Glowe (Friedland)

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Glowe
City of Friedland
Coordinates: 51 ° 59 ′ 0 ″  N , 14 ° 13 ′ 10 ″  E
Height : 50 m above sea level NHN
Incorporation : 1928
Incorporated into: Sarcov
Postal code : 15848
Area code : 033676
Glowe Castle
Glowe Castle

Glowe ( Lower Sorbian Głowje ) is a residential area in the Leißnitz district of the city of Friedland ( Oder-Spree district , Brandenburg). Glowe was a manor in the late Middle Ages until the beginning of the 20th century ; the manor district formed from it was incorporated into the municipality of Sarkow in 1928 .

geography

Glowe is just over 4 km as the crow flies west-southwest of Friedland and just under 10 km southwest of Beeskow . It is located on the east bank of the Glower See , which is connected to the Schwielochsee via a narrow point ("The Neck") . To the north of this bottleneck, the Spree flows into the Glower See and leaves it through another narrow point to the Leißnitzsee , at the northern end of which hikers and cyclists can pass the Spree on the Leißnitz manual cable-operated ferry .

Glowe can be reached from Leißnitz via the K6715, but the road continues past the actual town center to Sarkow.

history

The place was first mentioned in a document in 1415. The name is taken from an aso. Basic form * Glova = head, head derived. The Glower See was the head-like end of the Schwielochsee; the neck was only created by the confluence of the Spree in the Schwielochsee. According to the historical local dictionary, Glowe is one line according to the village structure. The houses were on both sides of the street, which runs almost parallel to the shore of the Schwielochsee. The manor was originally at the southern end of the line. Today the place has also expanded to the south and north of the castle and along the way to Sarkow. The history of the place and its owners is only very sketchily documented.

Glowe belonged to the Beeskow rule in the Middle Ages and early modern times and became a border village in the course of the early modern period. Between Glowe on the one hand and Leißnitz and Sarkow on the other hand ran the border to Niederlausitz , which had become Saxon in 1635 as a Bohemian fiefdom . Ulrich V. von Biberstein pledged the lordship of Beeskow and Storkow , which originally also belonged to Niederlausitz, in 1518 for 45,000 Rhenish guilders to Bishop Dietrich von Lebus . In 1556 both lordships were passed on to the Brandenburg (co-) elector Johann von Küstrin as pledge . After his death in 1571 his (partial) electorate fell back to the main line. After failed attempts to redeem the pledge and further increases in the pledge sum, the two lords finally came as a fiefdom in 1576 and thus finally to the then Elector Johann Georg von Brandenburg . However, the two lords remained formally a fiefdom of the Bohemian crown until the Peace of Berlin in 1742 .

In 1421, the younger Hans von Biberstein enfeoffed Dietrich von Zickow's widow in the neighborhood with the Freihof in the neighborhood, the village of Glowe and other possessions, which means that Dietrich von Zickow was also in possession of Glowe beforehand. In 1448 Glowe came into the possession of Hans von Zicko, who also had his house (or seat) in the Kietz von Beeskow. In 1462, Wenzel von Biberstein gave his consent to the enfeoffment of Mathias Eisvogel's wife with the Freihof im Kietz near Beeskow and an annual interest in the villages of Glowe and Limsdorf as personal items . In 1489 Hans von Biberstein enfeoffed Kunz von Rottstock with the Freihof im Kietz in Beeskow, and the villages of Glowe and Limsdorf.

In the succession register of the Beeskow lordship from 1514, Glowe is shown as the possession of the Schulenburg. The village of Glowe and the von Schulenburgk people had (s) had to give the Beeskow village of Ranzig the middle (rent) of a strong annual. This weir for fishing was at the narrow point between Glower See and Leißnitzsee.

In 1505 Werner (X.) von der Schulenburg , who was wealthy in Pomerania and the Uckermark, bought the lords of Lübbenau and Neu Zauche and thus acquired the first property for the von der Schulenburgs in Niederlausitz. In 1490, after the older line of the Bibersteiners had died out, the lordships of Beeskow and Storkow took over the reigning dukes and electors Ernst and Albrecht of Saxony. They had both lordships in lien since 1479. But the Bibersteiners of the younger line were entitled to inheritance. After a long legal battle, Ulrich V. von Biberstein finally got the two lords back in 1511. Werner (X.) von der Schulenburg died in 1515 and left his property in Niederlausitz to his two sons Jacob (I) and Richard (II.) Von der Schulenburg. Glowe was also acquired by Werner (X.) von der Schulenburg in the period from 1505 to 1514.

