Brown-green pet

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Brown-green pet
2007-09-29 Entoloma incanum.jpg

Brown-green tenderloin ( Entoloma incanum )

Systematics
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Red bloom relatives (Entolomataceae)
Genre : Red rot ( Entoloma )
Subgenus : Entoloma subg. Leptonia
Type : Brown-green pet
Scientific name
Entoloma incanum
( Fr. ) Hesler (1967)

The brown-green tenderloin ( Entoloma incanum , syn .: Leptonia euchlora and L. incana , Rhodophyllus euchlorus and R. incanus ) is a type of fungus from the red bloom relatives . The species belongs to the diverse, species-rich genus of the red rot and within it to the sub-genus Leptonia , whose species are also known as "caresses" due to their often small and fragile fruiting bodies .

The dainty fruiting bodies have a yellow, green or brown hat that is flattened in the middle and a light to yellow-green stalk that turns blue-green when damaged. They usually give off an unpleasant smell of burned horn or the urine of mice - hence the common name "Mousepee Pinkgill" comes from the English-speaking area, in German "Mäusepisse-Rötling". The agaric mushroom is not considered edible, but is suspected to be poisonous. However, the information in the literature varies or has not been proven reliably.

The Rötling needs limestone soils and grows predominantly on poor grassland and extensively managed green areas, but also occurs in sparse forests. The fruiting bodies appear in Central Europe mainly from June to September.

The brown-green tenderloin is the mushroom of the year 2013.

features

The yellow-whitish lamellae of young fruiting bodies of the brown-green tenderloin sometimes show a green shade.
Longitudinal section through a fruiting body of the brown-green tenderloin

Macroscopic features

The brown-green tenderloin wears a 0.5–3 cm wide, domed hat , which later flattens and develops an umbilical-like depression in the middle . The color spectrum ranges from brown-green to green-blue and yellow-green to olive-brown. The flesh of the hat is so thin or barely there that the lamellae on the underside of the hat show through as radial grooves when the specimen is soaked. When it is dry, the colors fade and the grooves disappear. In the middle of the hat, the silky surface is often finely structured. The initially yellow-whitish lamellae are sometimes tinted green and, when ripe, get a dirty pink color from the spore powder that falls out . They are bulging on the stem or run down from it with a tooth. What is striking is the bright light green and more yellow colored stem at the base of the stem, which turns dark to blue-green within a short time at pressure points or when injured. It is 2–6 cm long and 1–3 mm thick. The surface is smooth and shiny, while the lower end of the handle is covered in white felt. The handle is hollow, partly filled with cotton wool and has a longitudinally fibrous wall. The light green flesh is colored blue-green to blue in the base of the stem.

The unpleasant, pungent odor of burnt horn or mouse urine is striking, especially on old and dried-on fruit bodies. In the English short diagnosis of his “Mushroom Compendium”, Erhard Ludwig also compares it with cheese and sweat and describes it in the German-language species portrait as a “mixture of celluloid and sweat socks”. In addition, the German mycologist mentions that odorless specimens are rare. Michael, Hennig and Kreisel note in their “Handbook for Mushroom Friends” that the smell is also comparable to that of the common dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale ).

Microscopic features

On each of the columns ( basidia ), 2 or 4 irregularly symmetrical (heterodiametric) and irregular 6–9-cornered spores mature. They measure (9.5–) 10.5–13.0 (–14.0) × 7.5–9.5 (–10.0) micrometers, the ratio of length and width is between 1.2 and 1 , 7. The fins cutting are fertile and have no sterile elements (Cheilo Zystiden ) on. The edge of the hat skin ( pleipellis ) is a cutis made of lying fungal threads ( hyphae ) and in the middle a transition from a cutis to a trichoderm with inflated and 20–115 × 7–30 µm large end cells. The hyphae have buckle-free transverse walls ( septa ) and a pigment (intracellular) dissolved in the cell sap .

Species delimitation

Due to the concise features ( see introduction ), the fungus can be easily identified with the naked eye without having to examine and evaluate the microscopic structures.

The lemon-yellow bellling ( Entoloma pleopodium ) has a similar habit to the brown-green tenderloin . The hat, which is sometimes not lemon-yellow, but green-yellow and centrally indented, also has a certain similarity. But the stem is darker and more brown in color than the hat. Furthermore, the meat does not show any color change when it is pressure or damaged. The sweet smell of fruit candy or amyl acetate is also striking . In contrast, the double of the lemon-yellow bell ringer, the yellow-green or green-stemmed red rötling ( E. chlorophyllum ), is odorless. The up to 2 cm large hat is colored yellow to olive green. The up to 7 cm long, brittle stem has a slightly bulbous, white felted stem base.

