Gerecse Mountains
| Gerecse Mountains | ||
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 Landscape in the Gerecse Mountains |
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| Highest peak | Nagy-Gerecse ( Big Goat ) ( 634 m ) | |
| location | Komárom-Esztergom County , Hungary | |
| part of | Hungarian Central Mountains | |
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| Coordinates | 47 ° 39 ′ N , 18 ° 24 ′ E | |
| Type | Karst Mountains | |
| surface | 850 km² | |
The gerecse mountains , on German also Geißgebirge , belongs to the western part of Dunazug -Berglands in Hungarian low mountain range to. The Karst Mountains cover an area of 850 km² and are on average 400 m high. The highest peak is the Nagy-Gerecse ("Big Goat") at 634 m .
location
The Gerecse Mountains are located in Komárom-Esztergom County . It lies between the Tatai -árok ("Tataer Graben") and the Vértes Mountains . It also separates the Dorog basin between the Dorog and Pilisvörösvár rifts from the Pilis Mountains . It is also bounded by the Zsámbék Basin and the Buda Mountains . In the west is the Little Hungarian Plain and in the north it ends on the slopes of the Danube .
climate
Due to the geographical conditions, the weather observation shows that the precipitation fronts reach as far as Tata-Szár , while the areas around Tatabánya and the southern mountain slopes are drier.
| Some climate data | |
| Average annual rainfall | 604 mm |
| Rainfall between April and September | 345 mm |
| Average temperature in winter | 2.8 ° C |
| Minimum temperature in winter | −13.9 ° C |
| Average temperature in spring | 12.5 ° C |
| Average temperature in summer | 18.5 ° C |
| Annual average temperature | 9.5 ° C |
| Average temperature in January | −1.4 ° C |
| Average temperature in July | 20.4 ° C |
| Average number of hours of sunshine | 1980 h |
| Number of sunny days in winter | 23-35 days |
history
Reddish limestone ( vörös márvány , Piszke marble, Tardos marble), which was used as a substitute for marble , was mined in the quarries as early as Roman times and later under the kings Sigismund of Luxembourg and Matthias Corvinus .
After the Ottoman victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Akıncı advanced into the rural areas around the capital. Near the village of Pusztamarót , farmers had holed up against the attackers, but they could not withstand the overwhelming odds.
geology
The predominant rock type is limestone, but there is also some dolomite rock . Of the local formations of sedimentary rocks (limestone, sandstone , clay minerals and marl ), limestone caves and local karstification are just as important as the coal layers from the Eocene and Oligocene . The marl, a basic material for cement , cuts deep roads and loess walls in the loess layers facing the Danube .
In the Gerecse Mountains, especially on its northern slope, there are numerous historical and modern stone quarries . Red, gray and beige colored limestones are extracted. The quarries near Süttő and above Tardos are of particular importance in the history of architecture and art, as they provided material for important buildings and works of art across the region. Some Roman architectural fragments in Tata come from old mining sites in the mountains.
The carbonate rock layers were formed in the Triassic . In the west and north, deep fault lines extend towards the basins of the lowlands. At the edge of the mountains 1000 m deep limestone formations can be found on the surface. Some of the sloping carbonate layers show signs of folding. This phenomenon is called sasbérc and can be found in the vicinity of Tata.
In 1996, a 180 million year old crocodile skeleton was found in a mine.
structure
- The western Gerecse Mountains
This part begins in a south-easterly direction from Neszmély . There are the 375 m high Asszonyhegy and the 425 m high Somló-rög . In the south it continues with the mountains Hosszúvontató (450 m), Nagy-Dobó (424 m), Agostyáni (441 m), Öreg-Kovács (555 m) and the Hajagos plateau (443 m). At Tatabánya , on the Csúcsos (369 m), there is a millennium monument with the Turul . There are also the Veres (341 m) and Nagy-Keselő mountains . Caves can be found at the north and south ends of the mountain line. The entrance to the cave at Nagy-Somló is at an altitude of 390 m. The Szelim Cave on Mount Kő near Tatabánya is better known .
- The middle or high Gerecse Mountains
The middle part begins in the east of the Tardos - Vértestolna basin with the Haraszt mountain (283 m). Further to the east lies the 399 m high Berzsek mountain, whose marl and limestone quarries supply cement works. Other mountains are:
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Nagy-Eménkes (526 m)
- Big (544 m) and Little Pisznice (525 m)
- Nagy-Gerecse (634 m)
- Fehér-kő (525 m)
- Banya (360 m)
- Fekete-kő (362 m)
- Somberek (409 m)
- Lukas-kő (355 m)
- Scenék (400 m)
- Bősomlyó (346 m)
The longest cave is on Pisznice .
- The eastern Gerecse Mountains
The eastern Gerecse Mountains begin with the Öreg-kő (375 m), where the Jankovich Cave is located. The most important peaks are:
- The southern Gerecse Mountains
The southern part separates the main massif from the Vértestolna , Héreger and Tarjáner basins and from the Szentlászló-víz valley . To the east, the first peaks are the 400 m high Pes-kő , the 438 m high Baglyas and the 448 m high Somlyóvár . The last associated mountains are the steeply sloping Zuppa (385 m) and the Lóingató (303 m).
Hydrography
The water seeping into the karstified surface returns to the surface in springs. The watercourses lead from the eastern Gerecse over the central part to the western mountains according to the surface created by erosion.
At present most of the waters feed from the western part of the Gerecse. Sources also arise in Tata, e. B. the Fényes spring (20,000 m³ / day). In the course of the effects of mining in Tatabánya, Oroszlány and Dorog, the level of the karst water slowly but significantly decreased in the early 1980s.
Today the level is stagnating due to the crisis in the coal mining industry and increasing rainfall. According to the hydrologist Ádám Fürst, it can be expected that dried up springs will spring up again.
Soil conditions
Forestry is practiced in the area, which is why most of the land is forest floor. However, soil erosion also occurs. Under the dark forest soils and loess layers, there are flat layers of carbonate humus and rendzina soils, which have a high pH value of up to 8.
Flora and fauna
The peaks are covered with karst forests. Mainly shrubs and oaks grow . The yellow bladder bush can be found under shrubs and the hellebore and yellow umbel are often found under oaks . A relic of the Ice Age is to insert herbs belonging protected Ferula sadleriana ( Magyarföldi husáng ).
Typical plants in Turuli-parkerdő ("Turul Park Forest ")
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Tree species: Shrubs: |
Grasses and flowers:
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In the karst landscapes:
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swell
- Gerecse. Szente, Kálmán, accessed on December 5, 2008 (Hungarian, extensive information portal).
- Gerecse barlangjai. Department of Control Engineering and Information technology (BME), April 15, 2008, accessed December 5, 2008 (Hungarian, data on the caves in Gerecse, with maps of the respective cave systems).
- Gerecse Protected Landscape Area. Danube-Ipoly National Park, August 6, 2007, accessed December 5, 2008 (Hungarian, English, information about the Gerecse Mountains on the Duna-Ipoly National Park homepage).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.terra.hu/haznov/htm/Smyrnium.perfoliatum.html
- ↑ http://www.terra.hu/haznov/htm/Ferula.sadleriana.html
