Gebhardt & Koenig

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Gebhardt & Koenig , founded in Nordhausen in 1898 as "Eismaschinen und Internationale Tiefbau-Gesellschaft GmbH", was - under changing names and with multiple changes of name - a German company, mainly active in the mining industry, specializing in the sinking of shafts in the hard coal industry later on the tailgating of directional lines and cross passages .

history

The development of the freezing process for sinking shafts by Hermann Poetsch and Louis Gebhardt

Establishing of Gebhardt & Koenig , there was a new process while sinking shafts, which in the course of developing freezing process , the Hermann Poetsch (1842-1902), Markscheider the Mining Authority Aschersleben had developed. In 1883 he was granted a patent for a "method for sinking shafts in floating mountains" ( German Reich patent 25015). In July / August 1883, a shaft was sunk for the first time using this new method in the Archibald lignite mine near Schneidlingen .

For the practical application of his freezing process, Poetsch founded Poetsch-Tiefbauten AG and in 1884 hired Louis Gebhardt (1861–1924) as a mechanical engineer, a fitter and travel mechanic for the Nordhausen refrigeration machine factory Kropff . In 1886 the first pit was sunk in potash mining using Poetsch's method. Gebhardt initially used the new technology primarily when sinking shafts for the Belgian coal mining industry (Houssu colliery in Haine-Saint-Paul , from December 1885), then for the French coal mining industry. Because there the water-bearing marl layers were thinner and less salty than in Germany and the starting difficulties were therefore less.

The ice machine and international civil engineering company GmbH

Logo from Gebhardt & Koenig

Gebhardt separated from Poetsch after a few years, concluded a license agreement with the Gesellschaft für Linde's Eismaschinen and further developed the process. To generate cold he switched from absorption machines based on ammonia to compression cooling machines based on carbon dioxide . In order to reduce the undesirable effect of the re-evaporation of the cold vapors during the intake by the compressor, Gebhardt designed a compression machine in which the cold vapors are compressed in two single or double-acting pumps with step-by-step compression and intermediate cooling by the sucked in gases. It was the heart of what was later known as the "Gebhardt System" for freezing systems. Gebhardt gained more and more experience and more and more customers. In the first five years of his independence, Gebhardt was able to sunk 26 shafts using the freezing process.

In view of the delicate competition with Hermann Poetsch as his former employer and as the holder of the original patent, Louis Gebhardt initially operated his own company under the name of his father-in-law Louis Koch and received his first patent in his name in 1892. It was not until 1898, after Poetsch-Tiefbauten AG ran into financial difficulties and its patents had expired because the fees were not paid, that Louis Gebhardt formally founded the Eismaschinen- und Internationale Tiefbau-Gesellschaft GmbH . The first major order in 1898/1899 was the development and construction of a large freezing plant based on the "Gebhardt System" for the sinking of the Hansa I shaft of the Hansa potash works near Empelde as a freezing shaft . In order to be able to finance the expansion of the workshops in Nordhausen (Grimmelallee 44), Gebhardt brought the merchant August König from Benneckenstein into the company as a partner on March 8, 1900 . From then on it was called Eismaschinen und Internationale Tiefbaugesellschaft von Gebhardt & König mbH . Gebhardt had so far developed his method further in practice, but realized that he would not get any further without theoretical knowledge. Therefore, in 1902, he hired the Dutch mining engineer Hugo Joosten, who had a doctorate from RWTH Aachen University .

The civil engineering and refrigeration industry AG

Until 1905 the company was unrivaled in its field. It received orders for 15 to 20 freezer shafts to be sunk every year. The first shaft sunk in the Ruhr district using the freezing technique was a weather shaft of the Prosper I mine in 1902 . Shafts 1 and 2 of the Auguste Victoria colliery in Marl-Hüls followed in 1902/1903 . In 1907 the "Gebhardtsche Lotuhr " was patented for the safe measurement of bores.

In order to increase the capital required for the expansion, the Eismaschinen und Internationale Tiefbaugesellschaft von Gebhardt & König mbH was converted into a stock corporation in 1903: the Tiefbau- und Kälteindustrie AG, formerly Gebhardt & Koenig . In 1904 she took over the Hannoversche Tiefbohrgesellschaft . This is how the engineer Wilhelm Zaeringer came to the Nordhausen company. He became CEO in 1912, succeeding Louis Gebhardt.

