Deidesheim Hospital
| Deidesheim Hospital | |
|---|---|
 “Pfründnerbau”, view from the south |
|
| Data | |
| place | Deidesheim |
| architect | including Johann Georg Stahl |
| Client | Nikolaus Übelhirn von Böhl, Bishops of Speyer |
| Architectural style | Hospital chapel: late Gothic |
| Coordinates | 49 ° 24 '26 " N , 8 ° 11' 13.7" E |
The hospital in the Palatinate country town of Deidesheim is an institution with a history spanning more than half a thousand years, which has served as a hospital, retirement home, night asylum, hostel for foreigners and, in times of war, also as a military hospital. It is one of the most important hospitals in the Palatinate and has a special place in the city's history. The buildings are designated as cultural monuments according to the monument protection law of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate .
history
The hospital's foundation
The formal foundation of the hospital took place on April 25, 1494. The Deidesheim knight Nikolaus Übelhirn von Böhl, childless and without heirs, founded the hospital and furnished it with more than 800 acres of his property. The knightly family of the evil brains von Böhl had been resident at their noble court in Deidesheim for many years . The foundation took the form of a certificate in the town hall of Deidesheim in front of the mayor and the lay judges of the Deidesheim court, as well as the representative of the Speyer bishop Ludwig von Helmstatt , who as prince-bishop in the prince-bishopric of Speyer , to which Deidesheim belonged at the time, was the city lord of Deidesheim. The original document has not survived, but a copy from 1603; it is kept in the Landesarchiv Speyer . Another copy from 1741 is also in the Deidesheim city archive. Deidesheim already had a hospital back then, but it was not very wealthy. The old hospital was a hostel for foreigners, which the ancestors of Nikolaus Übelhirn von Böhl had donated. According to the will of its founder, the new hospital was supposed to help old people and those in need; in addition, the hospital was supposed to feed and accommodate strangers and pilgrims. The hospital was maintained by the funds that threw off the goods that Nikolaus von Bohl had donated; these included goods on Deidesheimer, Ruppertsberger , Niederkirchener , Dannstadter , Mutterstadter , Altdorfer and Freimersheimer districts.
Until the French Revolution
In the Middle Ages and the early modern period, Deidesheim was an important transport link between the Rhineland and Alsace ; The number of people who used them and who were allowed to take advantage of the hospital's support was correspondingly large. According to a record from 1573, up to eight people per night found accommodation in the hospital. Most of them were travelers, wounded soldiers, sick people and pilgrims, but also Deidesheim citizens who had gotten into trouble. The hospital covered funeral costs for people who died during their stay. From its foundation in 1494 until 1734/35, the hospital consisted of two facilities: the old hospital, which served as a hostel for foreigners, night asylum, hospital or as a military hospital in times of war, and the new hospital, the actual foundation of Nikolaus von Böhl; it was an old people's home and at times also a sanatorium and nursing home. According to the will of their founder, both hospitals had to fulfill the Seven Works of Mercy for the people.
The new hospital was a beneficiary house , in which individuals and married couples from the Speyer monastery were accepted, for which a fee of between 500 and 1000 guilders had to be paid if the people were not admitted by the sovereign, the bishop of Speyer. However, the fact that after the Thirty Years' War the bishop wanted to enable some of his servants to have a pleasant retirement age in the hospital weighed heavily on the hospital, because it had to bear the costs of food, clothing and medical care for those people without receiving beneficiaries. Because of this, but above all as a result of wars, the hospital could no longer support a large number of beneficiaries in the late 17th century. In 1688, French troops occupied the Speyer Monastery in the War of the Palatinate Succession and set Deidesheim on fire on September 26, 1689, which also damaged the hospital; Like most of the residents of Deidesheim, the beneficiaries also left the destroyed city, but were no longer admitted to the hospital when they returned about two years later. Only after various construction work had been carried out on the building between 1742 and 1746 could old people be accepted again; However, these were now needy people from Deidesheim and Niederkirchen and not beneficiaries as in the past who had bought into the hospital.
In 1778, on the instructions of the Speyer Prince-Bishop Damian August Philipp Karl von Limburg-Stirum, the hospital's area of responsibility was expanded: a hospital and a pharmacy were built; for this purpose the prince-bishop donated 25,000 guilders. In 1782, cathedral capitular Karl Joseph von Mirbach transferred 1,500 guilders to the institute for a ninth sick bed for the needy.
