Ferenc Herczeg

Ferenc Herczeg

Ferenc Herczeg [ 'fɛrɛnts' hɛrtsɛg ] (born September 22, 1863 in Versec , Austrian Empire ; † February 24, 1954 in Budapest , People's Republic of Hungary ; born Franz Herzog , Hungarian Herczeg Ferenc ) was a German-born Hungarian writer , playwright, journalist and Parliamentarian who promoted nationalist currents in his country and went down in history as the leading figure of Hungarian literary conservatism ,

Herczeg was a member and vice-president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), president of the Hungarian revisionism league ("Magyar Revíziós Liga") and a Nobel Prize candidate in 1926 and 1927.

Life and work

Parental home, studies

Herczeg was when Franz Herzog into a wealthy "Swabian" but from Silesia during the Seven Years' War had fled Banat born family. The father was a pharmacist and mayor of Versec ( German : Werschetz). Herczeg first learned Hungarian in grammar school with the Piarists in Szeged and Temesvár (now Timișoara in Romania ) and at the public grammar school in Fehértemplom (German: Weißkirchen, now Bela Crkva and, like his place of birth, in Serbia since 1918 ). He aspired to a career as an officer, but at the request of his parents studied law in Budapest (1881-1884). He found his internship in law firms in Budapest, Versec and Temesvár so unsatisfactory that he did not complete his studies, but embarked on a literary career. He wrote his first texts in German, then turned entirely to Hungarian and had his writings translated into his mother tongue by various translators. For the most part, he left them untranslated.

Magyarization

Numerous Danube Swabians had been Magyarized since the middle of the 19th century , and especially after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Magyarization became stronger and stronger in the villages. The Hungarian revolutionaries like Kossuth, like Count Széchenyi, hoped that the nationalities of their country would merge through the civil rights they had gained. Basically there were only few cultural differences between the Hungarians and the “Swabians”, who had come from the most diverse areas of the German-speaking area, and without a firm national consciousness and without national institutions that would preserve and promote their nationality, many saw assimilation better opportunities for economic and social development.

The “most glaring example” of this is “the Magyarized Danube Swabian writer from Werschetz, Ferenc Herczeg (Franz Herzog), who was considered a literary demigod in his time and who was one of the founders and president of the Hungarian Revisionist League. His brother Josef still lived in Werschetz after the First World War , “ which fell to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with the Trianon Peace Treaty in 1920 .

author

As early as 1886, some of his short stories appeared in the Pestí Hirlap newspaper ("Pest newspaper"). As a law student, Herczeg led the easy life of young people from affluent families with visits to balls and card games. After a fatal duel with an officer, he was sentenced to four months' imprisonment in 1889 and wrote his first novel “ Above and Below” (“ Fenn és lenn ”) in the prison of Vác in 1890 . At around 250 pages, it was much longer than some of his later “novels” the length of a penny novel, and Herczeg won a prize from Reclam's Universal Library with it . This first novel, which was subsequently reprinted by various publishers, was the beginning of a success story that would not stop for half a century, of which translations into well over a dozen languages ​​and a number of film adaptations in different countries as well as many with subtitles in Film copies in numerous languages ​​testify.

In Herczeg's extremely popular historical novels he repeatedly described fateful turning points in Hungarian history for his readers. Examples of this are the so-called novel The Seven Swabians , based on the old German narrative material , in which he, the Danube Swabian , paints an authentic picture of the relationship between the Hungarian population and other nationalities - “Who is Hungarian?” - “The one for it holds! " - or" Rakoczy the rebel "(" Pro libertate ") to the Hungarian national hero, the leader of the last major national uprising against the Habsburgs ," the Gentiles "(" Poganyok "), where it meets the resistance of the Muslim Petchenegs against the theme of forced baptism, and " Gate of Life - Sinking Crescent ", a Hungarian love story against the background of the bloody clashes between Magyars and Ottomans in the 16th century and a papal election in which Cardinal Tamás Bakócz was almost elected.

Herczeg also wrote a large number of social novels and stories, which are characterized by a complex plot structure, as well as stage plays, folk drivel and romantic comedies. He achieved world fame with the blue fox ("A Kék róka") from 1917, and twice - in 1926 and 1927 - the Hungarian-German was even nominated for the Nobel Prize as a national Hungarian classic. A first complete edition from the years 1926–1930 already comprised 41 volumes, and after that he lived and wrote for another 24 years.