The shaft freezing technology developed by Gebhardt had been a world leader since the turn of the century. The civil engineering and refrigeration industry AG founded several subsidiaries abroad:

  • 1906 in Belgium the Entreprise de Forage et Fonçage Raky (Foraky)
  • 1908 in England the Shaft Freezing Ltd.
  • In 1912, the Belgian subsidiary Foraky took over the Entreprise Générale de Fonçage de Puits, Études et Travaux de Mines , the leading French manhole construction company.

At the 1910 World Exhibition in Brussels , Tiefbau- und Kälteindustrie AG was awarded the “Grand Prix” for its work in developing the freezing process. In addition to freezing the shaft, she began to work with other "classic" sinking methods. The number of employees had risen to more than 3,500 on the eve of the First World War .

During the First World War, all foreign subsidiaries of the Tiefbau- und Kälteindustrie AG and their assets were lost.

In the 1920s, Hugo Joosten developed a process to be able to permanently consolidate soils containing quartz that are permeable to water by adding chemical agents . It was patented in several stages from 1926. For the industrial use of this technology - also beyond mining - the Tiefbau- und Kälteindustrie AG founded the Gesellschaft zur Chemischen Verfestigung und Abdichtung mbH (Cheverab) in 1934.

Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau AG

Logo of the Deutsche Schachtbau AG Nordhausen

Since 1922, Deutsche Erdöl AG (DEA) held the majority of shares in Tiefbau- und Kälteindustrie AG , as well as in a second company based in Nordhausen, Deutsche Schachtbau AG, founded in 1899 . Because the DEA was interested in the know-how of both Nordhausen stock corporations - especially for its exploration wells . In 1939, DEA, as the main shareholder, caused the two companies to merge to form Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau AG Nordhausen . Their collaboration began as early as 1923, when both had brought their mechanical engineering companies into the joint subsidiary Maschinen- und Apparatebau AG Nordhausen (Mabag) founded at the time .

During the Second World War , around 30% of the Nordhausen operations of Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau AG were destroyed in the air raids on Nordhausen .

Nordhausen shaft construction

Logo of the VEB Schachtbau Nordhausen

As a result of the division of Germany , many companies were split up, including Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau AG . The main plants in Nordhausen - like almost all companies in the Soviet occupation zone - were affected by dismantling . They took place between January 1946 and July 1947. The Nordhäuser parent plants were nationalized in May 1947 and initially owned by the State of Thuringia . From then on they traded as the German shaft construction and deep drilling company Nordhausen / Harz (formerly Gebhardt & König) . On May 5, 1948, the German Economic Commission decided to incorporate the company into the Association of People's Own Enterprises (VVB) shaft construction and drilling companies in the coal industry based in Nordhausen.

Logo of Schachtbau Nordhausen GmbH until it was taken over by the Bauer Group

Further name changes and changes to the assignment followed:

  • 1954: VEB shaft construction, consolidation and sealing in Nordhausen
  • 1959: VEB Schachtbau Nordhausen of the VVB non-ferrous metal industry based in Eisleben
  • 1968: VEB Schachtbau Nordhausen in the Mansfeld combine "Wilhelm Pieck"
  • January 1, 1990: VEB Schachtbau Nordhausen
  • June 8, 1990: Schachtbau Nordhausen GmbH (conversion according to the GmbH Act )

Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH

The operations in the West German occupation zones were merged by the majority owner DEA in Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH . The continuation under the name Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau (now as a GmbH instead of an AG), introduced in 1939, documented the claim to legal succession . The company's headquarters were initially in Godenau near Alfeld (Leine) , as Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau AG had an operating facility in the Desdemona potash mine there . After a stopover in Wietze , where DEA produced crude oil, the company's headquarters were relocated to Essen (Westendhof 11) in 1954 . Because the Ruhr mining companies were the main clients. The main fields of business remained the sinking of shafts and the driving of crosscuts and straightening routes as well as the manufacture of dies and excavations . When hardly any new shafts had been sunk as a result of the coal crisis in the Ruhr area since the late 1960s, Alfred Ries, Managing Director of Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH since 1971, expanded the field of drifting.

