Dobson-Kleintenrek

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dobson-Kleintenrek
Systematics
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia
Order : Tenrecus (Afrosoricida)
Family : Tenreks (Tenrecidae)
Subfamily : Travel treks (Oryzorictinae)
Genre : Nesogale
Type : Dobson-Kleintenrek
Scientific name
Nesogale dobsoni
( Thomas , 1884)

The Dobsonian Kleintenrek or Dobsonian Kleintanrek or Dobson's long -tailedanrek ( Nesogale dobsoni , syn .: Microgale dobsoni ) is a species of mammal from the genus Nesogale within the Tenreks family . It is not quite as big as its close relative, the Talazac-Kleintenrek , like this one it is characterized by a shrew-mouse-like appearance with a spindle-shaped body and short limbs as well as a pointed head, the tail reaches the length of the rest of the body. The species is endemic to Madagascar and is there relatively widespread over the eastern parts of the country. As the main habitat act tropical rainforests of the low and high lands, also of Dobson Kleintenrek inhabited more than impressed landscapes. The animals live solitary and live on the ground, but also climb trees and dig underground burrows. In addition, they can orientate themselves using echolocation . They feed on insects and other invertebrates, as well as smaller vertebrates . What is remarkable is the ability of the Dobsonian lesser tenreks to store fat in the tail and to use it as storage for times when food is scarce. Reproduction has so far only been observed in human captivity, a litter consists of up to five young animals that are born as nestlings and grow out within three months. The Dobsonian Kleintenrek received its first scientific description in 1884 . Its existence is considered safe.

features

Habitus

The Dobsonian Kleintenrek is the smaller representative of the two species of Nesogale . A total of 48 examined individuals from the forest area of ​​Ambohitantely in central Madagascar had a total length of 17.3 to 22.6 cm. The head-trunk length was 8.3 to 10.8 cm and the tail length was 8.8 to 11.8 cm; the average weight was 27.1 g. Another eleven animals analyzed from the Andringitra and Anosyenne Mountains in southeastern Madagascar had a body length of 9.5 to 13.0 cm, a tail length of 10.0 to 12.2 cm and a body weight of 28.0 to 39, 0 g. Eleven animals were also measured from the Anjanaharibe and Marojejy mountain ranges in the northeastern part of the island . The length of the head and torso varied from 10.0 to 11.1 cm, the tail measured between 10.2 and 12.8 cm and the body weight reached 20.5 to 31.0 g. A proven sexual dimorphism is not proven, on the Anjanaharibe massif females with 26.0 to 30.0 g were on average somewhat heavier than males with 20.5 to 25.5 g, but the number of individuals examined is too small for more precise statements. Like its larger relative, the Talazac-Kleintenrek ( Nesogale talazaci ), the Dobsonian-Kleintenrek is characterized by a shrew-like appearance with a spindle-shaped body, short and strong limbs and a long, narrow head with a pointed snout. The length of the tail corresponds approximately to the dimensions of the body or slightly exceeds it. The ear length is 16 to 22 mm. The back fur is brownish in color, the belly side is greyish with yellowish-brown washings. A faint dual coloration is evident on the tail, the chin and lips appear yellowish. Hands and feet each have five rays that are whitish in color and each have claws of the same size. The outer ray extends to the base of the third phalanx (finger and phalanx ) of the fourth ray. A total of six skin pads are formed on the sole. The entire rear foot reaches a length of 17 to 24 mm. Females have zero to one pair of teats in the breast, zero to two pairs in the abdomen, and one to two pairs in the groin.