The basic tone of all Herczeg's works is ironic and distant. He admired the Hungarian lower nobility, the gentry , and saw himself as their mouthpiece, even though the mild satire of such social novels as "The Golden Violin" ("Az arany hegedü", 1916) went well beyond such a basic attitude. His light moral novels , which were often only the size of dime novels , contained just enough humor, irony and social criticism that it was enough to trigger a little painful shock.

It was entertaining, technically adept, apparently "contemporary" , sometimes even "controversial ", but at the same time it was rather shallow. He was averse to any change in social as well as literary or even stage-related terms and was completely disinterested in the underprivileged. He vehemently rejected the excellent, progressive culture magazine Nyugat ("The West") and accused it of a lack of patriotism and amorality.

Herczeg hardly ever touched significant individual or national conflicts, and unlike Molnár , who was more cosmopolitan, he turned a considerable portion of escapism to the majority of the bourgeois Hungarian middle class whose social roots still lay in the rural pre-war "peacetime" . Although he was primarily valued for his plays and historical novels as well as the film adaptations of his plays and novels, the most lasting of his work are probably his small and very small forms, concise short stories that are reminiscent of Maupassant in their technique .

Publicist and Politician

The dominant concern of his journalistic work was the struggle of those who had changed from “foreign German” to convinced Hungarian against national disunity and the maintenance of traditional order. In 1895 Herczeg founded the magazine Új Idők ("New Times"), which was the literary magazine of the conservative upper and middle class of Hungary for half a century until 1944. "The newspaper, which is made by people of culture, is a powerful cultural factor, " wrote Karl Kraus in his torch .

In 1896 Herczeg became a member of the Reichstag for his hometown Versec / Werschetz for the legislative period until 1901 and then again from 1910 to 1918. In 1899 he became a correspondent, in 1903 a full member of the Academy of Sciences (and its honorary member in 1914) and in 1904 chairman of the exclusive, 1876 Petőfi-Gesellschaft ("Petőfi Társaság") founded and existing until 1944, which, under his fifteen years management, also took up Ferenc Molnár, who had just achieved international fame, in 1908, for whom the considerable skill with which Herczeg built his pieces served as a model would have.

By 1910 Herczeg had already become Hungary's most famous theater poet at the time. Based on this fame, he founded the magazine Magyar Figyelö ("Hungarian Monitor") in 1911 to support István Tisza , who returned the favor at Herczeg when the war broke out with a safe post as director of the Army Welfare Service, and he published many articles of various kinds in Pester Lloyd , with which he was "deeply connected in love-hate relationship." As arguably the most conservative and established of the Hungarian coffee house literary figures , he also fought with the journalists of the time as a goal that could not be missed and he was downright notorious for his oozing patriotic, nonetheless witty interference in political business, which Lloyd printed for better or worse so as not to lose him as an author, when he continued to write articles in the feature section of this newspaper for many years, in which August Strindberg and Selma Lagerlöf , but also Georg Lukács , Georges Clemenceau and in 1930 a Benito Mussolini himself published.

Horthy era, fascism, anti-Semitism

In addition to his literary work, which now also included his participation in the scripts for the numerous novels and dramas, he was also politically active and in the Horthy era was one of the most popular authors, not only the one he founded in 1895 and editor-in-chief directed literary magazine Új Idők ("New Times"), from which it was only removed by the government of the short-lived, just 133 days long Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. The son of the former chief typesetter for Új Idő , a Jew whom Herczeg held in high esteem and for whom he wrote all his books with the dedication “For Mr. Szilágyi, the master of letters , describes Ferenc Herczeg as "Horthy's favorite writer". As early as the 1930s, he showed clear sympathies for Italian fascism, but rejected Nazism in accordance with Hungarian "rocking politics" Germany, on the other hand, was by no means immune to the anti-Semitism that had long since raged. The influx of Jews to Budapest was often felt to be incompatible with Hungarian tradition, and Herczeg frankly described the Jewish citizens as “ foreign elements in Budapest's chemistry ”, and when in 1942 the wife of his esteemed typesetter desperately asked him to save her husband and before being sent to the penal company IX.109 / 39, which meant certain death for Jews, he looked at her in disbelief: "Madam, but your husband is a Jew!"