On January 1, 1973, Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH was taken over by Deilmann-Haniel , but continued to act as an independent specialist mining company. By 1986, a total of 228 day shafts had been sunk, over half of them using the freezing process. One of the larger projects outside of mining was the drilling of a ventilation shaft for the Tauern tunnel .

A subsidiary of Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH was Bergbau-Bohrgesellschaft Rhein-Ruhr mbH (BBRR), which carried out exploration drilling.

Gebhardt & Koenig - Rock and Civil Engineering GmbH

In 1987 Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH and Gesteins- und Tiefbau GmbH (GTG) in Recklinghausen , which had previously been owned by Ruhrkohle AG and taken over by Deilmann-Haniel, were renamed Gebhardt & Koenig - Gesteins- und Tiefbau GmbH (GKG) merged. Entry in the commercial register in Recklinghausen on May 26, 1987. The receiving company was the Gesteins- und Tiefbau GmbH , based in Recklinghausen- Hochlarmark . The GKG had more than 3000 employees when it was founded. The main fields of business were special civil engineering (shaft construction and tunneling) and dump management . Later came u. a. the construction of foundations for wind turbines on heaps, z. B. on the Hoppenbruch heap .

On October 1, 1993, the mining (tunneling) and shaft construction departments were spun off from GKG and assigned to the parent company Deilmann-Haniel.

After the fall of the Wall , Gebhardt & Koenig - Gesteins- und Tiefbau GmbH returned, if not to its place of origin in Nordhausen, but to the district of Nordhausen , when it took over Bergsicherung Ilfeld in 1992 , a special company for securing and custodying old mining facilities. In 1993, Bergsicherung Schneeberg was taken over .

To mark the 100th anniversary of Gebhardt & Koenig , the “Schachtbausymposium 1998” held a joint celebration of the two companies that emerged, Schachtbau Nordhausen GmbH and Gebhardt & Koenig - Gesteins- und Tiefbau GmbH , at the place of origin in Nordhausen.

Gebhardt & Koenig - Berg- und Bautechnik GmbH until 2011

In 1999 Deilmann-Haniel GmbH and Heitkamp GmbH merged to form Heitkamp-Deilmann-Haniel GmbH . The mining operations of both companies were merged as Gebhardt & Koenig - Berg- und Bautechnik GmbH (GKB). The company headquarters became Dortmund - Kurl .

In 2008, Heitkamp-Deilmann-Haniel GmbH was renamed Heitkamp BauHolding . In 2011 it became insolvent and the group was broken up. This ended 113 years after Gebhardt & Koenig was founded, mining activities under this name - at least underground and in shaft construction.

Gebhardt & Koenig - Berg- und Bautechnik GmbH today

After the break-up of the Heitkamp Group in 2011, the former construction department of GKB continued the name Gebhardt & Koenig - Berg- und Bautechnik GmbH . It belongs to the Berkel Holding GmbH, based in Gladbeck. It provides services in the stockpile management of and the handling and processing of bulk material .

In this respect, there are still two companies today that refer to a 120-year tradition of Gebhardt & Koenig (in 2018) .

