Finno-Ugric languages

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Finno-Ugric languages (also Finno-Ugric or Ugric-Finnish languages) together with the Samoyed branch form the Uralic language family and are divided into two branches: the Finno-Permian and the Ugric branch.

Finno-Ugric speaking ethnic groups are called by science Finno-Ugrians or Finno-Ugric peoples .

Distribution of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​in Eurasia

Language history

Similar to the Indo-European languages , today's Finno-Ugric languages ​​are the result of several language divisions and can be traced back to a hypothetical original language , the Ur-Finno-Ugric .

According to the traditional view, the original language split into the Finno-Permian and the Ugric branches during the first split. The Ugric language community split into the so-called Obugrian languages and the Ur-Hungarian, from which today's Hungarian emerged. In the Finno-Permian branch, first the Permian group, then the Volga- Finnish and finally the Baltic-Finnish group and the Sami formed .

There is no doubt that the Finno-Ugric peoples had early contact with the Indo-European language world, as can be demonstrated by numerous borrowings. Thus, the numeral 100 is in the Finnish SATA , in Mordovian Sada , in Mansi sad , in Hungarian Száz that when borrowing from Indo-Iranian applies (see FIG. Sanskrit SATAM , Avestan satəm '100'; related to Latin centum , see FIG. Kentum- and satellite languages ).

Classification of languages

The Finno-Ugric languages ​​are classified as follows:

Ugric languages

Finno-Permian languages

The Mordovian and Mari languages were previously classified under the Volga languages, but this classification is now being questioned as no common basic Volga Finnish language can be reconstructed. It is therefore more an area than a genetic classification.

The grouping of the Sami languages ​​and the Baltic Sea Finnish languages ​​to form the group of Finno-Sami languages ​​is also controversial.

Alphabetic list of Finno-Ugric languages

General

There are around 25 million speakers in total. The Finno-Ugric Studies is the science that deals with the Finno-Ugric languages. The following features are typical of the Finno-Ugric languages:

  • The Finno-Ugric languages ​​are agglutinating languages ; That is, grammatical categories are mainly expressed with the help of suffixes and postpositions and, more rarely, prefixes (especially Hungarian). See house - in my house :
    • Finnish: talo - talossani
    • Mordovian : kudo - kudosom
    • Hungarian: ház - házamban
  • The Finno-Ugric languages ​​have no grammatical gender .
  • Typical of most Baltic Finnish and Sami languages is the stage change , d. That is, a quantitative and qualitative change in consonantism, triggered by the addition of certain suffixes or affixes . ( Compare Finnish kukka - kukan, kota - kodan ; Sami ahkka - ahka, guahti - guadi .)
  • The vowel harmony is still very pronounced in Finnish and Ugric (Hungarian, Khanty, Mansi), but can also be found in other languages ​​in a dwindled form (e.g. Mari). The Estonian z. B. has no vowel harmony at all.
  • With the exception of Komi, the Finno-Ugric languages ​​do not form a synthetic future tense today . However, in some languages ​​it is formed analytically (i.e. by a construction), and there are also indications or proofs for the earlier existence of a synthetic future tense (cf. Hungarian participle future tense).
  • In most of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​there is no word for “to have”, possession is i. d. R. expressed through the habeno construction, ie with the verb “to be” in the 3rd person singular as well as the possessive (in the dative or adessive ) - literally: “there is something with somebody” - (cf. dativeus possessivus ). Examples: Finnish minulla on auto - "I have a car", Mordovian mon'kudom - "I have a house", Hungarian (Nekem) autóm van - "I have a car", literally "(me) is my car"
  • Typical of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​is the wealth of cases , especially for expressing local conditions. But here too there are exceptions (Sami languages, Mansi)
  • The Finnish languages ​​have a negative verb for negation, which is conjugated instead of the main verb. Examples:
    • Finnish mennä - "to go"; en mene - "I'm not going"; et mene - "you don't go"; ei mene - "he doesn't work"
    • Komi ker - "do"; og ker - "I don't do it"; on ker - "you don't do"; oz ker - "he doesn't do"
  • The objective (definite) conjugation is particularly pronounced in Hungarian and even more pronounced in Mordovian. The verb also indicates whether the object is determined or indefinite. Examples from Hungarian:
    • Könyvet olvasok - "I read a book" (any)
    • a Könyvet olvasom - "I read the book"

In principle, there are several predominant characteristics, but they do not apply entirely to all languages. that is, there are always deviations from the majority. However, this does not mean that these languages ​​are not related to one another, but that certain grammatical functions have disappeared in some languages ​​(internal spontaneous development or external influence).

Language comparison

The following list is of a purely informative nature and does not provide evidence of a linguistic relationship. Comparative historical linguistics reconstructs words of common Finno-Ugric or Uralic origin. The linguistic relationship is considered to be proven by the quite extensive fund of basic words (which also relate to basic things in everyday life, e.g. body parts, animal names, plant names, weather, tools).