Revisionism

Triggered by a sensational article by the British press magnate Lord Rothermere in his conservative Daily Mail "Hungary's Place under the Sun" (i.e. "Hungary's Place under the Sun ") on June 21, 1926, the Hungarian Revision League ("Magyar Revíziós Liga"), founded. From 1929 onwards, Herczeg, who had returned to the Hungarian Parliament as the “Confidant of Horthy” since 1926 - now as a member of the newly designed “House of Lords” (successor to the magnate table ) - was chairman of the revision league, which vocalized the revision of the Trianon Peace Treaty , through which Hungary had lost more than two thirds of its former territory and more than three million ethnic Hungarians. These demands, which were supported especially in Great Britain by various politicians and in the press by Lord Rothermere and his Daily Mail, met with such a response among the population that criticism of the government's economic and social policy almost fell silent. "Nem! Nem! Soha! ”(“ No! No! Never! ”),“ Mindent vissza! ”(“ Give everything back! ”),“ Rumpf-Hungary is not a country - heaven is our old Hungary ”, or “ I believe in one God, I believe in a kingdom, I believe in the infinite divine truth, I believe in the rebirth of Hungary! " u. Ä. was chanted everywhere, huge amounts of propaganda material were produced and from now on the flags were waved at half-mast .

World War II and after

Grave in the Farkasreter Cemetery in Budapest

The revision league finally experienced at least a partial, if only brief, fulfillment of its wishes during the Second World War , but Herczeg's exposure meant that he fell out of favor as its chairman after the end of the war with the new rulers, because the wishes of the league were against which were now also "socialist" brother countries were directed. From an artistic point of view, too, a completely different wind was blowing, whereupon Herczeg lived completely withdrawn as a non-person. In 1949, however, he filed a $ 200,000 plagiarism lawsuit against MGM , producer Joe Pasternak, and screenwriters Walter Reich and Leo Townsend over the 1942 film "Seven Sweethearts", based on his 1903 play The Seven Sisters , after which as early as 1915 a Paramount silent film starring Madge Evans . Herczeg stated that he was imprisoned in a concentration camp in Hungary at the time of the shooting of "Seven Sweethearts" (German title: "Seven Young Hearts") and that he therefore only found out about the existence of the film years later. The thing ended in a settlement .

In 1949, the Hungarian Writers' Union removed him from the list of its members, and he was also stripped of his membership in the academy. During the Stalinist era , the old writer is said to have been deported to a labor camp (which is now known as the “Magyar Gulag”, “Hungarian Gulag”) in Hortobágy , Hungary , and was only released after Stalin's death when these camps were dissolved at the age of ninety in 1953 , but there is no documentation on this rumor. Forgotten and ignored, Herczeg died the following year. It was only in the eighties that he was rediscovered and rehabilitated for the stage and by publishers.

Works

Just a selection; a more comprehensive representation is available in the Hungarian language Wikipedia.

• Fenn és lenn (regény, 1890), Above and Below (Roman, 1890)
• Mutamur (elbeszélések, 1892), Mutamur (stories, 1892)
• A Gyurkovics-leányok (regény, 1893), The Seven Misses from Gyurkovich (novel, 1893)
• A dolovai nábob leánya (színmű, 1894), The daughter of Nabob Dolovai (drama, 1894)
• A Gyurkovics-fiúk (regény, 1895) (belőle készält film: Gyurkovics fiúk 1941), Gyurkovics Sons (novel, 1895) (filmed in 1941)
• Napnyugati mesék (elbeszélések, 1895), Napnyugati's Fables (Stories, 1895)
• Honthy háza (színmű, 1897), House Honthy (drama, 1897)
• Az első vihar (színmű, 1899), The first storm (drama, 1899)
• Kéz kezet mos (színmű, 1904), One hand washes the other (Drama, 1904)

