The mostly thick leaves are in a basal, dense, spreading rosette . The often rigid, hard leaf blades are lanceolate and taper off into a sharp point. The leaf margins are very hard and thorny sawn. Most of the leaves (at least the underside) have silver-white scales. There is no sharp demarcation between water storage tissue and assimilation parenchyma.
Inflorescences and flowers
As an exception among the Bromeliaceae, the inflorescences are always on the side, so several inflorescences (at a time interval) can be formed from a rosette of leaves. The simple or branched, traubigen , ährigen or rispigen inflorescences are sorted by type 0.2 up to 2 meters high. There are extra-floral nectaries along the inflorescences .
The stalked to almost sessile flowers are odorless or have a weak smell. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic; Exceptions are, for example, Dyckia maritima , Dyckia selloa and Dyckia hebdingii , whose flowers are functionally unisexual. The flowers are radial symmetry and threefold with a double flower envelope . There are three sepals . The three petals that are only fused at their base, often nailed, are mostly yellow to orange to red, rarely green. There are two circles with three fertile stamens each. The relatively thick stamens are free, fused with the petals at their base up to a large part of their length. Usually the stamens protrude, not the petals, sometimes the upper area of the anthers protrudes from the corolla and rarely the stamens protrude clearly beyond the petals. Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. The cylindrical, straight stylus ends in a three-lobed scar. Many species are self-fertile.
Fruits and seeds
The triple capsule fruits contain many seeds. The wedge-shaped seeds are winged by a skin edge. The seeds are dispersed by the wind.
Occurrence
Dyckia species grow in warm, sunny areas between rocks at altitudes of up to 2000 meters. In Brazil, Dyckia species thrive mostly at altitudes from 0 to over 1000 meters, mostly in sun-exposed niches of the vegetation units Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Forest), Restinga , Caatinga , Campos Rupestres and Cerrado .
Systematics and distribution
The first description of the genus Dyckia was carried out in 1830 by John Jacob Romans and Julius Hermann Schultes Systema Vegetabilium , 7, 2, p 65, 1194. As Lectotypusart 1955 Dyckia densiflora Schult. f. by Lyman B. Smith (in ING Card No. 00365.). The generic name Dyckia honors the German amateur botanist and gardener Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck . The naming is commented in the first description as follows: “Noun in honorem serenissimi Principis Jos. ad Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck etc. etc., qui amabili scientiae templum splendidissimum in terris suis dicavit, atque innumeris nitidissimisque thesauris locupletavit. " (Translated, for example: The name honors his Highness Prince Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck, who commissioned the brilliant temple of science in his country and decorated it with the most magnificent treasures.) Synonyms for Dyckia Schult. & Schult. f. are: Garrelia Gaudich. , Prionophyllum C. Koch .
The distribution area of the genus Dyckia extends over almost all of South America. Mainly (about 83%) the species occur in Brazil , some species are still found in Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay and Uruguay . In Brazil, species occur in all regions. In total there are 115 species and four varieties in Brazil, 99 of which are only found there. The greatest biodiversity (37 species) is in southeastern Brazil. There are 32 species in the state of Minas Gerais , 26 of which are only found there.
According to Gouda et al. there are about 168 species and twelve varieties in the genus Dyckia in 2013 :
Dyckia alba Winkler : It thrives on dry sandstone rock walls in Brazil.
Dyckia apiunensis P.J.Braun & Gastaldi : It wasfirst describedin 2019 in The Bromeliad from Santa Catarina.
Dyckia areniticola Leme : It was first described in 2012. It thrives on sandstone cliffs at altitudes of around 640 meters of the Chapada dos Guimarães only in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso .
Dyckia atratiflora P.J.Braun, Esteves & Scharf : It wasfirst describedin 2009 in The Bromeliad . It thrives on sandy-loamy soils between herbaceous plants at altitudes of around 870 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia aurea L.B.Sm. : It only thrives in the Brazilian state of Goiás at altitudes of around 1200 meters.
Dyckia barthlottii R.Vasquez & Ibisch : It wasfirst describedin The Bromeliad in 2012. It thrives terrestrially in dry forests at altitudes of around 280 meters only in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Dyckia beateae E. Gross & Rauh : It only thrives on flat sandstone cliffs in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.
Dyckia brachyphylla L.B.Sm. : It thrives terrestrially in the cerrado of steep cliffs with thin layers of gravelly soils at altitudes of around 1300 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia brachystachya Rauh & E. Gross : It thrives on quartz stone at altitudes of around 1000 meters only in the Brazilian state of Bahia .