In the Tasmanian eucalyptus and rainforests, Entoloma rodwayi is another very similar-looking species. The fruit bodies are predominantly green-yellow in color and, as in E. incanum, turn blue-green in the injured areas, although less intensely. However, they do not have a specific smell.

The similarly colored fruit bodies of the parrot-green sapling ( Hygrocybe psittacina ) have, in contrast to the brown-green tenderloin, a slimy or at least sticky surface of the hat and handle when it is dry. The hat is domed to truncated conical, but never naveled. In addition, the spore powder is colored white in contrast to the pinkish-brown imprint of the red bloom.

Ecology and phenology

Lean lawns on limestone gravel surfaces, such as here in the “Kissinger Bahngruben” protected area near Augsburg, are typical habitats for the brown-green tenderloin.

Like the parrot-green sapling , the brown-green tenderloin predominantly colonizes unfertilized and extensively farmed poor meadows; it can rarely be found in sparse forests, where it occurs particularly on the roadsides. In the Alps, it rises to the subalpine altitude. The mushroom is a pointer species for calcareous, nutrient and nitrogen poor soils. It is unknown whether the Rotling feeds exclusively on plant remains or whether it forms a community with higher plants . For example, an occurrence in an open land habitat on the Isle of Wight , a small island on the south coast of England, is interesting. Jackie Hart reports that the mushroom there is associated with the yellow sun rose . The subshrub is known as a symbiotic partner of various mycorrhizal fungi , including some subterranean fructifying species from the genera desert truffles ( Terfezia ) and amyloid truffles ( Tirmania ).

The species fructifies in Central Europe from July to September, the fruiting bodies appear occasionally as early as June, stragglers can still be found in November.

distribution

Evidence of the brown-green tenderloin ( Entoloma incanum ) in Europe
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data

    • The brown-green tenderloin is widespread in Australia, New Zealand, Southeast (e.g. Japan) and North Asia, South (e.g. Argentina) and North America, Canada, the boreosubtropical to temperate regions of the Holarctic and Europe. It is one of the few red blooming species that has spread from North America or the north-temperate zone to the Greater Antilles - a Caribbean island group made up of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.

    The species is widespread on the European continent. In southern Europe there is evidence from the Balearic Islands , Italy, Corsica, Romania and Spain. In Western Europe, the Rötling occurs in Belgium, France, Great Britain northwards to the Faroe Islands , Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. In Central Europe, the mushroom can be found in Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Find reports are also available from Northeastern Europe (Estonia) and Northern Europe (Scandinavia).

    meaning

    Illustration from James Sowerby's "Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms" (1797)

    Food value

    In the relevant German-language specialist literature, the brown-green tenderloin is classified neither as an edible mushroom nor as a poison mushroom . Michael, Hennig and Kreisel consider the species to be “meaningless” in terms of food value, while Laux only states “no edible mushroom” under “use”. Gerhardt describes the mushroom as "inedible or food value unknown" and describes the taste as "insignificant, not flour-like". Gminder identifies the species as "inedible (too hard, too bitter, too small)", but leaves open which criterion or criteria ultimately led to the classification.

    On the other hand, Roody classifies the nutritional value of the brown-green carotid as "unknown, possible poisonous" (= unknown, possibly poisonous). According to a scientific paper by Fiedziukiewicz, the fruiting bodies should contain viroidin, viroisin, deoxoviroisin, ala-viroidin, ala-deoxoviroidin and deoxoviroidin - however, the author has not referenced the information. These virotoxins , of which only the viroisin is poisonous, have been detected in the cone-capped death cap mushroom ( Amanita virosa ).

    etymology

    The first part of the scientific species name, the generic name “ Entoloma ”, is made up of the Greek word elements “entós” (= inside) and “lôma” (= edge). It refers to the lamellas clearly cut out on the inner edge near the stem base. The second part of the name “ incanum ” consists of the Latin word elements “ in ” (= in, into) and “ canus ” (= white-gray) and means “ going into gray, almost gray”. Ludwig also mentions the meanings “all gray, gray with age” and suspects that the name refers to the middle of the hat that turns gray with age.

    Mushroom of the year 2013

    The German Society for Mycology has chosen the brown-green zärtling as “ Mushroom of the year 2013 ” because many red-fledged open-land habitats such as B. colonize semi-arid grasslands and moors, which in Germany are severely impaired and endangered by the progressive sealing and over-fertilization.