Works in German translation

• Marsh flower . Novella. German by Emil Kumlik. Reclam's Universal Library 3502. Leipzig, Philipp Reclam Jun., Leipzig 1895, DNB 580160092 .
• Baron Rebus and other novellettes. German by Emil Kumlik. Reclam's Universal Library 3657, Philipp Reclam Jun., Leipzig 1897, DNB 580160076
• The first swallow and other stories . German by Ernst Grossmann. Reclam's Universal Library 3875, Reclam, Leipzig 1898, OCLC 6492965
• The marriage of Herr von Szabolcs . Novel; as well as Sirius. Narrative. German by Adolph Kohnt, Kürschners Bücherschatz 80, Hermann Hillger, Berlin / Eisenach / Leipzig 1898, DNB 580159965
• Sirius . Narrative. German by Adolph Kohnt, Kürschner's treasure trove of books. 80, Hermann Hillger, Berlin / Eisenach / Leipzig 1898, DNB 580159965
• Talk to mom . Schwank Dt. by Ernst Gettke. Eirich, Vienna 1900, DNB 580160084
• The Colonel's daughter . Novel. German by Ludwig Wechsler, Kürschner's treasure trove of books. 317, Hillger, Berlin / Eisenach / Leipzig 1902, DNB 580160114
• Andor and András: a story from journalists' life in Budapest. (Original title Andor es András ). German by Karl von Bakonyi sen. Carl Konegen publishing house, Vienna 1904, OCLC 30850206
• The operetta singer. Novel. German by Hermine Farkas, Reclam's Universal Library , No. 4505/4506, P. Reclam Jun., Leipzig 1904, OCLC 77859819
• The clod . Novel. German by Leo Lázár, Carl Konegen publishing house, Vienna 1905, OCLC 315940355
• Mutamur. Sirius . 2 stories. German by Ludwig Wechsler. Kürschner's treasure trove of books. 447, Hillger, Berlin / Eisenach / Leipzig 1905, DNB 58016005X
• Among strangers . Narrative. German v, Hermine Farkas, Hillger, Kürschner's treasure trove of books. 509, Hillger, Berlin / Eisenach / Leipzig 1906, DNB 580160033
• The Gyurkovics brothers. Narrative. German by Hermine Farkas, Kürschners Bücherschatz 642, Hillger, Berlin / Leipzig 1908, DNB 580159973
• Light and darkness. Novel. German by Ludwig Wechsler (Original title: Fenn és lenn ) G. Hösemann Verlag, Leipzig 1908, OCLC 29717917
• Nona and Antinona . circa 1911.
• The lieutenant's wife . German by Albert Klein d. Ä. In: Siebenbürger Deutsches Tagblatt. Vol. 38 (1911), No. 11396.
• Frogs in the well . German by Albert Klein d. Ä. In: Siebenbürger Deutsches Tagblatt. Vol. 39 (1912) No. 11811-11815.
• At Dolova Castle . Comedy in 5 acts. Bloch, Berlin 1912
• Witch eve . A game in 3 acts. Karczag, Vienna 1912.
• Maufloro . Novella Dt. and Esperanto by Arnolds Göltl. Kolekto de Hungara Esperantisto 4. Kokai, Budapest 1913, DNB 580160025
• A dear girl. “Großstadt-Roman” (a 39-page penny novel ) Modern Roman Collection 3, Berliner Verlags-Institut, Berlin 1913, OCLC 250209097
• Peacock and elephant . In: Leipziger Tagblatt. July 24th - August 14th 1913, Grethlein, Leipzig 1913
• The Seven Misses from Gyurkovich . (Original title: A Gyurkovics lányok. 1893). German from Andor v. Spóner, Reclams Universalbibliothek 50, Reclam, Leipzig 1913, OCLC 72538855 .
  Filmed with Willy Fritsch in 1926 by Ragnar Hyltén in the Berlin UFA studios as The Gyurkovics Girls. based on a Stockholm stage version from 1925
• The colonel . Comedy in three acts. A. Marton Publishing House, Budapest 1914, OCLC 44139790
• Hussar love. Novella. German by Ludwig Wechsler. Willkommen, Vol. 47, Hillger, Berlin / Leipzig 1915, DNB 580160009
• Gate of Life - Sinking Crescent . Historical novel (original title: Az élet kapuja ). German by Jörg Buschmann. German by Renée von Stipsicz-Gariboldi Hamburg o. J. (1916) Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-351-00543-1 .
• Blue fox . Comedy in three acts (original title: A Kék róka ). W. Karczag Publ., Leipzig / New-York 1917, DNB 573756619 ; filmed in 1938 (D: Viktor Tourjansky, DVD Black Hill Pictures, 2004, OCLC 55697893 )
• Tilla. 7 scenes. Karczag, Leipzig / Vienna 1921.
• Peter and Paul . German by Jenö Mohacsi, Österr. Journal AG, Vienna 1925
• Count Stephan Tisza . Biography. Modern Hungary: Statesmen 1st edition. Eligius-Verlag, Vienna / Budapest 1926, OCLC 186164586
• Rákóczi the rebel . Novel. (Original title: Pro Libertate ), Dt. by Andreas Gaspar. Zsolnay. Berlin / Vienna / Leipzig 1937, OCLC 10884776