Skull and dentition features

The skull has a large and robust structure. Its greatest length varies from 28.8 to 32.5 mm, its greatest width measured at the skull from 10.9 to 12.1 mm. As with all tenreks, the zygomatic arches are incomplete. The rostrum is relatively wide and high, the posterior part of the skull appears shortened. In the area of ​​the orbit , the skull walls run parallel, the entire skull region here is roughly stretched. When viewed from the side, the frontal line follows a slightly sinusoidal curve. The occiput is clearly angled, prominent muscle marks as muscle attachment points are striking here. The cranial sutures that are not visible when they are fully grown can also be regarded as remarkable. The bit is made up of a total of 40 teeth along the dental formula is: . In the upper set of teeth there are noticeable gaps between the two front incisors and the last incisor and the canine . In the lower jaw, the second incisor protrudes prominently over the canine. All front teeth have additional cusps on the tooth crown. The rear dentition shows only a few differences from that of the closely related Kleintenreks. The molars have a zalambdodontic occlusal surface pattern, which consists of three main cusps. The upper posterior molar is reduced in size, while on the corresponding lower molar there are noticeable shortenings on the talonid, a lower-lying surface into which one of the three main cusps of the upper, opposite molar engages. The upper row of teeth measures 14.2 to 16.2 mm in its total length.

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the Dobsonian small tenrec

The Dobson-Kleintenrek is an endemic inhabitant of Madagascar . Its distribution area stretches in a more or less wide strip across the eastern parts of the country. In the north there are significant sites, for example, on the two massifs of Anjanaharibe and Marojejy , which are close to each other, or in the forest area of ​​Makira to the south, as well as on the Masoala peninsula in the Antsiranana province , and also on the Tsaratanana massif in the Mahajanga province . Outstanding evidence in the central area of ​​the island comes from the forest areas of Ambatovy-Analamay-Torotorofotsy in the province of Toamasina and from the forest corridor of Anjozorobe-Angavo in the border area of ​​the provinces Toamasina and Antananarivo . Further south, the species was found in the forest areas of Ankazomivady, Ranomafana and in the Andringitra Mountains in the province of Fianarantsoa , as well as in the Anosyenne Mountains in the province of Toliara . Apart from this relatively contiguous distribution area, stocks are documented further west in the central highlands, for example in the forest areas of Tsinjoarivo and Ambohitantely, the former is south and the latter is north of Antananarivo in the province of the same name. The animals inhabit the tropical rainforests of the lowlands and mountainous highlands; the altitude ranges from sea level to around 2500 m. The animals can also be found at the edges of forests, on tree plantations, in areas with severe anthropogenic disturbance such as agricultural areas or in open landscapes; in the high mountain areas they are sometimes documented above the tree line. Animals have also been observed on rocky slopes of steep river banks. In general, the Dobsonian Kleintenrek is considered to be relatively common, at some sites like Ambohitantely or Ankazomivady it is the most frequently registered representative of the Tenreks. In many areas of its distribution area it occurs sympatric with the Talazac-Kleintenrek ( Nesogale talazaci ).

Way of life

Territorial behavior

The Dobson-Kleintenrek inhabits dense forests. He is nocturnal, as a shelter the Dobson-Kleintenrek uses underground burrows, some of which he creates himself. The earth material is dug up with the forefeet, collected under the belly and then pushed away with the hind legs. In the burrow there is a nest made of dried plant material such as leaves and grass stalks. The Dobson-Kleintenrek spends most of the active phases on the ground, moving four feet forward in the cloister . The tail is held a little above the ground, but the position depends on the tension of the animal and ranges from stiffly stretched with increased attention to drooping in relaxed situations. Furthermore, the Dobsonian Kleintenrek can climb trees well; in individual regions such as the Anosyenne Mountains, animals have been observed in the branches at a height of 2.5 m. The tail then balances the body; unlike that of the long-tailed small tenreks of the genus Microgale, it has no function as a grasping organ . Sometimes an animal jumps from branch to branch. It should be emphasized that the largely unspecialized construction of the forelimbs supports terrestrial locomotion, but does not give any indications of a climbing or digging ability. The Dobsonian Kleintenrek constantly interrupts its hikes and sniffs on the ground or sometimes sits up on its hind legs to smell the air. The animals probably use high-frequency tones for orientation in confusing terrain or in lightless conditions. These tones are generated with tongue clicks on the lips, they reach frequencies of 17  kHz and last up to 0.5 seconds.

