Gabriele D'Annunzio

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Gabriele D'Annunzio (1889)
D'Annunzio signature.svg

Listen to Gabriele D'Annunzio ? / i (also: d'Annunzio ; * March 12, 1863 as Gabriele Rapagnetta-d'Annunzio in Pescara ; †  March 1, 1938 in Gardone Riviera ) was an Italian writer and poet of the fin de siècle and a late Romantic representative of symbolism . He is considered to be a source of ideas for Italian fascism and one of the mentors of Benito Mussolini , although without ever having been an avowed fascist or a member of the fascist party. Audio file / audio sample

In 1924 D'Annunzio was ennobled and received the title Principe di Montenevoso . The University of Chieti-Pescara is named after him.

Life

Birthplace in the old town of Pescara

Gabriele D'Annunzio was the son of a wealthy landowner and mayor who was originally called Francesco Rapagnetta ("little turnip"). At the age of 13, Francesco was adopted by his uncle Antonio D'Annunzio, which is why he took the name D'Annunzio according to the law of the time.

Gabriele was registered with the surname Rapagnetta-d'Annunzio according to the birth certificate. The lower case d , which his father chose arbitrarily, simulated a non-existent title of nobility. Gabriele always signed with Gabriele d'Annunzio throughout his life.

D'Annunzio studied in Florence and at La Sapienza University in Rome . As a 16-year-old high school student debuted it as a lyricist with vere Primo , which he published at his own expense and strongly to the seal Giosuè Carducci's inspired . In 1881 D'Annunzio settled in Rome, where he worked as a journalist for the Tribuna newspaper until 1889 and quickly found access to aristocratic society . A year later he became known for the first time with the collection of poems Canto novo . The poems contained therein extol the joys of life and are determined by the attempt at a new, elitist language. In 1883 D'Annunzio married Countess Maria Hardouin di Gallese. In the 1890s he turned to writing novels . Trionfo della morte ( Triumph of Death , 1894) is a description of life in Abruzzo. The Carthaginian mythical figure Maciste , which he invented, also became known .

After 1898, D'Annunzio's enthusiasm was for the theater. His love affair with the Italian actress Eleonora Duse , which lasted from 1897 to 1902 , had a great influence on his work . At her side he also drafted plans for the conception of an Italian national theater. He dedicated several plays to the Duse, including the tragedies La Gioconda (1898) and Francesca da Rimini (1901), which is about the unfortunate love story mentioned in Dante's Divine Comedy . D'Annunzio's drama was later set to music by Riccardo Zandonai (→ Francesca da Rimini ). In 1901 D'Annunzio met Karl Gustav Vollmoeller , who in 1902 translated D'Annunzio's Francesca da Rimini into German for S. Fischer Verlag . In 1910, Vollmoeller also translated D'Annunzio's novel Forse che si, forse che no (maybe already, maybe not) into German. In addition to poetry, D'Annunzio and Vollmoeller shared a love of flying. Your visit to the famous Brescia Air Show is a must. a. handed down by an article by Franz Kafka who observed both poets there. The plot of the novel Il fuoco ( The Fire , 1900) showed the Italian readership close parallels to the relationship between D'Annunzio and the Duse. The tragedy La figlia di Jorio (1904), widely considered to be his most poetic and passionate drama, plays with elements of rural life in Abruzzo. It is also attributed to the later spread of the name " Ornella ".

Gabriele d'Annunzio, Il Libro delle Vergini , Carabba, 1917

Between 1909 and 1912 he worked with the composer Ildebrando Pizzetti for the opera Fedra based on the ancient Phaidra material . As early as 1910 he had fled into "voluntary exile" in France because of high debts due to his luxurious lifestyle, in order to escape his creditors. During this time he wrote several works in French, the best known of which is Le Martyre de Saint Sébastien ( The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian , 1911), a lyrical and dramatic text set to music by Claude Debussy .

Gabriele D'Annunzio around 1920

At the same time, he was often politically active. In 1897, D'Annunzio became a member of the Conservative Party in a regional parliament , but was not too strict about political orientations: in 1900, he voted for the radical left. In 1915 he advocated Italy's entry into the First World War , which he also called for as a public speaker. The war and its heroization had played a central role in D'Annunzio's life and work. He himself was an avid soldier in the First World War. However, here, too, his hopes were often far beyond attainable reality. D'Annunzio's propaganda flight over Vienna , the capital of the war opponent Austria, on August 9, 1918, shortly before the end of the war, has become almost legendary . A squadron of ten single-seaters and one two-seat Ansaldo SVA aircraft (D'Annunzio was in the latter) set out for this flight, three of which had to make an emergency landing before crossing the border, a fourth pilot in Austria, where he was arrested, and the remaining seven reached their destination . From the plane they did not let bombs, but instead thousands of leaflets in two versions, printed with the colors of the Italian flag, fluttering down onto Vienna. One was printed in two languages, Italian and German, the second comes from D'Annunzio himself and was purely Italian. The latter's text summarized Italy's social and political claims in lurid propaganda slogans, and at the end read: “The threatening of the wings of the young Italian eagle is not like the dark bronze in the morning light. The carefree boldness throws the irresistible word over Sankt Stephan and the Graben, Viennese! Viva l'Italia. "