Dyckia bracteata (Wittm.) Mez (Syn .: Dyckia dissitiflora var. Bracteata Wittm. ): It thrives terrestrially or lithophytically only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia braunii Rauh : It thrives terrestrially between grasses and low shrubs at altitudes of around 1400 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia brevifolia Baker (Syn .: Dyckia gemellaria Baker ex Mez , Dyckia princeps hort. Ex Mez , Dyckia rariflora sensu Wittm. Non Schultes f. , Dyckia sulphurea C. Koch ): It is in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina , São Paulo and in the Distrito Federal do Brasil . It thrives in running waters at altitudes of 30 to 400 meters.
Dyckia burchellii Baker : It thrives terrestrially and lithophytically at altitudes of 400 to 800 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia burle-marxii L.B.Sm. & RWRead : It only occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Dyckia cabrerae L.B.Sm. & Reitz : It thrives on dry, open soil and on rocks at altitudes of 700 to 1000 meters only in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.
Dyckia cangaphila P.J.Braun, Esteves & Scharf : It wasfirst describedin 2010 in Die Bromelie , 3, pp. 104–111. It thrives terrestrially, mainly in the summit area of table mountains, mostly in gravel deposits of “pedra canga”, but also on and between reddish sandstone rocks, in full sun or in partial shade under small trees and bushes. Dyckia cangaphila is associated with other Bromeliceae, Vellozia species and cacti . It occurs at altitudes of about 680 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia cinerea Mez : It thrives on summit areas at altitudes of around 1400 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia commixta Hassler (Syn .: Dyckia floribunda sensu Chodat non Griseb. ): It is widespread in Brazil and Paraguay.
Dyckia consimilis Mez : It thrives lithophytically on rocky slopes at altitudes of 1,300 to 1,400 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia coximensis L.B.Sm. & Reitz : It only occurs in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.
Dyckia crassifolia Rauh : It thrives in dry forests at altitudes of around 1200 meters only in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Dyckia crocea L.B.Sm. : It thrives in dry, open locations only in the Brazilian state of Paraná .
Dyckia dawsonii L.B.Sm. : This endemic thrives on rocks only along a Cerrado canyon 20 km east of Formoso in the southern Serra Dourada in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia deltoidea (LBSm.) LBSm. (Syn .: Dyckia coccinea var. Deltoidea L.B.Sm. , Dyckia tuberosa var. Deltoidea (LBSm) LBSm.. ): It grows at altitudes of about 740 meters only in the Brazilian state of Parana.
Dyckia densiflora Schultes f. : It thrives lithophytically on rocky slopes at altitudes of 1070 to 1200 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia dissitiflora Schultes f. : It thrives lithophytically in the dense bushes in the Caatinga in the Brazilian states of Piauí and Minas Gerais.
Dyckia distachya Hassl. (Syn .: Dyckia distachya f. Induta Hassl. , Dyckia interrupta Mez ): It thrives terrestrially in Brazil and Paraguay.
Dyckia domfelicianensis T.Strehl : This species, first described in 2005, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It thrives lithophytically in rocky areas between grass.
Dyckia duckei L.B.Sm. : It thrives lithophytically and terrestrially at altitudes of 300 to 425 meters in the Brazilian states of Pará and Maranhão .
Dyckia dusenii L.B.Sm. : It thrives on vertical rock faces and in the dry "Campo" at altitudes of 800 to 950 meters only in the Brazilian state of Parana.
Dyckia edwardii P.J.Braun, Esteves & Scharf : It wasfirst describedin 2008 in Die Bromelie , 3, pp. 116–123 and occurs only in the Brazilian state of Goiás. It thrives on granite rocks and in rocky soils close to the rocks, in shrubs and trees in the dry type of "Campo cerrado" at altitudes of about 710 meters.
Dyckia elata Mez : It only occurs in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia elisabethae Winkler : This endemic thrives on granite hills with a moist soil only in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Dyckia elongata Mez : It thrives lithophytically at altitudes of around 450 meters only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Dyckia eminens Mez : It only occurs in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia encholirioides (Gaudich.) Mez var. Encholirioides (Syn .: Dyckia altissima sensu Baker , Dyckia catharinensis C. Koch , Dyckia catharinensis var. Dentate Wittm. ): It thrives on rocks and sand along the coast of the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.
Dyckia encholirioides var. Rubra (Wittmack) Reitz (Syn .: Dyckia rubra Wittm. ): It thrives on rocks and sand along the coast of only the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.
Dyckia espiritosantensis Leme & APFontana : It was first described in 2010 from the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. So far it has only been found terrestrially in shallow soils on the upper areas of hills growing at altitudes of about 200 meters only in São Roque do Canaã.
Dyckia estevesii Rauh : It thrives terrestrially individually or in groups in a deciduous forest only in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia excelsa Leme : So far it was only known from the collection of type material in 1992 and was found again during field work in 2009–2012. It thrives terrestrially in dense stands on limestone or iron-rich granite rocks near the highlands in the residual plateau des Urucum on the border of Brazil and Bolivia only in the western part of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. It is considered "endangered" = "highly endangered".