In principle, the Dobsonian Kleintenrek lives solitary. When same-sex conspecifics meet, various areas of the body are probed with the nose to establish contact. Often scent marks are deposited via glands in the cloaca , for example on twigs, branches or in the vicinity of hiding places. Males also produce a whitish liquid that appears between the eyes and may also be used for marking. A typical defense reaction in encounters is an open mouth. In addition, several vocalizations are known, which include a soft squeak or chirp and a loud squeak, both of which have a more defensive character. A whimper, on the other hand, is uttered in the case of intimidation or submission. The sounds are in a frequency range of 3 to 6 kHz and are rather short with a maximum of half a second. Communication via visual stimuli probably plays only a subordinate role due to the poor sense of sight . In addition to scratching and licking, comfort behavior includes “washing your face” with both front feet from above behind the ears down to the mouth, which is open and the front feet slightly moistened with saliva . It is not only used to clean ears, nose, fur and vibrissae , but also to distribute fragrances for chemical communication with conspecifics. To sleep, an animal curls up lying on its side or crouching on its hind legs.

nutrition

Like most tenreks, the Dobsonian small tenrek feeds mainly on insects and other invertebrates , and in some cases it also eats smaller vertebrates . The main food consists of grasshoppers , beetle larvae and earthworms . Animals in human care also often ate tadpoles . Isotope analyzes on animals from Tsinjoarivo suggest that herbivorous prey animals are predominantly preferred; in terms of their diet, the Dobsonian lesser tenrek is similar to the long-tailed lesser tenrek from the genus Microgale . According to individual observations, he may kill smaller members of the Kleintenreks. The prey is sniffed on the ground under the waste of leaves and is sometimes grabbed with the teeth or front feet by jumping, but in the latter case they are not brought to the mouth with them. Occasionally an animal brings its prey into the nest, but no stores are accumulated. What is remarkable about the Dobsonian Kleintenrek is its ability to store fat in appreciable amounts under the skin and especially in the tail, which is not known from the Talazac Kleintenrek and the Microgale species. This happens mainly for the dry seasons with a poorer food supply, the body weight can increase considerably, individual individuals in human captivity weighed up to 84.7 g.

The body temperature of the Dobsonian lesser tenrec is highly variable and adapts to the external conditions. At outside temperatures of 18.0 to 31.8 ° C it fluctuates between 24.2 and 34.8 ° C. Only at very low ambient temperatures around 11 ° C a start thermoregulation . Despite the heterothermal properties of the Dobsonian Kleintenrek, unlike some other Tenreks, no torpor occurs. If the external conditions are poor and there is a sufficient supply of fat, however, the animals become partially inactive, combined with a drop in body temperature. The animals then hardly eat any food and mostly sleep. Possibly this is a special adaptation to the climatic and environmental conditions in very high mountain areas. The metabolic rate is comparatively low and is only 71% of the value in similarly sized mammals. In times of higher physical demands such as bearing and raising the offspring, however, it can increase significantly.

Reproduction

Both the mating behavior and the birth and rearing of the young were observed several times in human care in the 1960s and 1980s, but there are hardly any reports from the wild. There, males with enlarged testicles , pregnant or milk-producing females and young animals were observed from August to March. A female that was caught near Ambodivoangy in the area of ​​what is now the Mantadia Andasibe National Park carried two embryos , each with a body length of 25 mm. Mating in captive animals took place between December and August. During the mating ritual, males and females sniff and rub each other's noses, followed by the back, stomach, rump and ears, and sometimes bites are exchanged. This is accompanied by squeaks and trills from the male, while females sometimes show an open mouth as a defense reaction. After making contact, the male mounts the female, the sexual act sometimes only lasts 10 seconds, but in aggressive cases it can last up to 7.5 minutes.