literature

in order of appearance

  • Hugo Joosten: The development of the freezing process since it was first used in 1883 . In: Glückauf - Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitschrift , vol. 42 (1906), pp. 703-724 ( online ).
  • Dietrich Hoffmann: Eight decades of freezing processes according to Poetsch. A contribution to the history of shaft sinking in difficult cases . Glückauf Publishing House, Essen 1962.
  • Alfred Ries: 75 years of Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Issue 13 (January 1974), pp. 3–4.
  • Gebhardt & Koenig - Rock and Civil Engineering GmbH. A new company of the Deilmann-Haniel Group introduces itself . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Issue 46 (August 1987), pp. 13-14.
  • Wilhelm Schulte-Fischedick: Gebhardt & Koenig - Rock and Civil Engineering GmbH . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Issue 63 (December 1993), pp. 36–41.
  • Hans-Liudger Dienel: Engineers between university and industry. Refrigeration technology in Germany and America, 1870–1930 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1995, ISBN 3-525-36047-9 , pp. 229-232.
  • Manfred Hegemann: Technical and historical development of Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH after 1945 . In: Harry Heck (Red.): 1st Thuringian Miners' Day - September 18-20, 1998 in Nordhausen. 100 years of Schachtbau Nordhausen / Gebhardt & Koenig . State Association of Miners, Huts and Miners' Associations Thuringia eV, Sondershausen 1998, pp. 58–70.
  • 100 years of Gebhardt & Koenig. From Nordhausen to Recklinghausen . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , volume 74 (December 1998), p. 28.
  • Michael Braun: Invented 80 years ago: Chemical soil consolidation method according to Joosten . In: Structural Engineering . Vol. 83 (2006), No. 5, pp. 374-381.
  • Ullrich Mallis: Nordhausen shaft construction. From mining service provider to technology company . In: Manfred Engshuber (ed.): Committed to progress - 150 years of VDI in Thuringia . Bingen 2011, pp. 44-48.
  • Ullrich Mallis: On the history of the Nordhäuser Aktiengesellschaft . In: Contributions to the history of the city and district of Nordhausen , vol. 40 (2015), pp. 143–186.

