General Staff Map

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As military maps official military are map series called, mostly under the direction of General Staffs or war ministries have been edited and published, and by its small scale (1: 500 000 200 000, 1: 250,000 and even 1) represent a larger area per map sheet.

Today, these maps of military geography are increasingly produced in cooperation with official cartography , so that the thematic differences are blurred.

For civil maps of a similar scale, see general map .

General

The original recordings , which were typically made on a scale of 1: 10,000 ( measuring table sheets ) to 1: 50,000, were based mainly on careful land surveying and triangulation , and served as the basis for the actual utility maps , which were mainly processed in a reduction ratio of 1: 50,000 to 1: 200,000.

The general staff maps were primarily intended for military and operational purposes, but because of their accuracy they were also of great importance for cultural life as a whole.

In military terms, a distinction is now made between tactical maps on a scale of 1: 50,000 to 1: 100,000 and general staff maps and operations maps on a larger scale. Common general staff maps are the Soviet general staff maps 1: 200,000 and German general staff maps 1: 250,000 as well as the Tactical Pilotage Charts (TPC) 1: 500,000 . The Soviet General Staff Maps and the TPC with national supplementary editions completely cover the world. The German General Staff maps 1: 250,000 only refer to Germany and neighboring areas.

For military use of maps see situation map .

These maps are provided with a UTM reference system in order to determine geographical information that is important for tactical and operational commands . A plan pointer is used for manual determination . Modern electronic command posts have electronically editable topographic maps that are provided with military symbols and are used to guide situation maps.

General staff map in different countries

France

France has the first official work in the form of general staff maps. The large degree measurement carried out from 1669 to 1718 ( Jacques Cassini ) formed the basis of the 86,400-part map edited by Cassini de Thury and his son Jean Dominique Comte de Cassini .

After the Dépot de la guerre had been commissioned to produce the topographic maps in 1793 , the basic map of 1: 80,000 was published from 1818 to 1878. Since the dissolution of the Dépot de la guerre in 1887, all relevant official work has been carried out by the Service geographique de l'Armée, which is subordinate to the War Ministry .

Germany

General Staff Map 1: 100,000

In Germany, the state fragmentation of the official topography and cartography has made it difficult to work together according to uniform principles. Although Frederick the Great already had a 270-sheet "cabinet map" of all Prussian countries east of the Weser recorded from 1767 to 1787 on a scale of 1: 50,000, the issue of general staff maps did not receive serious support from the general staff until 1816.

A more thorough recording of the Prussian state territory took place since 1830 ( Prussian first recording), while the triangulation and subsequent new recording, on which the maps were based at the end of the 19th century, were arranged in 1862. In 1878, the kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg agreed to extend the Prussian grade division map on a scale of 1: 100,000 to the entire German Empire ( map of the German Empire ). While Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg reworked the sections allotted to them independently, Prussia took over this work for the rest of the German Empire.

Today the map 1: 100,000 is issued as a digital topographic map 1: 100,000 (DTK100) by the state survey offices and the Bundeswehr Office for Geographic Information .

Austria

After a state registration of the Austrian crown lands was suggested in 1763, a systematic cadastral survey was carried out from 1816 to 1867. Great progress was made when the Military Geography Institute was founded in Vienna in 1839 . In 1870 the uniform new recording in 1: 25,000 was started, which was followed from 1873 to 1890 by the 75,000-part special map of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy .

In Austria today the Institute for Military Geosciences and the Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying are responsible for issuing these maps. The cards are produced as Austrian cards 1: 50,000 , 1: 200,000 and 1: 500,000 .

Switzerland

The topographic map of Switzerland in 1: 100,000 is based on the triangulation and measurement of the flat and hilly areas in 1: 25,000 and the high mountain areas in 1: 50,000, which was begun under the direction of Dufour in 1832. The original recordings are recorded in the Topographical Atlas of Switzerland. The corresponding work was carried out by the Federal Topographical Office in Bern .

Netherlands

The official maps of the Netherlands , in particular the Topographische en militaire kaart van het konigrijk der Nederlanden in 1: 50,000, are based on the new survey (1: 25,000) that took place between 1830 and 1855 and were carried out by the topographical institute in The Hague .

Belgium

Belgium's general staff maps, particularly the Carte topographique de la Belgique in 1: 20,000 and 1: 40,000, have been produced by the 'Institut cartographique militaire' in Brussels since 1878 .

Great Britain and Ireland

The official mapping system in Great Britain and Ireland was directed by the Ordnance Survey in Southampton , which was formerly subordinate to a special agency, then to the War Department and which had been supervised by the Department of Public Works since 1870. The general map (one inch map) on a scale of 1: 63.360 corresponds to the general staff maps common on the continent.

Italy

After the political reorganization of Italy , the Institute of Military Geography ( Istituto Geografico Militare ) was founded in Florence in 1872 and in 1875 it was decided to completely re-record it on a scale of 1: 25,000 and 1: 50,000. The Carta del Regno d'Italia 1: 100,000 based on it was completed in 1901 with the exception of Sardinia .

Russia

Russia , for which Peter I was already striving for a uniform topographical map, began a new recording in 1870, on which the today historical, among other things, three valuable war topographical map 1: 126,000 and the ten-valued one of European Russia 1: 420,000 are based. The Soviet General Staff maps have been a modern map series since the time of the Soviet Union .

Scandinavia

The Danish General Staff, founded in 1808 , has issued the Kaart over Danmark in 1: 100,000 since 1890 after general staff maps in 1: 80,000 and 1870 in 1: 40,000 .

Norway's Topografisk kart in 1: 100,000 has been published since 1869.

In Sweden the practical preparatory work was completed in 1852, on which the General Staffs karta öfver Sverige, Södre delen 1: 100,000 and Karta öfver Norra Sverige 1: 200,000 are based.

Spain and Portugal

In Spain the official map appeared in 1: 50,000 since 1884 in very slow succession. In Portugal, on the other hand, the Carta chorographica de Portugal, begun in 1856, was almost completed in 1: 100,000 in 1901.

Turkey

The Turkish General Staff Map in 1: 210,000 was created between 1887 and 1899.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. (General Staff Map Austria-Hungary, 1: 200000 for download) ( Memento of the original from January 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lazarus.elte.hu
  2. [1] Historique de l'Institut geographique national (French)