Graham Duncan, July 2002: Cyrtanthus Aiton at PlantZAfrica from the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. (Section Description, Occurrence and Use)
C. O'Neill: The genus Cyrtanthus , In: Herbertia , Volume 46 (1990): 1991, p. 37.
Deirdré A. Snijman: Amaryllidaceae: Cyrtantheae: new species and notes on Cyrtanthus in the Southern Cape, South Africa , In: Bothalia , Volume 29 (2), 1999, pp. 258-263.
Deirdré A. Snijman: A new Cyrtanthus species (Amaryllidaceae: Cyrtantheae) endemic to the Albany Center, Eastern Cape, South Africa , In: Bothalia , Volume 33 (2), 2003, pp. 145-147.

Individual evidence

↑ Entry in Tropicos . Retrieved March 10, 2012
↑ ^a ^b entry at amaryllidaceae.org . (French, accessed February 16, 2012)
^ Cyrtanthus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
↑ ^a ^b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cyrtanthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 26, 2018.
^ DA Snijman & JE Victor, 2004: Cyrtanthus , In: National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants . Retrieved February 16, 2012

Web links

Commons : Cyrtanthus - collection of images, videos and audio files

[tropicos-1] Entry in Tropicos . Retrieved March 10, 2012

[amaryllidaceae.org-2] try at amaryllidaceae.org . (French, accessed February 16, 2012)

[GRIN-3] Cyrtanthus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 16, 2012.

[WCSP-4] Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cyrtanthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 26, 2018.

[Redlist-5] DA Snijman & JE Victor, 2004: Cyrtanthus , In: National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants . Retrieved February 16, 2012