Women's Taubling

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Women's Taubling
2010-09-29 Russula cyanoxantha cropped.jpg

Female blubber ( Russula cyanoxantha )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Women's Taubling
Scientific name
Russula cyanoxantha
( Schaeff. ) Fr.

The ( violet -green ) female blubber ( Russula cyanoxantha ) is a species of fungus from the family of the blubber relatives . It is characterized by its large, purple to green and radially veined hat, its mild-tasting flesh, the thick stem and its almost negative iron sulfate reaction . Particularly characteristic compared to most related species are the strikingly flexible, greasy-to-the-touch lamellae. The common European deafbling occurs in both deciduous and coniferous forests; the fruiting bodies of the popular edible mushroom appear between June and the beginning of November.

As Mushroom of the Year 1997, the female pigeon received special attention.

features

Macroscopic features

Women's Täubling, purple variant

The fleshy hat is hemispherical when young, then spread out flat and deepened almost funnel-shaped with age. It reaches a diameter of 6 to 15 cm. The upper side of young specimens is often tinted slate gray. Later, the color is made up of purple and green parts, of which one color can dominate up to a single color. The edge is often colored purple-purple. The center often has dark green tones, but it can also fade. Radial fibers run from the center to the edge. The surface is bare, greasy for a long time and shiny in damp weather. The margin is sharp and grooved in older specimens. The hat skin is removable up to a third.

The slats are white. They are more or less crowded and are usually relatively thin. Unlike most deafblings, they are quite soft and pliable. In the longitudinal section, the lamellae are relatively narrow and narrow towards both the stem and the edge. They are often forked and of different lengths. They are broad on the stem or run down a little. The spore powder is pure white.

The large, sturdy stem is white, in rare cases with a purple or reddish touch. It is cylindrical and stocky and is between 5 and 10 cm long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm thick. It is pointed towards the base. The stalk meat is full-bodied and firm in young specimens and often becomes spongy or hollow with age.

The flesh is white, but violet-purple under the cap skin. It is odorless, tastes mild and looks almost cheesy. An important feature is the iron sulphate reaction , which is negative in the female deafbling. In rare cases, the stalk meat with iron sulfate can also turn pale gray to olive green. With guaiac the meat reacts weakly after about 50 seconds, then intensely blue-green. The cap skin reacts brownish with sodium hydroxide and greenish-yellow with sulfuric acid .

Microscopic features

The round to elongated spores are 6.8 to 8.5  µm long and 6.0 to 7.5 µm wide. The Q value (length / width) is 1.1 to 1.2. The spore ornament consists of numerous warts up to 0.5 µm high, which are only sparsely and indistinctly connected to one another by fine veins.

The basidia are club-shaped and 45 to 55 µm long and 9 to 10 µm wide and each carry four sterigms . The cheilocystids on the lamellar edge are spindle-shaped to cylindrical, 30 to 55 µm long and 4 to 6 µm wide. Some of them have a small appendage at the tip. The 27 to 85 µm long and 3 to 6 µm long pleurocystides on the lamellar surface look similar. All cystids are quite numerous and stain a pale gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde and a little blue with sulfovanillin .

The cap skin contains cylindrical, partly septate and branched hair-like, 2 to 5 µm wide hyphae cells (hairs). In between there are 2 to 3.5 µm wide Pileocystiden interspersed, which turn a pale gray-black in sulfobenzaldehyde. The hyphae walls are gelatinized.

Species delimitation

From similar species such as the parrot deaf ( R. ionochlora ) or the blue-green mature deaf ( R. parazurea ) the female deaf is easiest to distinguish by the flexible, non-splintering lamellae. The species mentioned are also slightly smaller than the female deaf and do not have a pure white spore powder. Greenish forms can easily be confused with the green edible blubber ( R. heterophylla ). In this case, the stalk meat with iron sulphate usually turns a distinct pink color, and the spores of the green edible pigeon are smaller.

The greenish crack-hatched variations can easily be confused with the green- fielded Täubling ( R. virescens ), whose flesh turns pinkish-orange with iron sulfate and whose skin consists largely of spherical cells. The yellow gray-stalked blubber ( R. claroflava ) can also be very similar to the yellowish forms of the women's blubber. Its flesh turns gray with age, its lamellae are brittle and its spore powder is dark cream to pale ocher in color.

ecology

The female deaf can usually be found in forests with beech and oak . These include, above all, red beech and silver fir mixed forests, especially woodruff red beech forests . It can also be found in fir-beech and fir and grove-beech forests . Among the oak forests, the mushroom is particularly found in the star chickweed, oak and hornbeam forest . It also grows in spruce, fir and spruce forests as well as in parks and gardens.

The Täubling mainly colonizes fresh, medium-sized, loose soils that are weakly acidic to weakly alkaline, not too low in bases, but low in calcium . On the other hand, it is seldom to be found on dry or waterlogged, compacted and nutrient-rich, especially highly nitrogenous, subsoil for long periods of time .

