Dyer woof

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Dyer woof
Dyer's woof (Reseda luteola)

Dyer's woof ( Reseda luteola )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Reseda plants (Resedaceae)
Genre : reseda
Type : Dyer woof
Scientific name
Reseda luteola
L.

The Dyer's Rocket ( Reseda luteola ), and Dyer's mignonette , Real Wau , yellow or Gilbkraut called, is a plant species within the family of mignonette (Resedaceae). It is native to Western Asia and the Mediterranean area and is considered to be an old naturalist in large areas of Europe ( archaeophyte ). It is an old dye plant .

description

Leaf rosette in the first year
illustration
inflorescence
Inflorescence (detail)
Section of an inflorescence with stalked flowers
Fruit stand (detail)
Fruit heads

Vegetative characteristics

The Färber-Wau is a deciduous, one to two year old herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 40 to 150 centimeters. The stiff, upright stems are branched.

In the first year the leaves are arranged in a basal rosette and in the second year alternately and spirally on the stem are almost sessile. The undivided, bare leaf blades are linear to lanceolate with a whole margin, which is often wavy.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period is between June and September. Many flowers stand close together in the stiff, racemose inflorescence . The inflorescence axis elongates until the fruit is ripe. The flower stalk is no more than 2.5 millimeters long.

The odorless, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fourfold. There are usually four, rarely three, sepals present. The four petals are light yellow. The upper petal is four to five lobed, the lateral ones are three lobed.

The fruit cluster bears numerous capsule fruits . The upright capsule fruits are spherical with a length of 2 to 4 millimeters and contain many seeds. The very small seeds are only 0.2 micrograms in weight. The fruit ripens from September to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24, 26 or 28.

ecology

The Färber-Wau is a biennial semi -rosette plant , hemicryptophyte and deep-rooted.

From an ecological point of view, these are inconspicuous, homogeneous "nectar-bearing disc flowers". The yellow color of the petals is caused by the flavone luteolin . The flowers are self-fertile and their nectarium is covered. Pollinators are mainly smaller wild bees , flies and beetles .

They are capsule fruits with a terminal pore. Even young fruits are open at the top. They are wind and animal spreaders. The tiny seeds have a black elaiosome that encourages ants to spread . There is also human spread. Because of the small size of the opening of the fruit capsule, the seeds are only scattered very gradually. The tiny seeds are long-lasting cold and light germs .

Occurrence

The dyer's woof is native to western Asia and the Mediterranean region . Its distribution area extends from North Africa, South, Central and Eastern Europe to Georgia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. As an old dye plant, it is a long -established cultural relic in large areas of Europe ( archaeophyte ). It only occurs sporadically in Scandinavia and is absent in Eastern Europe . It has been proven as a cultural companion since the Neolithic . Possibly he is indigenous in Germany . The dyer's woof was also introduced in America, Australia and New Zealand.

The Färber-Wau grows on woodlands and dry ruderal fields such as roadsides, rubble sites and rock rubble. It is a raw soil pioneer and prefers dry, nutrient-rich locations. The dyer's woof grows up to the montane altitude . In Central Europe it is a character species of the Onopordion association and also occurs in plant associations of the Arction or Stipion calamagrostis associations.

use

The dyer's woof can be used to dye fabrics. The above-ground parts of the plant are used, the upper flowering branches in particular being rich in the yellow colorants luteolin and apigenin (2 to 4% color in the dry matter). The plant is particularly suitable for dyeing animal fibers such as wool and silk , but also linen. It was also used for wall paint in living spaces. The seeds contain up to 40% oil, which can be processed into varnishes .

history

The oldest Sami finds come from Neolithic pile dwelling settlements on Lake Pfäffikersee and Lake Neuchâtel and Lake Zurich . However, it is not clear whether the plants were used or were only brought to Central Europe with seeds. For a reliable proof of the use for dyeing, remnants of leaves or stems or massive occurrence of seeds would be required. The appearance of other dye plants in the Iron Age settlement of Hochdorf also indicates such a use. Virgil and Vitruvius described a plant lutum that was used to dye yellow and green. It is likely that it was the dyer woof. From the Middle Ages (12th century), seed finds are known again.

Before the discovery of America, the dyer's woof was one of the most important yellow dyes in Europe, cultivated mainly in England, France and Germany, especially in Thuringia and the region around Halle . Plants from more northern latitudes had less of a color effect. In 1927, dyer's woof was only used to dye silk . In the course of the increased interest in dye plants, cultivation was resumed in places, including in Germany, here in Thuringia and Brandenburg, and in Turkey.

Cultivation and Yields

Färber-Wau needs loose, chalky soils and lots of sun. High nitrogen concentrations can have a negative effect on the dye content . The sowing takes place in late summer or very early spring, in the youth stage mechanical weed control ( machine hoe ) is usually necessary, herbicides are not permitted for dyer's woof. The harvest takes place around 14 days after the start of flowering, followed by rapid drying at 40 to 60 ° C. The yield is 40 to 45 quintals dry matter per hectare , the dye yield is 60 to 100 kg per hectare.

Pests

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Udelgard Körber-Grohne: Useful Plants in Germany from Prehistory to Today. Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, reprint ISBN 3-933203-40-6 . (Usage and History Sections)
  • KU Heyland, H. Hanus, ER Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. In: Handbuch des Pflanzenbaues. Volume 4, ISBN 3800132036 , pp. 537-539.
  • Dyer woof. In: FloraWeb.de. (Sections Description and Ecology)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Färber-Wau. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 , p. 478 .
  3. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  4. ^ Reseda in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  5. ↑ a b Area map from Arne A. Anderberg, Anna-Lena Anderberg: Den viruella Floran des Naturhistoriska riksmuseet.
  6. ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  7. ↑ a b Barbara Wenig, Ralf Pude: Plants for industry. 4th edition. Edited by FNR eV, Gülzow.
  8. ↑ Klaus Becker, Stefan John, Ingo Ludwichowski: Dyes and colorants from plants . In: Botanical Institute and Botanical Garden of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel (ed.): Leaves from the Botanical Garden of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel . 3. Edition. tape 11 , 1999, p. 9 .

Web links

Commons : Färber-Wau ( Reseda luteola )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files