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    literature

    • Erhard Ludwig: Descriptions. The larger genera of the Agaricales with colored spore powder (except Cortinariaceae) . In: Mushroom Compendium . tape 2 . Fungicon, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-940316-01-1 (German with English summaries, contains 48 new taxa and 16 new combinations).

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Machiel Evert Noordeloos : Entoloma s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape  5 . Edizioni Candusso, Alassio (Italy) 1992.
    2. ^ British Mycological Society: English Names for fungi 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
    3. ↑ a b Erhard Ludwig: Descriptions. The larger genera of the Agaricales with colored spore powder (except Cortinariaceae) . In: Mushroom Compendium . tape 2 . Fungicon, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-940316-01-1 , p. 464 .
    4. ^ A b Edmund Michael, Bruno Hennig, Hans Kreisel: Blattpilze - Hellblättler und Leistlinge . In: Handbook for mushroom lovers . 2nd Edition. tape 3 . VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena 1977, p. 212 .
    5. ↑ Machiel Evert Noordeloos, Genevieve M. Gates: The Entolomataceae of Tasmania . In: Fungal Diversity Research Series . tape 22 , 2012, ISBN 978-94-007-4679-4 , pp. 327-330 ( content available online ).
    6. ↑ a b Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , pp. 240 .
    7. ↑ Jan Vesterholt: Contribution to the knowledge of species of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia . In: Fungi Non Delineati . tape 21 . Edizioni Candusso, 2002, ISSN  1128-6008 , p. 46 .
    8. ↑ Jackie Hart: Fungi . In: Bulletin of the Natural History & Archaeological Society . tape 51 , February 2009, p. 30 .
    9. ↑ Jesús Díez, José Luis Manjón, Francis Martin: Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania), host specificity and edaphic tolerance . In: Mycologia . tape 94 , no. 2 , 2002, p. 247–259 (available online from Cyberliber ).
    10. ^ German Society for Mycology (DGfM): Mushroom mapping 2000 online. Edited by Axel Schilling, Peter Dobbitsch. Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
    11. ^ A b Egon Horak: Entoloma in South America. I . In: Sydowia . tape 30 , no. 1-6 , 1977, pp. 40–111 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
    12. ^ DJ Lodge, TJ Baroni, SA Cantrell: Basidiomycetes of the Greater Antilles Project . In: R. Watling, JC Frankland, AM Ainsworth, S. Isaac, CH Robinson (Eds.): Tropical Mycology . 1: Macromycetes . CAB International, 2002 ( fed.us [PDF; 102 kB ]).
    13. ↑ Entoloma incanum (Fr.) Hesler. In: Observations.be . Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
    14. ^ Marie-Thérèse Tholl, Guy Marson, Ben Schultheis: Mushrooms - champignons - Fungi . Recording of biodiversity in the "Schnellert" forest area (Berdorf municipality). In: Ferrantia . tape 50 . Musée national d'histoire naturelle Luxembourg, 2007, ISSN  1682-5519 , p. 17–26 ( online [PDF]).
    15. ↑ Roland Baranovič: Atlas hub. Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
    16. ^ Jan Holec, Miroslav Beran et al .: Červený seznam hub (makromycetů) České republiky . Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. In: Příroda . tape 24 . Prague, ISBN 80-87051-02-5 (Czech, online [PDF]).
    17. ↑ Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): ... free and open access to biodiversity data. Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
    18. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-14737-9 , p. 164 (one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
    19. ^ Andreas Gminder: Manual for mushroom collectors . Identify 340 species of Central Europe with certainty. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-11472-8 , pp. 168 .
    20. ↑ William C. Roody: Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians . University Press of Kentucky, 2003, pp. 199 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
    21. ↑ Marcin Fiedziukiewicz: Mushroom Toxins - The Meixner Test . MSc by research thesis. The University of York. Department of Chemistry, January 2013 (English, whiterose.ac.uk [PDF; 4.0 MB ]).
    22. ^ Helmut Hofmann, Frank Hofmann: Virotoxins. Retrieved February 28, 2014 .
    23. ↑ a b Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
    24. ^ DGfM working group Entoloma - in particular Andreas Kunze, Peter Karasch: 2013: Entoloma incanum (Fr.: Fr.) Hesler, Braungrüner Zärtling. German Society for Mycology , accessed October 4, 2012 .

    Web links

    Commons : Brown-green Zärtling ( Entoloma incanum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
    • Patrice Tanchaud: Entoloma incanum (Fr.: Fr.) Hesler. (PDF) In: Champignons de Charente-Maritime, Charente et Deux-Sèvres. 2012, accessed on February 10, 2014 (profile with photos of various collections; PDF document).