Jacob (I.) von der Schulenburg is now expressly named as the owner of Glowe in the Storkow estate register of 1518. In 1519, Hans von Lidlau, the guardian of the underage sons of Caspar von Köckritz, sold the Lieberose reign for 16,000 guilders to Jacob (I) and Richard (II) von der Schulenburg. Glowe with the sheep farm and the weir is now listed under the accessories of the lordship, which can only be understood as an error of the recorder. The Lieberose lordship was a fiefdom of the Bohemian noble family von Sternberg , whereas Glowe was a fiefdom of the Beeskow lordship, as the succession register of 1518 and the following document from 1523 show. In 1523, Bishop Dietrich von Lebus enfeoffed the brothers Jacob (I) and Richard (II) von der Schulenburg with the village of Glowe.

After Jacob's death in 1545, his son Georg von der Schulenburg was enfeoffed with the village of Glowe.

Carl von Eickstedt now reports that Georg (V) von der Schulenburg in 1555, after changing to manu dominante (i.e. after the election of Johann VIII von Lebus), has the village and the Feldmark Glowe, and has before him and his cousin Joachim von der Schulenburg applied for and excitation (on the village Glowe) done, but no newe Lehnbrieffe (by Bishop Johann VIII. of Lebus) taken would, that he returned the fief. When von der Schulenburg was enfeoffed with the Lieberose rulership in 1665, the small town of Möllen east of the Schwielochsee was listed under the accessories for the rulership instead of Glowe . This had come into the possession of the von der Schulenburg no later than 1574 and from then on remained with the Lieberose rule until the middle of the 19th century.

Glowe on the Urmes table sheet 3951 Trebatsch from 1846

Glowe owned by the von Hobegk (Hobeck)

According to Zedler-Neukirch, the Lords of Hobeck are said to have owned Glowe as early as 1550, the statement is not documented. or even contradicts the documentary evidence from 1555. The change of ownership can therefore only have taken place in 1555 or afterwards. The historical local dictionary states that Glowe was owned by the von der Schulenburg until 1649. It very likely remained an after-loan from those of the Schulenburg, because with the death of the last von Hobeck in 1812, Dietrich Ernst Otto Albrecht and Friedrich Ferdinand Bernhard Achatz took possession of the Schulenburg, who then sold the estate to Johann Simon August Wollkopf. Glowe was now united with the village of Sarkow in the hands of the von Hobecks by the middle of the 17th century at the latest. According to Kneschke, the von Hobecks are said to have been in the possession of Garcko as early as 1579 , which is considered a typo for Sarkow. In 1565 Gut Glowe had to provide the feudal lord with an armored horse in case of war. In 1621 Sarkow belonged to Joachim von Hobegk. In 1652 the land rider reported that the Glowe estate, including the Dorfschulzen and four farmers, belonged to Joachim Ludewig von Hobeck.

Ledebur states that Glowe was owned by the Hobegk in 1724. According to Bratring, Sarkow belonged to a v. Howey , who also owned the village of Glowe. In a different context Bratring writes of the "von Hobeck zu Glowe". For Sarkow we still know a few owners from the 17th and 18th centuries, who are therefore likely to be considered as Lords of Glowe, if the two goods have actually always remained in one hand. According to Ledebur, the von Hobegk family is said to have been owned by Glowe until 1803.