The management of the hospital was taken over by the Brothers of Mercy on July 25, 1779 . In the following period ten to twelve patients were admitted to the hospital every month. However, the Styrum Foundation only existed for a few years: In the course of the First Coalition War , French troops looted the hospital and chapel, and the Brothers of Mercy fled from the advancing revolutionary armies. Massive damage then made it impossible to reopen the hospital.
Until the end of the 19th century
From 1797 the municipal administrations took over responsibility for the civil hospitals in their area. To this end, a five-person commission was formed, which the prefect of the Donnersberg department renewed every five years. The commission used the hospital's income to support sick and needy citizens and poor school children. The pharmacy, which had initially been continued by the Brothers of Mercy, became the property of the Commission in 1805. It was leased for the ridiculous price of 100 guilders to the pharmacist Christian Fabel, who leased the concession he had acquired for 10,000 guilders; a short time later the pharmacy was leased again for 15,000 guilders. As a result, however, the prices of the drugs rose to unaffordable heights for the needy. The devastated hospital chapel was leased as a warehouse and a school and two apartments for teachers were built in the new hospital, which were leased to the community. In 1840 the government of the Kingdom of Bavaria finally put an end to the use of the institution contrary to the foundation and ordered that old and needy people should be admitted to the hospital again. The hospital commission then decided to set up an old people's and nursing home as well as a “toddler store, soup and employment facility” in the hospital buildings. The well-known physician and botanist Carl Heinrich Schultz (1805–1867) worked there as a hospital doctor at that time, which is also indicated by his grave inscription in the Deidesheim cemetery.
In 1850 it was stipulated in the "Statutes of the Citizens' Hospital in Deidesheim" that beneficiaries should be admitted to the hospital for life or only for the duration of illness. On August 20, 1850, the first 15 beneficiaries were accepted by the hospital commission. On November 17, 1851, the Deidesheim mayor Ludwig Andreas Jordan and the Deidesheim landowners Franz Peter Buhl and Georg Friedrich Deinhard donated 10,000 guilders to the hospital as heirs to the former Deidesheim mayor Andreas Jordan ; the money was used to set up a kindergarten, which in 1908 became the responsibility of the city of Deidesheim. Today the kindergarten is called “Bird's Nest”. Her relative, Baroness Anna von Szent-Ivanyi, also gave the Deidesheim Hospital an important foundation on March 17, 1879.
Since the 20th century
Until World War II
At the beginning of 1901, when a position as a hospital had become vacant, Mayor Johann Julius Siben suggested to the superior of the Niederbronn Sisters that some sisters of the order should take on various tasks in the hospital. The proposal was accepted, and on March 21, 1901, the first sister began her service; From September 1, 1909, the nurses established their own branch in the hospital and by 1924 the number of nurses rose to five. The sisters performed their duties in the hospital until 1982 and continued it in the new St. Elisabeth home for the elderly until they were replaced by Indian sisters there in 1991.
The hospital was hit hard by the inflation of 1923 . The financially difficult situation only improved towards the end of the 1920s.
Second World War
On August 26, 1939, shortly before the start of the Second World War , some rooms in the hospital were requisitioned in order to set up a military hospital . In August 1940, after the successful conclusion of the campaign in the west , the hospital was closed again. In January 1945 the hospital had to provide three rooms again to accommodate people from the Neustadt Hetzelstift hospital who had been injured in air raids.
On March 9, 1945, just a few days before Allied troops reached Deidesheim, there was an air raid on Deidesheim, during which two high explosive bombs hit the hospital. On that day, 52 people were accommodated in the hospital. Some Wehrmacht vehicles were parked in the Wassergasse, to which the hospital borders in the south, and a repair workshop was set up for them in the “Reithalle” nearby; The attack carried out by French aircraft was probably aimed at these vehicles. One of the two bombs fell in the courtyard between the south wing and the hospital chapel, directly on the shaft of a sewer, so that the force of the detonation was more likely within this canal, the pipes of which had been severely damaged over a long stretch; At the height of the town hall , a cover of the sewer system was thrown out by the force of the explosion. The second bomb, however, fell directly on the south wing, which was partially completely destroyed. A nun, two pensioners, another woman and two women who had recently given birth lost their lives with their babies; the hospital also acted as a maternity hospital at this time and had just placed four women who had recently given birth here. The hospital chapel survived the attack almost unscathed, only the windows burst from the force of the detonations. Some houses in the vicinity of the hospital were also damaged in the air raid.