Filmography

• The Seven Sisters (USA 1915, director: Sidney Olcott, based on the play of the same name.): Screenplay with Edith Ellis Furness
• Az ezredes (also: “Der Oberst”, Hungary 1917, D: Michael Curtiz): Screenplay with Richárd Falk.
• Erotikon (Sweden 1920, D: Mauritz Stiller. After the play): “A Kék róka”, screenplay: Gustaf Molander
• Gyurkovicsarna (Sweden 1920, adaptation of the novel, D: John W. Brunius, script: Pauline Brunius and Gösta Ekman)
• The seven daughters of Mrs. Gyurkovics (D 1926, director: Ragnar Hyltén-Cavalliusy, based on the novel "A Gyurkovics lányoka", manuscript: Paul Merzbach and Ragnar Hyltén-Cavallius)
• Rákóczi induló (Austria and Hungary 1933, D: Steve Sekely ) (adaptation of the novel of The Daughter of Nabob von Dolova ); Book: Ernst Marischka , music by Ábrahám Pál, d. i. Paul Abraham
• Rakoczy-Marsch (DAH 1933, D: Gustav Fröhlich and Stefan Sekely) (based on the play "The Daughter of Nabob von Dolova" ; book: Ernst Marischka, Franz Vayda, André Zsoldos)
• Szenzáció (Hungary 1936, r .: Steve Sekely and Ladislao Vajda; adaptation of the novel by Két ember a bányában )
• Pogányok (Hungary 1937, D: Emil Martonffi; adaptation of the novel, book: Emil Martonffi)
• The Blue Fox (D 1938, D: Viktor Tourjansky (based on the play "A Kek Roka") Book: Karl Georg Külb)
• Gyurkovics fiúk (Hungary 1941, D: Dezsö Ákos Hamza, book: Ferenc Herczeg and István Békeffy )
• L'ultimo ballo (Italy 1941, D: Camillo Mastrocinque. Based on the play " Utolsó tánc "; book: Sergio Amidei)
• "Szíriusz" (Hungary 1942, D: Dezsö Ákos Hamza; adaptation of the novel, dramatized by Imre Földes)
• Seven Sweethearts (German: "Seven young hearts", USA 1942. D: Frank Borzage. Based on the play "The Seven Sisters"; arrangement: Walter Reisch and Leo Townsend)
• A láp virága (Hungary 1943, D: Dezsö Ákos Hamza. Based on the play "A Kivándorló"; book: Dezsö Ákos Hamza)
• Herczeg Ferenc: A harmadik testör (TV play Hungary 1995, book: Imre Mihályfi)

Web links

• Literature by and about Ferenc Herczeg in the catalog of the German National Library