D'Annunzio on a stamp of the Free State of Fiume from 1920

After the war ended, in September 1919 he led a group of irregulars , the so-called Arditi , as well as parts of the regular Italian army in the occupation of the Adriatic city of Fiume , undermining the armistice agreement. With this, the occupiers reacted to the Paris peace negotiations, according to which Italy might not have been allowed to annex the city, which previously belonged to Austria-Hungary . Before that, the word coined by D'Annunzio of the vittoria mutilata , of "mutilated victory", made the rounds in Italy. The rule in Fiume , with D'Annunzio at its center, anticipated essential elements of fascism : the fixation on one leader, mass mobilization and many other elements that would later reappear among the Italian fascists as well as the German National Socialists .

D'Annunzio's villa on Lake Garda

After D'Annunzio was forced to leave the city after a military intervention by the Italian government in December 1920, he appropriated a confiscated villa near Gardone Riviera on Lake Garda . After his time in Fiume, D'Annunzio apparently initially regarded himself as a political opponent of Benito Mussolini and was also perceived as such by him. In 1922 he tried to get the king to form a government. The correspondence Carteggio D'Annunzio - Mussolini (1919–1938), edited in 1971, bears witness to this . Mussolini got ahead of him with his march on Rome .

Gabriele D'Annunzio's tomb (section of the entire complex) in Gardone

From then on, D'Annunzio retired to his villa on Lake Garda, which he later named Il Vittoriale degli italiani and bequeathed to the Italian people. In 1924 he was at the suggestion of the fascist government by King Victor Emmanuel III. ennobled and received the hereditary title of Principe di Montenevoso in the primogeniture , and a state institute published the entire literary works of the poet.

D'Annunzio let the fascist government finance his lavish lifestyle until the end of his life. He reduced his political activities, only confronted Mussolini and the fascists on minor issues and also praised the territorial expansion efforts of the fascists in Africa, which corresponded to his nationalist ideas of the Mediterranean as the Italian “ Mare Nostrum ”.

D'Annunzio died on March 1, 1938 in his villa near Gardone Riviera, which had previously been declared a national memorial by the government. D'Annunzio was buried in a representative tomb made of white marble on the grounds of his villa. The Brescia airport is named after him.

plant

style

Influenced in particular by Friedrich Nietzsche , Arthur Schopenhauer and Richard Wagner , D'Annunzio devoted himself to lust and the idea of ​​the " superman " in his novels (for example Il Piacere , German Lust , 1889) and dramas as well as in his lyrical work , expressing feelings in eloquent language. D'Annunzio's aesthetic style reflects his romantic nature and his lively lifestyle, which nowadays mostly seems overloaded. The aestheticism of D'Annunzio and his villa on Lake Garda, which is home to a museum testifies.

Egon Friedell let his Italian literary history From Dante to D'Annunzio (1915) end with the writer.

List of works (selection)

A poem to his mother
Lust, German first edition, Fischer, Berlin 1898

Chronologically according to publication or performance:

  • Primo Vere (1879)
  • Canto Novo (1882)
  • Terra Vergine (1882)
  • Intermezzo di rime (1884)
  • Il Libro delle Vergini (1884)
  • Le Novelle di San Pantaleone (1886)
  • Isaotta Guttadauro e altre poesie (1886)
  • Il Piacere (1889, German Lust )
  • L'Isotteo (1890)
  • La Chimera (1890)
  • L'Innocente (1892, German The Innocent , translated by Maria Gagliardi; also published under the title The Sacrifice )
  • Odi navali (1892)
  • Elegy novels (1892)
  • Giovanni Episcopo (1892)
  • Il Trionfo della morte (1894, German The Triumph of Death )
  • Le Vergini delle Rocce (1896, Eng. The Virgins of the Rock )
  • Sogno d'un mattino di primavera (1897, German dream of a spring morning )
  • La città morta (1898)
  • La Gioconda (1899)
  • La Gloria (1899)
  • Il Fuoco (1900, German fire )
  • Francesca di Rimini (1901)
  • Laudi del cielo, del mare, della terra e degli eroi (1903–1912), consisting of the seven volumes named after the Pleiades: Maia , Elettra , Alcyone , Merope , Asterope , Taigete and Celeno ; from this German only Alcyone (2013)
  • La Figlia di Jorio (1904)
  • La Fiaccola sotto il moggio (1905)
  • Più che l'amore (1906)
  • La Nave (1907, German The Ship )
  • Fedra (1909)
  • Forse che sì, forse che no (1910, German maybe - maybe not )
  • Le Martyre de Saint Sébastien (1911)
  • Canzoni d'oltre mare (1911)
  • La Pisanelle ou la mort parfumée (1912)
  • Contemplazione della morte (1912)
  • La Chèvrefeuille (1913)
  • Ode alla nazione serba (1914)
  • La Leda senza cigno (1916)
  • Natale di sangue (1920)
  • Notturno (1921)
  • Le faville del maglio (1924/28), autobiographical
  • Cento e cento… pagine del libro segreto (1935), autobiographical
  • Le dit du Sourd et muet qui fut miraculé en l'an de grâce 1266 (1936)
  • Teneo te, Africa (1936)