After the Second World War
Reconstruction of the buildings after the war was difficult due to a lack of funds. The north wing and the central building were inaugurated on July 2, 1949, the southern part of the building on May 11, 1952.
The hospital was to be expanded through the sale of 15,935 m² of arable land in the Altdorf district and 8,000 m² Wingert area in the Freimersheim district. The Rhineland-Palatinate Ministry of Social Affairs, which was supposed to subsidize the expansion, recommended a combination of nursing home, retirement home and retirement home, which the hospital council also implemented. Since the planned extension could not be realized as planned, it was decided to build a new building on the site of the former sports field; the management of this new old people's home “St. Elisabeth “with 23 homes, 44 nursing homes and 20 living spaces was assigned to the Caritas Association of the Diocese of Speyer . The “St. Elisabeth ”was inaugurated in 1983. The hospital buildings were initially empty; after 1988 the hospital again accepted senior citizens as a short-term residence; a total of 43 places were available at that time.
In 1989 the Bürgerhospital Foundation was awarded the Europa Nostra Medal , an international award given for the preservation of European heritage.
Todays use
In 1994 the hospital was expanded to include the “Café Alt Deidesheim” as a “meeting place for generations” and the “Ritter von Böhl” guest house, whose income goes to the hospital foundation. The hospital's care facility has meanwhile been transferred to the Caritas nursing home “St. Elisabeth ”, which was extended by another wing for this purpose. The redeveloped complex of the Deidesheimer Hospital now serves as a “social meeting point and source of inspiration”; it acts, for example, as a contact point for intergenerational support. The foundation "Bürgerhospital Ritter von Böhl" coordinates helpers who help people in need in the Deidesheim community . At the beginning of 2018, 33 helpers were registered with the foundation. The hospital council includes five Niederkircher and five Deidesheim citizens, as well as the pastor of the Catholic community. The local mayor of Deidesheim is the chairman. In addition to the income from the guest house, the foundation is also financed by leasing vineyards in the vicinity.
The Deidesheimer Spital also hosts events, workshops and exhibitions. Smaller residential units can be made available to people in emergency situations here. The 3F German Museum for Photo, Film and TV Technology is also housed in the northern part of the building .
The building complex
The Deidesheimer Spital is located in the historic town center of Deidesheim on the German Wine Route and has the address Weinstrasse 39/41. Together with the Weinstrasse 35 guest house, which has been part of the hospital again after renovations since 1994, the hospital is a group of three wings that frame the inner courtyard open to Weinstrasse in the north, east and south; in the southwest corner, the courtyard is also closed off by a neighboring residential building. In the middle of the courtyard is the hospital chapel in an east-west direction. The current appearance of the hospital is essentially based on the construction measures which the Speyer prince-bishops Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn-Buchheim and Franz Christoph von Hutten zum Stolzenberg had carried out in the years 1742–1746; In particular, the beneficiary building in the south of the property had to be rebuilt in a simplified form after massive damage in the Second World War.
The core of the southern part of the complex, the so-called Pfründnerbau, dates from around 1500, when the hospital was founded. Before it suffered severe damage from an explosive device in World War II, a late Gothic cornice was visible on its south wall. It has a hipped roof with a striking ridge turret , a square lantern , which the Prince-Bishop's architect Nikolaus Schwartz had built on the roof in 1778. The Pfründnerbau is connected by a bridge-like overpass across Spitalgasse to another building that once also belonged to the hospital. The north and north-east side of the courtyard are closed off by the so-called kitchen and the east-west facing dwelling, two-storey plastered buildings with a pitched roof . The connecting piece between the Küchelbau and the Pfründnerbau was not built until 1743.
