Falcataria moluccana
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Falcataria moluccana |
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| ( Miq. ) Barneby & Grimes |
Falcataria moluccana is a plant from the genus Falcataria the subfamily in the Mimosa Family (Mimosoideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). It is originally only distributed in Papua New Guinea , the Solomon Islands and east of Indonesia . It was named in the Guinness Book of Records as the fastest growing tree in the world with a growth rate of 10.74 meters in 13 months.
Description and ecology
Appearance and leaf
Falcataria moluccana is a large , deciduous tree that reaches heights of growth of up to 40 meters and trunk diameters of 100 centimeters or more. It forms a spread out, flat treetop and if there is enough space it is large and umbrella-shaped. The trunk partially branches only from a height of 20 meters. When the trees are close together, they usually form a straight and cylindrical trunk with a narrow crown. The bark of the twigs is reddish-brown and hairy tomentose to slightly downy. The bark is white, gray or greenish and smooth to slightly warty, sometimes with superficial cracks with longitudinal rows of lenticels . Only weak or no buttress roots are formed.
The alternately arranged leaves are divided into petioles and leaf blades and are 20 to 40 centimeters long. The leaf blade is bipinnate. On the rhachis leaf there are 4 to 15 oppositely arranged first-order pinnacles. Each first-order leaflet has 8 to 25 pairs of leaflets . The sessile leaflets are 10 to 20 millimeters long and 3 to 6 millimeters wide, relatively small and elongated with a finely pointed upper end. The top of the leaflets is dull green and glabrous while the underside is paler and finely hairy. There is a large extra-floral nectarium under the lowest pair of leaflets and smaller nectaries between or below most of the other pairs.
Inflorescence and flower
Two flowering times have been observed during one year. The flowers are in pendent, rispigen , ährigen or racemose inflorescences together. Sometimes partial inflorescences of the year are arranged in paniculate whole inflorescences. There are bracts available.
The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold and about 12 millimeters long with a double flower envelope. The hairy calyx is tubular to cup or bell-shaped. The cream-colored to yellowish crown is funnel-shaped or bell-shaped.
Fruit and seeds
The flat, straight legume is 10 to 13 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide and not articulated. The legume cracks open at the two seams when ripe and contains 15 to 20 seeds. It is winged along the lower, belly-side seam. With a length of 6 millimeters, the seeds are almost spherical to oblong and flat to arched. The dark to dull brown seeds are wingless and have no aril . It is no endosperm present and the cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are relatively large. The seeds are spread out via wind scattering . The fruits are ripe about two months after fertilization.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26.
Locations
Falcataria moluccana is a pioneer tree and does not make any special demands on the soil for its growth, including disturbed areas and acidic and nutrient-poor soils, which is due to its nitrogen-binding root nodules. In Hawaii , it often grows on still young lava flows with minimal soil. There Falcataria moluccana grows at altitudes below 305 meters in areas with an annual precipitation of 2032 to 3810 mm. It grows more often in secondary forests than in primary forests and is also often found on floodplains .
distribution
Falcataria moluccana is native to the Moluccas , New Guinea , the Bismarck Archipelago including the Admiralty Islands, and the Solomon Islands .
It was introduced in Malaysia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Fiji , Japan , New Caledonia , Samoa , Thailand , Vietnam , Mauritius , Seychelles as well as on countless Pacific islands (e.g. Haiti ) and in the United States .
Distinguished by its rapid growth, Falcataria moluccana is a threat to native flora in some countries . In Hawaii, for example, it is an invasive plant that displaces native trees that grow more slowly. It is also a problem on Palau .
Systematics
It was first described in 1855 under the name ( Basionym ) Albizia moluccana by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in Flora van Nederlandsch Indië , Volume 1, pp. 26-27. The specific epithet moluccana refers to the Moluccas.
The genus Falcataria was established with the only species Falcataria moluccana in 1996 by Rupert Charles Barneby and James Walter Grimes in Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden , Volume 74, pp. 254-256. It was removed from the Falcataria section of the closely related genus Paraserianthes .
Synonyms for Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & Grimes are: Adenanthera falcataria L. , Albizia falcata (L.) Backer ex Merr. , Albizia falcataria Fosberg , Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) ICNielsen .
From 1996 to 2011, Falcataria moluccana was the only species in the genus Falcataria that has contained two other species since 2011 that previously belonged to the genus Paraserianthes .
Use and cultivation
Falcataria moluccana is used in a variety of ways and is often grown outside of its range. The tree provides animal feed, firewood and contains tannins . The fibers , which hardly need to be bleached due to their light color, are used to make paper and the soft, easy-to-work wood is used to make furniture, packaging material, wooden shoes, musical instruments, chopsticks and toys. It is also used as erosion protection and as a nitrogen binder. It is sometimes used as a shade tree on plantations, but this only plays a subordinate role due to its strong susceptibility to wind when standing alone. The tree is also kept as an ornamental plant in warm regions around the world.
Since Falcataria moluccana is one of the fastest-growing, versatile tree species, it is a very interesting tree for commercial forestry . It is planted on plantations, used in agroforestry and used for afforestation and reforestation . The tree loves light and thrives on unfertilized areas as long as the soil is well drained. It can grow to heights of 7 meters in one, 15 meters in three and 30 meters in ten years. The wood volume growth is an average of 39 m³ per hectare and year with a rotation period of 10 years, but could also be 50 m³ per hectare with better soil conditions. Regular circumcisions are necessary because Falcataria moluccana like Zwiesel forms. The presence of the tree in eucalyptus plantations leads to greater growth in height, trunk diameter and biomass . The wood has a gross density of 430 kg / m³.
The germination of untreated seeds is uneven and can take up to 4 weeks. The germination capacity can be increased by placing the seeds in boiling water for 1 to 3 minutes. You can immerse them in sulfuric acid for 10 minutes , but then you have to soak them in water for 18 hours. The seeds are air-dried for retail and show a germination rate of 70 to 90 percent after 18 months.
Falcataria moluccana can be attacked by several pests. Nursery seedlings are susceptible to attack by the fungi Sclerotium , Rhizoctonia , Fusarium, and Pythium . The tree is also attacked by the rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum , which has been a problem in some countries since the 1990s. Eating damage by the longhorn beetle Xystrocera festiva and the wood borer Polyphagozerra coffeae has also been observed on plantations.
photos
Habitus
seedling
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Gillian K. Brown, Daniel J. Murphy, and Pauline Y. Ladiges: Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks. In: Cladistics . Vol. 27, 2011, pp. 380-390 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2011.00349.x (English).
- ^ Peter A. Thomas: Trees: Their Natural History . Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 408 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j data sheet of Falcataria moluccana on World Agroforestry Center . (PDF) (English).
- ↑ a b c d e Krisnawati, H., Varis, E., Kallio, MH, Kanninen, M .: Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen: Ecology, silviculture and productivity . CIFOR, 2011, ISBN 978-6-02869341-7 , pp. 408 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Data sheet of Falcataria moluccana on the Global Invasive Species Database . (English).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Center for Agricultural Bioscience International: The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees . CABI, 2013, p. 536 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- ↑ Albizia falcata at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ I. Faridah Hanum and LJG Van der Maesen: PROSEA: Plant Resources of South-East Asia 11, Auxiliary Plants . Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1997, ISBN 979-7990-93-1 , p. 394 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- ↑ a b Description of Falcataria moluccana on the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (English).
- ↑ Falcataria moluccana. Entry in the Global Invasive Species Database
- ↑ Falcataria moluccana on the US Forest Service ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) (English).
- ↑ a b Falcataria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on April 23, 2015.
- ↑ Falcataria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