The gestation period is an estimated 62 days, during which the female gains considerable mass. One female weighed 53 g shortly before birth, around 14 g more than before fertilization, while another gained up to 25 g in weight while the young were carried to term. The birth took place in litters in the 1960s between February and May, in the 1980s between September and March. The size of a litter varies from one to five boys. As usual with the tenreks, these are naked with the exception of the vibrissae and have closed eyes and ears, which characterizes them as nestling . A measured young animal had a 48 mm long body and a 29 mm long tail, the average weight is 3.7 g. The offspring initially remain in a special nest made of leaves and other plants inside the building. Overall, there has been little research into parental care. Mother animals bring runaway young actively back to the nest, carrying them in their mouths. The boys gain around 0.23 g in body weight and between 1.6 and 2.0 mm in length every day. At around 25 to 27 days, the eyes open, around this time the young animals leave the nest for the first time and start to eat solid food, some of which they actively prey. The growth rate slows down after about 50 to 65 days, after a good 95 days the young animals have the fur of adult animals. Life expectancy in the wild is unknown, animals in captivity survived there for about four to five and a half years.

Predators and parasites

Significant predators provide the fossa and the Fanaloka . However, according to studies by 20 of the Dobson Kleintenrek plays Kotresten the fossa from the andringitra massif and 60 of Fanaloka from the forest area of Ranomafana both predators only a subordinate role in prey hunting. Its share in the prey spectrum was a total of one or two individuals, which corresponds to a share of 2 to 3% of the total ingested biomass of vertebrates. Animals kept in captivity reacted strongly to the odor of the ring-tailed mongoose and led to defensive behavior in the form of a wide-open mouth, usually the Dobsonian little tenrek does not make a sound, only sometimes this is combined with a squeak. The Dobson-Kleintenrek encounters direct threats with bites. As a rule, however, in the event of danger, he flees into the next hiding place or under the waste of leaves.

External parasites have so far been found with fleas of the genera Paractenopsyllus and Synopsyllus and with ticks of the genus Ixodes . The latter is relatively common with up to 47 ticks per animal. As an internal parasite are nematodes occupied.

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Tenreks according to Everson et al. 2016
 Tenrecidae  
  Tenrecinae  


 Echinops


   

 Setifer



   

 Hemicentetes


   

 Tenrec




   
  Geogalinae  

 Geogals


  Oryzorictinae  

 Oryzorictes


   
  Nesogale  

 Nesogale dobsoni


   

 Nesogale talazaci



   

 Microgale






Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The Dobsonian Kleintenrek is a species from the genus Nesogale , to which the Talazac Kleintenrek ( Nesogale talazaci ) is another one. Nesogale in turn forms part of the family of tenrecs (Tenrecidae), endemic in Madagascar occurring mammals with diverse adaptations to insect- and carnivora generic diet. Within the Tenreks, Nesogale belongs together with the Kleintenreks ( Microgale ) and the rice burrowers ( Oryzorictes ) to the subfamily of the Reistenreks (Oryzorictinae). According to genetic analyzes, the Kleintenreks are the closest relatives of Nesogale . Originally, the Talazac and Dobsonian Kleintenrek were considered to be members of the Kleintenreks, the largest group of Tenreks, which show a high degree of diversity with bottom-dwelling, digging, tree-climbing or water-dwelling forms . As early as 1918, however, Oldfield Thomas had spun off the two species from the Kleintenreks and placed them in Nesogale , as characteristics of the new genus Thomas cited the average larger physique and the more massive skull design compared to Microgale . The new genre assignment was partly popular in the following years , for example by Terence Morrison-Scott in 1948. Other authors saw Nesogale only as a sub-genre of Microgale , such as John F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould or Henri Heim de Balsac in the 1970s. In 1987, Ross DE MacPhee re- incorporated Nesogale completely into Microgale in a revision of the Kleintenreks . Molecular genetic studies from 2016, however, revealed an early separation of Nesogale from the other small tenreks, which dates back to the Lower Miocene around 19.4 million years ago. For this reason, Nesogale was separated from Microgale and raised to an independent class status.