The Estonian philologist Mall Hellam mentions the following sentence, which is supposed to show the similarities between the languages:

  • Estonian: Elav kala ujub vee all
  • Finnish: Elävä kala ui veden alla
  • Hungarian: Eleven hal úszkál a víz alatt
  • Translation: "The living fish swims in the water"

The beginning of the Our Father in various Finno-Ugric languages

German Our father in Heaven! Blessed be your name; your kingdom come;
Hungarian Mi Atyánk, aki a mennyekben vagy, szenteltessék meg a Te neved; jöjjön el a Te országod;
Mansish Man ault olep jegov, tak jälpenlachte nag names; tak jeimte nag naerlachen;
Komi Syrian Айе миян, коды эм енэж вылын! Мед вежӧдъяс тэнад нимыд; мед воас тэнад саритӧмыд;
Komi-Permyak Айа миян, кӧдыя эм енвевт вывын! Мед светитчяс тӧнат нимыд; мед воас тӧнат саритӧмыт;
Udmurt table (Votyak) Аймы милям ин вылын улыш! Тынад нимыд святой мед луоз; тынад эксэйлыгед мед лыиктоз;
Meadow Mari Пылпомышто улшо мемнан Ачий! Тыйын лўмет мокталтше, тыйын кугыжанышет толжо;
Mountain Mari Пӹлгомыштышы мӓмнӓн Ӓтинӓ! Тӹньӹн лӹмет лӹмлеш-тӓрӓлтшӹ, тӹньӹн анжымашет толжы;
Erjamordwinian Менельсэ Тетянок! Тонть леметь шнавозь аштезэ; Тонть Инязорокс чить сазо;
Mokshamordvinian Менелень тетянок! Шнавозо Тонть леметь; топавтовозо Тонть мелеть;
Finnish Isä meidän, joka olet taivaissa! Pyhitetty olkoon sinun nimesi; tulkoon sinun valtakuntasi;
Meänkieli (Tornedal Finnish) Meän Isä, joka olet taihvaissa! Pyhitetty olkhoon sinun nimesti; tulkhoon sinun valtakuntasti;
actual Karelian Tuatto! Pyhitettävä olkah siun nimes; tulkah siun valtakuntas;
Olonetzisch Tuatto meijän taivahalline! Olgah pühännü Sinun nimi; tulgah sinun valdu;
Tver Karelian Туатто мия̄н, кумбанѣ олет тайвагашша! Ана гювиттїя̄човъ ними шивнъ; ана туловъ шивнъ куниңагуш;
Wepsish Avoid taivhalline tatam! Olgha pühä sinun nimi; tulgha sinun valdkund;
Wotisch Izä mede, kumpa olet taivaiza! Pühättü olko nimes sinu; liti-tulko sinu valtas;
Estonian Meie Isa, kes Sa oled taevas! Pühitsetud olgu Sinu nimi; Sinu riik tulgu;
Võro Mi Esä taivan! Pühendüs saaguq sino nimi; sino riik tulguq;
Livish Mạd iza, kis sa vuod touvis! pǖvātộd las sig sin nim; las tugộ sin vạlikštộks;
North Sami Ačče min, don gutte læk almin! Basotuvvus du namma; Bottus du rika;
Inari Sami Aätj miin, ki läh almest! Passe läos tu namma; aldanevos tu valdegodde;
Scoltsamian Äätje mii, ku leäk ​​almest! Da passe leidsj tu nammat; da poat tu tsarstvie;
Kildin Sami Адж мӣн, е̄ллей Альмесьт! Святэ ля̄ннч нэ̄м То̄н; оаннѣ пуадт То̄н Ланнѣ

The Numeralia

While the basic numerals from 1 to 6 are all Finno-Ugric, the numeral for 7 in both the Finnish and the Ugric languages ​​is a borrowing from Indo-European, cf. Old Indian sapta . The number word for 10 corresponded in the original language to the word for "number"; this is still preserved today in Sami, Mari and Mansish. The numerals das in Komi and Udmurt and tíz in Hungarian are borrowings from Iranian languages .

Finnish Estonian Livish Wotisch Wepsish Karelian North Sami Skoltsami Olyk-Mari Erzja-
Mordwin. 		Moksha
Mordwin. 		Komi-
Syrian. 		Udmurt. Mansish Chant. Hungarian.
0001 yksi üks ikš ühsi üs yksi octa õhtt икте вейке фкя ӧтик одык аква ит egy
0002 kaksi kaks kakš kahsi kaks kakši looked kue´htt коктыт кавто кафта кык кык китыг катын kettő
0003 kolme Kolm kuolm kõlmõ kuome kolmi golbma koumm кумыт колмо колма куим куин хурум хутым három
0004th neljä neli nēļa nellä nell nellä njeallje nellj нылыт ниле ниле нёль ниль нила няты négy
0005 viisi viis vīž viiz viž viisi vihtta vitt визыт ветесь вете вит вить ат вет öt
0006th kuusi kiss kūž kuuz short kuuši guhtta kutt кудыт кото кота квайт куать хот хут Has
0007th side man side seis Seitsee seiččeme šeiččemen čieža čiččâm шымыт сисем сисем сизим сизьым сат тапыт hét
0008th kahdeksan kaheksa kōdõks kahõsaa kahesa kahekšan gavcci kääu'c кандаше кавксо кафкса кӧкъямыс тямыз нёллов нювты nyolc
0009 yhdeksän üheksa īdõks ühesää ühesa yhekšän ovcci ååu´c индеше вейксэ вейхкса ӧкмыс укмыс онтэллов йиряң kilenc
0010 kymmenen take care kim čümmee kümne kymmenen logi lååi лу кемень кемонь дас дас лов яң tíz
0100 sata sada sada sadā sata sata čuođi čue´đ шӱдӧ сядо сяжа се сю сат сот száz
1000 tuhat tuhat tūontõ tuhat tuhat tuhat you have dohat тÿжем тёжа тёжянь сюрс сюрс сотэр ... ezer

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Compare also Ural-Altaic languages
  2. ↑ The Finno-Ugrics: The dying fish swims in water . In: The Economist . 2005, ISSN  0013-0613 ( economist.com [accessed November 8, 2016]).