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Poetsch's method of sinking in floating mountains. In: Polytechnisches Journal . 252, 1884, pp. 100-102, here p. 101.
  2. ↑ a b Hugo Joosten: The development of the freezing process since its first application in 1883 . In: Glückauf , Vol. 42 (1906), pp. 703-724, here pp. 704-705.
  3. ↑ Günter Pinzke: The sinking of the first potash shaft according to the "Poetsch'en frozen pit method" . In: Bull and Griffin. Sheets on cultural and regional history in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , vol. 20 (2010), pp. 62–74, here p. 64.
  4. ^ A b Hans-Liudger Dienel: Engineers between university and industry. Refrigeration technology in Germany and America, 1870–1930 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1995, ISBN 3-525-36047-9 , p. 230.
  5. ^ A b Hans-Liudger Dienel: Die Linde AG. History of a technology company 1879–2004 . CH Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-51484-7 , p. 102.
  6. ↑ Georg Göttsche: The refrigeration machines. Commonly edited for owners of cooling systems, industrialists, practitioners and budding technicians . Kriebel, Hamburg, 2nd improved and enlarged edition. 1904, p. 116.
  7. ↑ Dietrich Hoffmann: Eight decades of freezing processes according to Poetsch. A contribution to the history of shaft sinking in difficult cases . Glückauf Verlag, Essen 1962, p. IV.
  8. ^ A b Hans-Liudger Dienel: Engineers between university and industry. Refrigeration technology in Germany and America, 1870–1930 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1995, p. 231.
  9. ↑ a b Michael Braun: Invented 80 years ago: Chemical soil consolidation method according to Joosten . In: Bautechnik , Vol. 83 (2006), Issue 5, pp. 374–381.
  10. ↑ a b Rainer Hellberg: Nordhausen in old views , Vol. 3. European Library, Zaltbommel 2002, ISBN 978-90-288-6695-9 , p. 24.
  11. ^ A b c d Alfred Ries: 75 years of Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Issue 13 (January 1974), pp. 3–4.
  12. ^ Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsgebiet Dortmund in association with the Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse and the Rheinisch-Westfälischer Kohlensyndikat (ed.): The development of the Niederrheinisch-Westfälischen hard coal mining in the second half of the 19th century , vol. 3: Stollen, Shafts . Julius Springer, Berlin 1903, p. 514.
  13. ^ Ullrich Mallis: Louis Binger (born February 11, 1874 in Tilsit / East Prussia) . In: Contributions to history from the city and district of Nordhausen , vol. 26 (2001), pp. 80–87, here p. 85.
  14. ^ Ullrich Mallis: The Nordhausen JOOSTEN and JÄHDE processes. The patented consolidation and sealing methods were used worldwide and revitalized a new branch of engineering. In: Contributions to history from the city and district of Nordhausen , vol. 33 (2008), pp. 146–159.
  15. ↑ Dietrich Hoffmann: Eight decades of freezing processes according to Poetsch. A contribution to the history of shaft sinking in difficult cases . Verlag Glückauf, Essen 1962, SV
  16. ^ Rainer Hellberg: Nordhausen in old views , Vol. 3. European Library, Zaltbommel 2002, ISBN 978-90-288-6695-9 , p. 25.
  17. ↑ Klaus Jochen Arnold (edit.): Dismantling in the Soviet zone of occupation and in Berlin from 1945 to 1948. Thematic inventory . Brandenburg State Main Archive and Center for Contemporary History Research, Potsdam 2007, p. 410; as a book edition: Klaus Jochen Arnold (arrangement): Dismantling in the Soviet zone of occupation and in Berlin from 1945 to 1948. Subject-related inventory . Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag (BWV), Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-8305-1899-0 , p. 637.
  18. Jump up ↑ Federal Archives, holdings "Auditing and Treuhandanstalt der Soviet Occupation Zone Germany" (DN 5), signature DN 5/237.
  19. ↑ See Federal Archives, holdings "Revisions- und Treuhandanstalt der Soviet Occupation Zone Germany" (DN 5), signature DN 5/689.
  20. ↑ a b 100 years of Gebhardt & Koenig. From Nordhausen to Recklinghausen . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , volume 74 (December 1998), p. 28.
  21. ^ Manfred Hegemann: Technical and historical development of Gebhardt & Koenig - Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH after 1945 . In: Harry Heck (Red.): 1st Thuringian Miners' Day - September 18-20, 1998 in Nordhausen. 100 years of Schachtbau Nordhausen / Gebhardt & Koenig . State Association of Miners, Huts and Miners' Associations Thuringia eV, Sondershausen 1998, pp. 58–70.
  22. ↑ Dr. Alfred Ries . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , issue 63 (December 1993), p. 7.
  23. ^ Expansion of our company association from January 1st, 1973 . In: Unser Betrieb , Issue 11 (December 1972), p. 35.
  24. ↑ a b Gebhardt & Koenig - Rock and Civil Engineering GmbH. A new company of the Deilmann-Haniel Group introduces itself. In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Issue 46 (August 1987), pp. 13-14.
  25. ↑ Glückauf , Vol. 123 (1987), p. 794.
  26. ↑ 30 years of Deilmann-Haniel . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Issue 73 (April 1998), pp. 4–5.
  27. ^ Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Issue 73 (April 1998), p. 17.
  28. ^ Wilhelm Schulte-Fischedick: Gebhardt & Koenig - Rock and Civil Engineering GmbH. In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , issue 63 (December 1993), pp. 36–41, here p. 40.
  29. ^ Wilhelm Schulte-Fischedick: Gebhardt & Koenig - Rock and Civil Engineering GmbH . In: Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , Heft 63 (December 1993), pp. 36–41, here p. 39. For Bergsicherung Ilfeld see: Horst Graevert: Die Bergsicherung Ilfeld . In: Contributions to local history from the city and district of Nordhausen , vol. 5 (1980), pp. 72–77.
  30. ^ Anna Neef: 50 years of mountain safety in Schneeberg, 1957–2007. 50 years of renovation work to avert danger from old mining. 50 years of renovation work to preserve mining historical objects in the Ore Mountains . Technical University Bergakademie, Freiberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-86012-310-2 .
  31. ↑ Harry Heck (Red.): 1st Thuringian Miners' Day - September 18-20, 1998 in Nordhausen. 100 years of Schachtbau Nordhausen / Gebhardt & Koenig . Regional association of miners, smelters and miners' associations Thuringia eV, Sondershausen 1998.
  32. ^ Deilmann-Haniel: Unser Betrieb , issue 78 (December 2001), p. 3.
  33. ↑ Berkel Holding , accessed February 13, 2018.
  34. ↑ Portfolio , accessed February 13, 2018.
  35. ↑ Gebhardt & Koenig - Berg- und Bautechnik GmbH: About us , accessed on February 13, 2018.
  36. ↑ Schachtbau Nordhausen: Milestones in the history of technology  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (P. 4).@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.schachtbau.de