Translations into German (selection, see also list of works)

  • Roman elegies (= elegy romane ). Translated by Eugen Guglia . Stern, Vienna 1903.
  • Chants by Gabriele d'Annunzio , adapted by Else Schenkl with book decorations by EM Lilien. Published by Schuster & Löffler, Berlin and Leipzig in 1904.
  • Lust. Translated by Claudia Denzler. With an afterword by Albert Gier . Reclam-Verlag , Ditzingen 1995, ISBN 978-3-15-009346-7 .
  • Alcyone. Translated by Ernst-Jürgen Dreyer and Geraldine Gabor with the assistance of Hans Krieger. With an appendix by Geraldine Gabor and an afterword by Ernst-Jürgen Dreyer. Elfenbein Verlag , Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-941184-16-9 .

Movie

Film adaptations of works Some of his texts have been filmed, including:

Films about D'Annunzio

  • Gabriele D'Annunzio 1863–1938 . Documentary by Jack Clemente. Year of production 1977. 43 min.
  • D'Annunzio's cave. Lifestyle as an autobiography - Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863–1938) . Essay film by Heinz Emigholz , Germany 2002–2005, 52 min. (Part 8 of the series Photography and beyond )

Trivia

D'Annunzio coined some neologisms. He suggested the name La Rinascente for the large department stores in Milan, originally the “magazzini Bocconi ” . He also found the name Saiwa for the biscuit maker.

As a testimonial, he promoted Amaro Montenegro and Amaretto di Saronno . D'Annunzio also created a series of perfumes , the Acqua Nunzia .

From the words “ fratellanza ” and “ famiglia ” D'Annunzio formed the suitcase word “ fraglia ”, which is now part of the names of numerous sailing clubs.

bibliography

  • Annamaria Andreoli: Il vivere inimitabile. Milan 2000.
  • Tom Antongini: The Unknown D'Annunzio. Leipzig 1939.
  • Bernhard Siegert , Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht , Friedrich Kittler (ed.): The poet as a commandant. D'Annunzio conquers Fiume. Munich 1996.
  • Michael Arthur Ledeen: "Preface". D'Annunzio: the First Duce (2nd illustrated ed.). Transaction Publishers 2001. ISBN 978-0-765807427 .
  • Vittorio Martinelli: La guerra di D'Annunzio , Gaspari, Udine 2001.
  • Zenta Maurina : Eleonora Dūze un D'Annuncio . In: Prometeja gaismā. Esejas 1939-1942 . Riga 1943, pp. 143-185.
  • Zenta Maurina : love - destiny. Eleonora Duse and D'Annunzio . In: Gestalten and Fates. Essays . Memmingen 1949, pp. 145-180.
  • Raoul Pupo, Fabio Todero (Eds.): Fiume, D'Annunzio e la crisi dello Stato liberale in Italia. University of Trieste 2011.
  • Olaf Roth: The opera libretti based on plays by Gabriele d'Annunzio. Frankfurt am Main 1999.
  • Bettina Vogel-Walter: D'Annunzio - adventurer and charismatic leader. Frankfurt 2004.
  • Kersten Knipp: The Fascist Commune. Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Republic of Fiume and the extremes of the 20th century . Darmstadt: Theiss 2018.

Web links

Commons : Gabriele D'Annunzio  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Arthur Ledeen: "Preface". D'Annunzio: the First Duce . Transaction Publishers 2001. ISBN 978-0-765807427 .
  2. ↑ www.unich.it
  3. ^ Vittorio Martinelli: La guerra di D'Annunzio , p. 17
  4. ^ Maria Gazzetti: D'Annunzio, Gabriele . Monograph. Hamburg 1989, p. 105
  5. ↑ Article D'Annunzio's flight over Vienna (1918) , accessed on July 10, 2013
  6. ^ Renzo De Felice, Emilio Mariano (ed.): Carteggio d'Annunzio-Mussolini (1919–1938) . Mondadori, Milan 1971.
  7. ^ Rinascente, un "marchio" di D 'Annunzio . (Italian)
  8. ↑ Elena Rovelli: Gabriele D'Annunzio . Archived from the original on June 28, 2009 ; Retrieved January 6, 2009 .
  9. ↑ Testimonial, copywriter e comunicatore di successo: un ritratto di Gabriele D'Annunzio . ( Memento from February 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Il vate Ignudo sulla sabbia .
  11. ↑ La storia ( Memento of December 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) fragliavela.it, March 29, 2011, archived from the original, retrieved on December 17, 2018
personal data
SURNAME D'Annunzio, Gabriele
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Principe di Montenevoso; Gabriele Rapagnetta-d'Annunzio
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian fin de siècle writer and late romantic representative of symbolism
DATE OF BIRTH March 12, 1863
PLACE OF BIRTH Pescara , Italy
DATE OF DEATH March 1, 1938
Place of death Gardone , Italy