Dyckia ferox Mez (Syn .: Dyckia hamosa Mez , Dyckia meziana O.Kuntze ): It thrives terrestrially in dry locations and forests at altitudes of up to 1200 meters in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
Dyckia ferruginea Mez : It thrives on vertical rock faces made of red sandstone only in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.
Dyckia floribunda Griseb. (Syn .: Dyckia chaguar A.Cast. , Dyckia gilliesii Baker ): It thrives on dry rocky hills at altitudes of 800 to 1200 meters in Argentina.
Dyckia formosensis Leme & ZJGMiranda : This species, which was first described in 2012, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Goiás. So far it has only been found terrestrially in the open cerrado growing in the middle of rocks at an altitude of about 1040 meters.
Dyckia fosteriana L.B.Sm. : There are two varieties only in the Brazilian state of Paraná:
Dyckia fosteriana L.B.Sm. var. fosteriana : It thrives on sandstone rocks.
Dyckia fosteriana var. Robustior L.B.Sm. : It thrives on soils at altitudes of around 1950 meters.
Dyckia frigida Hook. f. (Syn .: Dyckia regalis Linden & E. Morren ex Baker ): It was first described using a specimen cultivated in Liège. It thrives lithophytically at altitudes of about 900 meters only in the Brazilian state of Paraná.
Dyckia glabrifolia Leme & OBCRibeiro : This species, first described in 2012, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais . It thrives lithophytically on quartzite rocks of the "Campos Rupestres" at altitudes of about 900 meters.
Dyckia glandulosa L.B.Sm. & Reitz : This endemic thrives in small groups between rocks only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia goiana L.B.Sm. : It thrives in the cerrado at altitudes of around 800 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia gouveiana Leme & OBCRibeiro : This species, first described in 2012, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. So far it has only been found lithophytically on rocks with a thin accumulation of organic substrate in the "Campos Rupestres" growing along a temporary spring at an altitude of about 1200 meters near Gouveia.
Dyckia gracilis Mez : It thrives on dry, stony soils in forests and savannas at altitudes of 230 to 500 meters in Bolivia and Argentina.
Dyckia grandidentata P.J.Braun & E.Esteves : It wasfirst described in2008 from the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul . It thrives lithophytically at altitudes of about 240 meters.
Dyckia granmogulensis Rauh : It only grows between rocks in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia hatschbachii L.B.Sm. : It is known only from the type material that was collected in 1951 in the Restinga of the Brazilian state of Paraná.
Dyckia hebdingii L.B.Sm. : It thrives on rocks only in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Dyckia Hohenbergioides Leme & E.Esteves : It only thrives terrestrially in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Dyckia ibicuiensis T.Strehl : It thrives on rocky slopes between grasses and other herbaceous plants only in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Dyckia ibiramensis Reitz : This endemic has so far only been found at an altitude of around 180 meters in the river bed of the Rio Itajai do Norte in Ibirama in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.
Dyckia inflexifolia E.AEGuarçoni & MASartori : This rare species was rewritten in 2012. It thrives lithophytically or terrestrially on igneous rock at altitudes of around 1100 meters. This endemic occurs only in the municipality of Sêrro in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais . Their small population is limited to the “Ceu Aberto” farm.
Dyckia insignis Hassl. (Syn .: Dyckia grandiflora Mez , Dyckia insignis var. Macrantha Hassl. , Dyckia insignis var. Obtusiflora Hassl. ): It thrives on open rocky ground in Paraguay .
Dyckia irmgardiae L.B.Sm. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Dyckia irwinii L.B.Sm. : It thrives in the open cerrado or at the edges of fields at altitudes of 400 to 525 meters only in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.
Dyckia joanae-marcioi P.J.Braun, Esteves & Scharf : This species was first described in 2008 from northern Minas Gerais in Brazil. It thrives terrestrially in the stony soils between bushes and grasses at altitudes of around 900 meters.
Dyckia jonesiana T.Strehl : This species, first described in 2008, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It forms stocks on sandstone or on the ground between the rocks.
Dyckia julianae T.Strehl : This species, which was first described in 2005, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It thrives lithophytically.
Dyckia kranziana Leme : This species, first described in 2011, only occurs in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. It thrives lithophytically or terrestrially in the cerrado vegetation in reddish soils or the rocks at altitudes of about 500 meters.
Dyckia lagoensis Mez : It thrives in open shrub vegetation (cerrado) and in fields at altitudes of around 900 meters only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia lemairaeana W.Bull : Your position is unclear, it should occur in Venezuela and Colombia.