The female pigeon is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with various deciduous and coniferous trees. It is mostly found under European beech, but also with spruce and oak . The fruiting bodies appear between June and early November. Individual copies will appear in mid-April.

Females' deafblings are often inhabited by larvae of the genus Drosophila . It was observed how Drosophila phalerata and Drosophila cameraria lay their eggs in a targeted manner in the surface of the hat.

distribution

Occurrence of the female deaf in Europe
Legend:
  • Found reports
  • No evidence
  • no data

    • The female pigeon is widespread in the Holarctic , i.e. almost all over the northern hemisphere . It can be found in Central and North America (USA, Mexico, Costa Rica), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), the Canary Islands , Asia ( Caucasus , Russia, Korea, Japan, Taiwan) and Europe. Its distribution area is meridional to subboreal . Therefore it can be found from the Mediterranean area to the north to northeast coniferous forest areas.

    In Europe, the fungus can be found in the entire deciduous forest area, but also in the spruce stands. The area extends from Spain, the Balearic Islands , Italy, Serbia, Hungary and Romania in the south to the Hebrides and central Fennoscandinavia in the north and eastwards via Poland and Belarus to Russia.

    In Germany, the female pigeon is widespread and common from the coasts to the Alps. There are only a few major gaps. In Austria, too, Täubling is one of the most common types of mushroom.

    Systematics and taxonomy

    Inquiry systematics

    Bon and Romagnesi put the female pigeon in the subsection Indolentinae , which in turn is in the section Heterophyllae . The representatives of the subsection are characterized by their mild taste, the white spore powder and the negative iron sulfate reaction . The soft, greasy-to-the-touch lamellae that do not break when pressed with a finger are typical.

    Varieties and forms

    One distinguishes a Russula cyanoxantha var. Cutefracta , which has a dark olive-green hat with a purple-violet stain in the middle. The edge of the hat is marbled in small areas, but not cracked. Furthermore, the warts on the spores are conical in shape and the reaction with guaiac is weak after about 20 seconds, then intensely blue-green. Other varieties are Russula cyanoxantha var. Flavoviridis with a uniformly lemon-yellow colored hat and Russula cyanoxantha var. Variata with sharp-tasting meat and an unpleasant smell.

    Other varieties such as Russula cyanoxantha var. Peltereaui or Russula cyanoxantha var. Atroviolacea do not appear to be justified and apparently belong to the range of variation of the type species .

    meaning

    The female pigeon is edible and is considered a good edible mushroom. He is also Mushroom of the Year 1997.

    etymology

    The naming as women- deafblings is probably derived from observed attributes such as "soft" and "yielding" (because of the soft, yielding lamellae that are untypical for deafblings), which are attributed to the image of femininity that is shaped in patriarchal, western cultures. In Italian, the pigeon is called Colombina (pigeon), a woman's name that is best known for the character of the same name from the Commedia dell'arte .

    The scientific species attribute ( epithet ) " cyanoxanthus " is derived from the ancient Greek adjectives κυανός (blue-green or cyan) and ζανθός (yellow).

    swell

    literature

    • Edmund Michael, Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel: Handbook for mushroom friends. Volume five: Agaric mushrooms - milk lice and deaf lions. 2nd Edition. Fischer, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-437-30350-3 .
    • German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
    • J. Schäffer : Russula monograph . In: Annales Mycologici . tape 31 , 1933, pp. 332-4 ( online [accessed December 14, 2011]).
    • Henri Romagnesi : Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p. 238 f . (French, online ).

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ "Mushroom of the Year" 1997 on the website of the German Society for Mycology (accessed on October 26, 2011)
    2. ↑ a b Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 156.
    3. ↑ a b Russula cyanoxantha in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    4. ^ B. Shorrocks, AM Wood: A preliminary note on the fungus feeding species of Drosophila . In: Journal of Natural History . tape 7 , no. 5 , October 1973, p. 551-556 , doi : 10.1080 / 00222937300770441 .
    5. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 465.
    6. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula cyanoxantha. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    7. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 291 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    8. ↑ Elias Polemis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 5. (PDF; 330 kB) Basidiomycetes associated with woods dominated by Castanea sativa (Nafpactia Mts., Central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 115 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, p. 16 ff , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    9. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, accessed December 12, 2011 .
    10. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved December 14, 2011 .
    11. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed December 14, 2011 .
    12. ↑ Krieglsteiner et al .: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 465.
    13. ↑ Pilz des Jahres 1997. German Society for Mycology, accessed on February 24, 2010 .
    14. ↑ Andreas Gminder, Tanja Böhning: Which mushroom is that? Franckh-Kosmos, 2007, ISBN 978-3-440-10797-3 .
    15. ↑ Carleton Rea: British Basidiomycetae . A handbook to the larger British Fungi. Ed .: British Mycological Society. Cambridge: University press, 1922, pp. 462 (English, online ).

    Web links

    Commons : Female Deaf ( Russula cyanoxantha )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files