The first scientific description of the Dobsonian Kleintenreks was created by Oldfield Thomas in 1884, he used the term Microgale dobsoni . A nearly full-grown male individual with a body length of 9.2 cm and a tail length of 10.8 cm is used as the holotype . According to Thomas' information in the first description, it comes from the "Nandésen Forest" in the central highlands of Madagascar and was collected there by W. Waters in February or March of the same year. The reference to the "Nandésen Forest" was initially unclear because its spelling does not correspond to the Malagasy language . In 1948, Terence Morrison-Scott gave the locality Nandihizana as the correct locality, which he had taken from Thomas' private manuscript together with the indication 10 miles south of Ambusitra (Baron) . The village is located about 30 km south-southwest of Ambositra in the province of Fianarantsoa , in its immediate vicinity is the forest area of ​​Ankazomivady. The region is thus regarded as a type area of ​​the species. Thomas gave the species name dobsoni in honor of George Edward Dobson , who wrote the work A Monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomical in 1883 , which also contains an extensive chapter on the genus Microgale , which was scientifically named only a year earlier . At that time only one specimen of the Dobsonian lesser tenre was known. It was not until the expedition of Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major in the years 1894 to 1896 to eastern Madagascar that new discoveries were made and a total of 30 individuals from four different sites were found. Among them was an animal with fat deposits in its tail, which Oldfield Thomas presented for the first time. Furthermore, the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Americaine from the period from 1929 to 1931 with the participation of Austin Loomer Rand should be emphasized, which provided numerous other copies.

Threat and protection

The IUCN classifies the population of the Dobsonian Tinker into the category of “ least concern” due to its wide distribution, the assumed large population and the ability of the animals to adapt to degraded habitats . No major threats are known; the loss of habitat can have a certain impact locally. The animals are found in many protected areas, including the National Park Marojejy , the National Park Ankarafantsika , the National Park Pic d'Ivohibe , the Andringitra National Park and the National Park Andohahela .