The exterior of the late Gothic chapel has hardly been changed in the more than 500 years of its existence. It was built by a Lower Bavarian construction works , which was probably also involved in the construction of the Nikolauskirche in neighboring Gimmeldingen . The hospital chapel is a small hall building, the choir of which is offset slightly south of the nave . The outside of the chapel is plastered, and the windows have fish-bubble tracery . A relief on the western front of the building facing Weinstrasse shows the coat of arms of the hospital's founder, Nikolaus von Böhl. Inside the choir is spanned by an eight-part star vault. The original late medieval furnishings have not been preserved. From the high altar, which was renewed in 1859 and has since been demolished, there is still a carved Madonna and Child in the church (back left), created by the Speyer sculptor Gottfried Renn .
There is a death lamp in the southern part of the hospital courtyard . Its seven-sided pillar covered with tracery is from the 14th century; the lantern with pointed helmet was replaced by Gottfried Renn in 1850 on the pillar. Also in the courtyard, next to an evergreen magnolia , is a memorial stone for Hannelore Kohl . It was inaugurated on November 25, 2001.
literature
- Franz Xaver Remling : The hospital in Deidesheim , Speyer, 1847, digital scan of the book
- Berthold Schnabel : From the history of the Deidesheim hospital . In: Kurt Andermann, Berthold Schnabel (Ed.): Deidesheim - Contributions to the history and culture of a city in the wine country . Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1995, ISBN 3-7995-0418-4 , p. 137-161 .
- Berthold Schnabel: The tasks of a small rural hospital at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century using the example of Deidesheim . In: Heimatfreunde Deidesheim und Umgebung e. V. (Ed.): Deidesheimer Heimatblätter. Contributions to the history of the former prince-bishop's office in Speyer and today's Deidesheim association . No. 3 , 1989.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , p. 137
- ↑ a b c d e f g Georg Peter Karn, Rolf Mertzenich: Bad Dürkheim district. City of Bad Dürkheim, municipality of Haßloch, municipalities of Deidesheim, Lambrecht, Wachenheim (= cultural monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate. Monument topography of the Federal Republic of Germany . Volume 13.1 ). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1995, ISBN 3-88462-119-X , p. 180 .
- ^ General Directorate for Cultural Heritage Rhineland-Palatinate (ed.): Informational directory of cultural monuments - Bad Dürkheim district. Mainz 2020, p. 25 (PDF; 5.1 MB; see: Weinstrasse 39/41 ).
- ^ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , pp. 137-139
- ↑ Schnabel, The Tasks of a Small Rural Hospital ... , p. 2
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , pp. 138-139
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , pp. 143–144
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , pp. 145–146
- ^ Franz Xaver Remling: Das Hospital zu Deidesheim , Speyer, 1847, page 43; Digital scan
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , pp. 146–148
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , pp. 148–149
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , p. 150
- ^ Alfons Effler: The charitable foundations of Deidesheim citizens in the 19th and 20th centuries . In: Heimatfreunde Deidesheim und Umgebung e. V. (Ed.): Deidesheimer Heimatblätter. Contributions to the history of the former prince-bishop's office in Speyer and today's Deidesheim association . No. 12 , 1994, pp. 23 .
- ↑ Berthold Schnabel: The end of the war in today's community of Deidesheim. Part 1. In: Heimatfreunde Deidesheim und Umgebung e. V. (Ed.): Deidesheimer Heimatblätter. Contributions to the history of the former prince-bishop's office in Speyer and today's Deidesheim association . No. 14 , 1995, pp. 13-20 .
- ↑ a b c Historical development. Bürgerhospital Deidesheim, accessed on September 3, 2017 .
- ↑ Helpers wanted. In: The Rheinpfalz, Mittelhaardter Rundschau. No. 30, February 5, 2018.
- ↑ Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheimer Spital , p. 156
- ↑ a b c Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheim hospital , p. 158
- ↑ a b Schnabel, From the history of the Deidesheim hospital , p. 157
- ^ Markus Weis: Art and Architecture in Deidesheim . In: Kurt Andermann, Berthold Schnabel (Ed.): Deidesheim - Contributions to the history and culture of a city in the wine country . Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1995, ISBN 3-7995-0418-4 , p. 185 .
- ↑ Stefan Gillich : Dare yourself - find your own way . Englram Partner GmbH, Haßloch 2008, ISBN 978-3-926775-53-5 , p. 160 .