Commons : Ferenc Herczeg  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Short biography and extensive bibliography at: Albert Tezla: Hungarian Authors. A Bibliographical Handbook , Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1970.
• Franz Herczeg born 140 years ago in: Neue Zeitung, Ungarndeutsches Wochenblatt, Volume 47, No. 40 Budapest, v. October 3, 2003, p. 11 (PDF, accessed August 16, 2010; 441 kB)
• Ferenc Herczeg in the Internet Movie Database (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Information from the article of the same name in the Hungarian-language Wikipedia
2. ↑ Nobelprize.org: Nomination Database Literature  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
3. ↑ | Klimo2003 | Árpád von Klimó: Nation, Denomination, History - on the national historical culture of Hungary in the European context (1860-1948), pp. 86–87, Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-486-56746-2 Excerpts online at Google Books
4. ↑ Geza C. Paikert: The Danube Swabians. German Populations in Hungary, Rumania and Yugoslavia and Hitler's Impact on their Patterns, Den Haag Hague 1967, pp. 43–61, 80–89
5. ^ Zoran Janjetović : The conflicts between the Serbs and Danube Swabians. Society for Serbian-German Cooperation, note 98 (PDF; 230 kB)
6. ^ New newspaper. Ungarndeutsches Wochenblatt ( Memento of November 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Volume 47, No. 40 Budapest, v. October 3, 2003, p. 11 (PDF, accessed August 16, 2010; 441 kB)
7. ↑ WorldCat Ferenc Herczeg: Fenn es lenn
8. ↑ WorldCat: Herczeg, Ferenc and
   WorldCat: Herczeg, Ferenc 1863-1954
9. ↑ Internet Movie Database: Ferenc Herczeg
10. ↑ Ferenc Herczeg: Gate of Life - Sinking Crescent. On: geschichte-im-roman.de
11. ↑ Albert Tezla: Hungarian Authors. A Bibliographical Handbook : Herczeg Ferenc
12. ↑ Gwen Jones and Eszter Tarsoly: Hungary's “West”? Literature and Culture at the Centenary of Nyugat.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. On the exhibition of 100 years of Nyugat , Ulysses Library 2008, p. 5.  
13. ^ McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama in 5 volumes, 2nd edition. London 1984 VNR AG, Vol. 2 DH: Hungarian Drama. ISBN 0-07-079169-4 , p. 544.
14. ^ Richard C. Frucht (Ed.): Eastern Europe. An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC Clio, Santa Barbara (Calif.) 2005, ISBN 1-57607-800-0 , Vol. 1, p. 387.
15. ↑ Karl Kraus (ed.): THE FACKEL. Vol. 18, XIV. Year, No. 347/348 (April / May 1912), p. 13.
16. ↑ Dezső Keresztúri: The Spirit of Hungarian Literature . ( Memento from September 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Stephen Sisa: The Spirit of Hungary. P. 357.
17. ↑ ^{a b} Morbid Christmas: Summit meeting of great minds in a mysterious Christmas edition of Pester Lloyd. ( Memento from June 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Pester Lloyd. 52 (2009), December 23, 2009.
18. ↑ Albert Tezla: Hungarian Authors. A Bibliographical Handbook : Herczeg Ferenc
19. ^ Pester Lloyd: Chronicle
20. ^ Martin Banham: The Cambridge Guide to Theater , 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995, ISBN 0-521-43437-8 , p. 507.
21. ↑ Miklos N. Szilagyi: The story of my times , 2007, p. 5.
22. ^ New newspaper. Ungarndeutsches Wochenblatt ( Memento of November 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Volume 47, No. 40 Budapest, v. October 3, 2003, p. 11 (PDF, accessed August 16, 2010; 441 kB)
23. ^ Tibor Frank: Teaching and Learning Science in Hungary: Schools, Personalities, Influences 1867–1945 . In: Arne Schirrmacher (Ed.): Communicating Science in 20th Century Europe. A Survey on Research and Comparative Perspectives. Pp. 93–119, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Preprint 385 (2009), p. 97 (PDF; 13.2 MB)
24. ^ Tibor Frank: Béla Balázs: From the Aesthetization of Community to the Communization of the Aesthetic . ( Memento of November 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Journal of the Interdisciplinary Crossroads , Vol. 3 (No. 1) April 2006, pp. 117-134, p. 123
25. ↑ Miklos N. Szilagyi: The Story of my Times (My 20th Century) Vol. 2: In the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time: Horthy's soldiers in action (1942-43) p. 17.
26. ^ Admiral Nicholas Horthy: Memoirs. ( Memento of January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) With comments by Andrew L. Simon, p. 199, note 4 (PDF)
27. ↑ Hans-Günther Lussberger and Kovács Zsolt Csaba: For those who love God, all things remain for the best. Revolution and the War of Freedom 1848-49 ( Memento from December 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (2005), note 13, p. 19f (PDF; 711 kB)
28. ↑ Anikó Kovács-Bertrand: The Hungarian revisionism after the First World War  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : The journalistic struggle against the Trianon Peace Treaty (1918–1931) , Diss. Univ. Mainz 1997; Southeast European Works 99, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-486-56289-4 , chap. VII.2.1: The Rothermere action and the creation of the Hungarian Revision League . P. 204ff.  
29. ↑ Lussberger-Csaba: For those who love God, all things remain for the best. ( Memento from December 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Revolution and War of Freedom 1848-49 (2005), p. 19. (PDF; 711 kB)
30. ^ Reports of the Hungarian Revision League on Slovakia . MOL K. 30: Information Department of the Hungarian Prime Minister's Office. Bundle 7, B / 95 / g., Quoted from Lóraánt Tilkovszky: Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky and Slovakia , p. 119 (PDF; 700 kB)
31. ↑ TCM - Turner Classic Movies: Jeremy Arnold: "Seven Sweethearts (1942)"
32. ^ Hortobágy - A Magyar Gulag , Jószef Saád: Hortobágy - A magyar gulag. In: Rubiconline magazine. 6/2010, and Jószef Saád: Telepestársadalom - A táborok szociológiai összetétele. d. i. The sociological composition of the camp . In: Rubiconline. 2010/06.
33. ↑ A related undocumented message was found for over two years in the Hungarian Wikipedia and by the same author in the English Wikipedia, but has been removed again.
34. ↑ World Cat