Dyckia leptostachya Baker (Syn .: Dyckia boliviensis Mez , Dyckia conspicua Mez , Dyckia hassleri Mez , Dyckia orobanchoides sensu Hoehne non Mez , Dyckia apensis Mez , Dyckia longifolia Mez , Dyckia rojasii Mez , Dyckia remotiflora var. Montevidensis sensu LBSm. Non (K. Koch) LBSm. ): It thrives in open shrub vegetation (Cerrado) and in dry locations at altitudes of 10 to maybe 800 meters in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
Dyckia lindevaldae Rauh : It thrives terrestrially on eroded sites at altitudes of around 800 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goiás.
Dyckia linearifolia Baker : It thrives in open shrub vegetation at altitudes of 575 to 650 meters in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.
Dyckia lunaris Leme : It was first described in 2010 from the Brazilian state of Goiás. So far it has only been found growing lithophytically in Alto Paraı́so at an altitude of about 1000 meters.
Dyckia macedoi L.B.Sm. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia machrisiana L.B.Sm. : It thrives in open shrub vegetation (cerrado) and in fields at altitudes of around 950 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goias.
Dyckia macropoda L.B.Sm. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia maracasensis Ule : It thrives lithophytically at altitudes of around 1050 meters only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
Dyckia maritima Baker (Syn .: Dyckia tomentosa Mez ): It thrives on rocky or grassy subsoil, mostly near the coast, at altitudes of 30 to 50 meters in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.
Dyckia marnier-lapostollei L.B.Sm. var. marnier-lapostollei : It thrives in rock crevices at altitudes of 1200 to 1250 meters only in the Brazilian state of Goia.
Dyckia Marnier-lapostollei . Var estevesii Rauh : It thrives lithophytic only in the Brazilian state of Goias.
Dyckia martinellii B.R. Silva & Forzza : It was first described in 2004 from the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. So far it has only been found on the coast between Paratymirim and Saco do Mamangua on granite rocks 3 to 10 meters above the high water level at an altitude of about 5 meters; these rocks are often washed away by rainwater.
Dyckia mauriziae Esteves & Hofacker : It was first described in 2011 in Die Bromelie , No. 1, pp. 39-45 from the Brazilian state of Goiás. It thrives terrestrially in steeply rising locations near the summit area of small hills on gravelly yellow latosol soils between scattered deciduous trees and shrubs in the Cerrado found at altitudes of about 900 meters near the town of Cristalina.
Dyckia mello-barretoi L.B.Sm. : This endemic thrives in the sand only in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
Dyckia mezii Krapp : This new name replaces Dyckia argentea Mez 1894, which is a homonym of Dyckia argentea G.Nicholson 1885 and is therefore not permitted. It was only collected twice in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais in 1888 and is probably extinct; only the herbarium of these two collections exists.
Werner Rauh : Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other bromeliads worthy of culture. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3 (section description)
Lyman B. Smith , Robert Jack Downs: Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae) - Flora Neotropica , Monograph 14, Part 1, Hafner Press, New York, 1974. Dyckia from p. 500.
Elton MC Leme, OBC Ribeiro, ZJG Miranda: New species of Dyckia (Bromeliaceae) from Brazil. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 67, 2012, pp. 9-37. (Sections Description, Occurrence and Systematics)
↑ a b Elidio AE Guarçoni, Marcos A. Sartori & Claudio C. de Paula: Dyckia inflexifolia (Bromeliaceae), a New Species from Brazil. , In: Annales Botanici Fennici , Volume 49, Issue 5-6, 2012, pp. 407-411. doi : 10.5735 / 085.049.0616
^ Luiz Filipe Klein Varella, Jacques Klein: The Bromeliads in the Atlantic Forest of the Northeast Coast of Rio Grande do Sul / Brazil (final part). In: Die Bromelie , 2013, 2, pp. 74–85.
↑ Gecele M. Paggi, Rafael B. Louzada, Iria H. Ishii, Adriana Takahasi, Rosani CO Arruda, Aline P. Lorenz-Lemke: Rediscovering Dyckia excelsa (Bromeliaceae) in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: Taxonomy, Geographic Distribution, and Notes on Leaf Anatomy , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 40, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 129-135. doi : 10.1600 / 036364415X686422
^ PJ Braun, EE Pereira, U. Scharf: Dyckia joanae-marcioi. A new, succulent bromeliad from northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. In: Die Bromelie , 2008, Issue 1, pp. 33–46.
^ EMC Leme, LJC Kollmann: New species and a new combination of Brazilian Bromeliaceae. , In: Phytotaxa , Volume 16, 2011, pp. 1-36.
↑ Florian Krapp: The silver ghost of Serra do Lenheiro: Dyckia mezii, nom. nov. (Bromeliaceae). In: Annales Botanici Fennici , Volume 50, Issue 1-2, 2013, pp. 73-74. doi : 10.5735 / 085.050.0112
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