literature

  • JF Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  • Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (pp. 166–167) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • Oldfield Thomas: Description of a new species of Microgale. The Annals and magazine of natural history 14, 1884, pp. 337–338 ( [5] )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b P. J. Stephenson: Taxonomy of shrew-tenrecs (Microgale ssp.) From eastern and central Madagascar. Journal of Zoology 235, 1995, pp. 339-359
  2. ↑ a b c d Paulina D. Jenkins, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: The Shrew Tenrecs (Microgale) (Insectivora: Tenrecidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 85, 1996, pp. 191-217
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Steven M. Goodman, Paulina D. Jenkins and Mark Pidgeon: Lipotyphla (Tenrecidae and Soricidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 94, 1999, pp. 187-216
  4. ↑ a b c d e Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: The Insectivores of the Réserve Spéciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 90, 1998, pp. 139-161
  5. ↑ a b c d e Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecs (Lipotyphla; Tenrecidae) of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 97, 2000, pp. 201-229
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (pp. 166–167) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  7. ^ A b Paulina D. Jenkins: A New Species of Microgale (Insectivora: Tenrecidae) from Eastern Madagascar with an Unusual Dentition. American Museum Novitates 3067, 1993, pp. 1-11
  8. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Diversité biologique the micromammifères non volants (Lipotyphla et Rodentia) dans le complexe Marojejy Anjanaharibe-sud. In: Steven M. Goodman and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Nouveaux résultats faisant référence à l'altitude dans la région des massifs montagneux de Marojejy et d'Anjanaharibe-sud. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 19, 2003, pp. 231-276
  9. ↑ Zafimahery Rakotomalala, Vonjy Andrianjakarivelo, Volatiana Rasataharilala and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non volant de la forêt de Makira, Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 132, 2007, pp. 205-221
  10. ↑ Vonjy Andrianjiakarivelo, Emilienne Razafimahatratra, Yvette Razafindrakoto and Steven M. Goodman: The terrestrial small mammals of the Parc National de Masoala, northeastern Madagascar. Acta Theriologica 50 (4), 2005, pp. 537-549
  11. ↑ Claudette Patricia Maminirina, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: Les microammifères (Mammalia, Rodentia, Afrosoricida et Soricomorpha) du du massif Tsaratanana et biogeography of Forests de montagne de Madagascar. Zoosystema 30 (3), 2008, pp. 695-721
  12. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Martin Raheriarisena: The non-volant and non-primate mammals of the Ambatovy Analamay forest. In: Steven. M. Goodman and V. Mass (Eds.): Biodiversity, exploration, and conservation of the natural habitats associated with the Ambatovy project. Malagasy Nature 3, 2010, pp. 153-177
  13. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Landryh T. Ramanana, José M. Ralison and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non-volants du “Couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo”. In: Steven M. Goodman, Achille P. Raselimanana and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Inventaires de la faune et de la flore du couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 24, 2007, pp. 141-182
  14. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Pierre Jules Rakotomalaza, Achille Philippe Raselimalala, Rodin Rasoloarinson, Mamy Ravokatra, Voahangy Soarimalala and Lucienne Wilmé: Inventaire biologique de la Forêt d'Ankazomivady, Ambositra. Akon'ny Ala 24, 1998, pp. 19-32
  15. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Stephen M. Goodman, H. Ramiaranjanahary, LL Fenohery and W. Rakotonirina: Les micromammifères non-volants du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui le relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. Dans Inventaire biologique du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui la relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. In: Stephen M. Goodman and VR Razafindratsita (eds.): Recherches pour le Développement. Série Sciences Biologiques 17, 2001, pp. 199-229
  16. ↑ Landryh Tojomanana Ramanana: Petits mammifères (Afrosoricida et Rodentia) nouvellement recensés dans le Parc National d'Andohahela (parcelle 1), Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 4, 2010, pp. 66-72
  17. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Marie Jeanne Raherilalao, Domoina Rakotomalala, Achille P. Raselimanana, Voahangy Soarimalala, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin and J. Rafanomezantsoa: Inventaire biologique de la Foret de Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy. Akon'ny Ala 27, 2000, pp. 18-27
  18. ↑ PJ Stephenson, H. Randriamahazo, N. Rakotoarison and PA Racey: Conservation of mammalian species diversity in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Biological Conservation 69, 1994, pp. 213-218
  19. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Daniel Rakotondravony: The effects of forest fragmentation and isolation on insectivorous small mammals (Lipotyphla) on the Central High Plateau of Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 250, 2000, pp. 193-200
  20. ^ A b c d Edwin Gould and John F. Eisenberg: Notes on the biology of the Tenrecidae. Journal of Mammalogy 47 (4), 1966, pp. 660-686
  21. ^ A b P. J. Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Microgale dobsoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T40587A97190623 ( [1] ); last accessed on December 18, 2016
  22. ^ Justine A. Salton and Eric J. Sargis: Evolutionary morphology of the Tenrecoidea (Mammalia) carpal complex. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 93, 2008, pp. 267-288
  23. ^ Justine A. Salton and Eric J. Sargis: Evolutionary Morphology of the Tenrecoidea (Mammalia) Forelimb Skeleton. In: EJ Sargis and M. Dagosto (Eds.): Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, Springer Science, 2008, pp. 51-71.
  24. ^ Edwin Gould: Evidence for echolocation in the Tenrecidae of Madagascar. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 109 (6), 1965, pp. 352-360
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k J. F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  26. ^ A b c Peter J. Stephenson, Paul A. Racey and Félix Rakotondraparany: Maintenance and reproduction of tenrecs (Tenrecidae) at Parc Tsimbazaza, Madagascar. International Zoo Yearbook 33, 1994, pp. 194-201
  27. ↑ Melanie Dammhahn, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Trophic Niche Differentiation and Microhabitat Utilization in a Species-rich Montane Forest Small Mammal Community of Eastern Madagascar. Biotropica 45 (1), 2013, pp. 111-118
  28. ↑ a b c d P. J. Stephenson, JR Speakman and PA Racey: Field metabolic rate in two species of shrew-tenrec, Microgale dobsoni and M. talazaci. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 107A (2), 1994, pp. 283-287
  29. ^ PJ Stephenson and PA Racey: Reproductive energetics of the Tenrecidae (Mammalia: Insectivora), II; the shrew-tenrecs (Microgale spp.) Physiological Zoology 66, 993, pp. 664-685
  30. ^ A b John F. Eisenberg: Tenrecs and solenodons in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 15, 1975, pp. 6-12
  31. ↑ Richard Weigl: Longevity of mammals in captivity; from the Living Collections of the world A list of mammalian longevity in captivity. Kleine Senckenberg series, Volume 48, 2005, pp. 1–214 (p. 34)
  32. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, O. Langrand and BPN Rasolonandrasana: The food habits of Cryptoprocta ferox in the high mountain zone of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar (Carnivore, Viverridae). Mammalia 61 (2), 1997, pp. 185-192
  33. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, FJ Kerridge and RC Ralisomalala: A note on the diet of Fossa fossana (Carnivora) in the central eastern humid forests of Madagascar. Mammalia 67 (4), 2003, pp. 595-598
  34. ↑ Jean-Claude Beaucournu, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina and Steven M. Goodman: Puces (Insecta: Siphonaptera) d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar: Spécificité et phenologie. Malagasy Nature 9, 2015, pp. 39-48
  35. ↑ J.-B. Duchemin: Leptopsyllines from Madagascar (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae): Description of five new species of Paractenopsyllus Wagner, (1938). Parasite 11, 2004, pp. 59-70
  36. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina, Voahangy Soarimalala and Jean-Claude Beaucournu: The Fleas of Endemic and Introduced Small Mammals in Central Highland Forests of Madagascar: Faunistics, Species Diversity, and Absence of Host Specificity. Journal of Medical Entomology 52 (5), 2015, pp. 1135-1143
  37. ↑ Michael W. Hastriter and Carl W. Dick: A description of Paractenopsyllus madagascarensis sp. n. and the female of Paractenopsyllus raxworthyi Duchemin & Ratovonjato, 2004 (Siphonaptera, Leptopsyllidae) from Madagascar with a key to the species of Paractenopsyllus. ZooKeys 13, 2009, pp. 43-55
  38. ↑ Dmitry A. Apanaskevich, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: A new Ixodes species (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of Shrew tenrecs (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology 99 (6), 2013, pp. 970-972
  39. ↑ Malala N. Rakotomanga, Steven M. Goodman, Voahangy Soarimalala, Sebastien Boyer and Dmitry Apanaskevich: Les tiques dures (Acari: Ixodidae) ectoparasites de micromammifères non-volants dans la forêt d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 12, 2017, pp. 59-67
  40. ↑ a b Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
  41. ↑ a b Oldfield Thomas: On the arrangement of the small Tenrecidae hitherto referred to Oryzorictes and Microgale. Annals and magazine of natural history 14, 1918, pp. 302–307 ( [2] )
  42. ^ A b c T. CS Morrison-Scott: The Insectivorous Genera Microgale and Nesogale (Madagascar). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 118, 1948, pp. 817-822
  43. ^ Henri Heim de Balsac: Insectivores. In: R. Battistini and G. Richard-Vindard (eds.): Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. The Hague, 1972, pp. 629-660
  44. ↑ a b R. DE MacPhee: The Shrew Tenrecs of Madagascar: Systematic revision and distribution of Holocene Microgale (Tenrecidae, Insectivora). American Museum Novitates 2889, 1987, pp. 1-45
  45. ^ A b Oldfield Thomas: Description of a new species of Microgale. The Annals and magazine of natural history 14, 1884, pp. 337-338
  46. ↑ George Edward Dobson: A Monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomical. Part II. London, 1883, pp. 86a – 86e ( [3] )
  47. ^ Paulina D. Jenkins and Michael. D. Carleton: Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major's expedition to Madagascar, 1894 to 1896: beginnings of modern systematic study of the island's mammalian fauna. Journal of Natural History 39 (20), 2005, pp. 1779-1818
  48. ^ CI Forsyth Major: On the general results of a zoological expedition to Madagascar in 1894-96. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London 1896, pp. 971-981 ( [4] )

Web links