19th century

Ernst von Howeg died in 1812 and Sarkow fell to Dietrich Ernst Otto Albrecht and Friedrich Ferdinand Bernhard Achatz von der Schulenburg, who immediately sold the estate to Johann Simon August Wollkopf in 1812. This Ernst von Hobeck is certainly Gottlob Ernst von Hobeck, who in 1763 after the death of his father Gottlob Erdmann, together with his brother Wilhelm Friedrich, took the oath of feud on the governor of Lower Lusatia for Sarkow. In contrast to Sarkow, Gut Glowe was a fiefdom of the Beeskow lordship, so it did not fall to the von der Schulenburg. After a time gap of 25 years, the fishing community on the Kietz zu Beeskow is verifiably owned by the village in 1837 and 1840. Karl Gustav Heinrich is proven to be the owner of Glowe for 1845 and 1850. He was followed from around 1853 to around 1861 by Wilhelm Kurt Freiherr von Buddenbrock (born April 9, 1833 in Treptow an der Rega , today Trzebiatów , Prussian captain and company commander in the Guard Fusilier Regiment, married on February 4, 1861 in Glowe to Eva Penelope de Montmorency). The historical local encyclopedia now states that Otto Stavenhagen followed without any time . In 1874 the official gazette of the Potsdam administrative region named a landowner named Otto (probably his last name here). From 1876 Roderich von Bannasch is the owner of the Glowe manor, which at that time had a size of 178 hectares. Bannasch is recorded in Glowe until 1893 and also owned the Pełkity estate in East Prussia. He died before 1893. In 1893, Dr. phil. August Gutzmer the widow of the previous landowner Helene von Bannasch and took over the estate. But he managed it for only one year and sold it at Easter 1894. Between 1902 and 1906 the manor belonged to Glowe Erich Merkens (1864–1946), who was also the landowner in Kossenblatt for several years . During this period Paul von Salis took on the house of Erich Merkens in Glowe. 1907–1909 owned Karl August Georg von Albedyhll (* Sarben, + April 30, 1916 in Klessin) the manor Glowe. He later bought the Klessin manor . From 1910 the manor Glowe belonged to the bank director Siegfried Hauptmann. He had the estate administered by a W. Müller. Hauptmann is recorded as the owner of Glowe in 1923. The estate (which also corresponded to the estate district) had a total size of 324 hectares, of which 150 hectares were arable and garden land, 20 hectares were meadows, 4 hectares were huts and 20 hectares were forest. 26 ha infertile land (agriculturally usable land) and 104 ha water. The animal population is given as 12 horses, 50 head of cattle, including 27 dairy cows and 100 pigs. Reisinger mentions another owner for the 20th century, a certain Zeschmann, without an exact date. In 1929 Glowe belonged to Mrs. Marie, widowed Zeschmann geb. Gurian. The judicial administrator was a certain Breitkreuz.

The village of Glowe

In 1519 Glowe had a (fish) weir and a sheep farm. The residents of Glowe paid rent to the village of Ranzig to use the weir for fishing. For 1576, three farmers living in Glowe are named. In 1600 the village had 16 (farmer) hooves . In 1652 Schulze cultivated eight Hufen alone, two farmers three Hufen each. There were also three fishermen in the village. In 1692 three farmers (with eight and three hooves each) are named, but no longer fishermen. A tailor had settled in the village for this. On average, the third grain was harvested in the fields . The farmers had no meadows and there was no firewood in the field. They kept some sheep and some viticulture was practiced. In 1745 there was only one farmer in Glowe as well as two cottages and a fisherman. In 1775 there were four campfire sites and 29 residents in Glowe . In 1801 the last farmer was bought out and his land moved to the manor.

At that time, three whole cottagers and a shepherd lived in Glowe in addition to the landowner's family . In 1837 there were five houses. In 1845 the landowner also took over a farm. In 1858 the village consisted of six houses and eleven farm buildings, including a brick factory. The brickworks is not yet shown on the original sheet from 1846; it must have been established after 1846. On the topographic map 1: 25,000 sheet 3951 Beeskow from 1903 no brickworks are (any longer) recorded; so came back earlier. For 1867 nine families with 47 family members in six residential buildings are named. In 1871 Glowe had 57 inhabitants. In the topographic map 1: 25,000, peat cuttings are drawn in the Luch south of the town center. With the dissolution of the patrimonial courts in 1849 and the creation of the manor districts, no parish was created, but the entire field mark went into the manor district. In 1900 the manor district had a size of 324 ha. The manor district Glowe was only incorporated into the municipality of Sarkow in 1928. Glowe also changed the district from the Beeskow-Storkow district to the Lübben district .

Population development from 1774 to 1927
year 1774 1801 1818 1837 1858 1871 1895 1925
Residents 29 25th 25th 33 46 52 39 44

On April 1, 1939, Sarkow also lost his independence and was incorporated into Leißnitz. In 1950 Glowe was designated as a living space. In 1957 and 1973 it had the legal status of a district of Leißnitz. In 1992 Leißnitz merged with 15 other communities to form the Friedland Office . On March 31, most of the official parishes, including Friedland, merged to form the new city of Friedland. Since then Glowe has been a residential area in the Leißnitz district of the city of Friedland.

Church affiliation

Glowe was parish in the Wendish Church in Friedland. Today it belongs to the Evangelical Parish Niewisch-Friedland.

Glowe Castle

The manor house in Glowe is now also known as Glowe Castle. According to Reisinger, it is said to date from the beginning of the 20th century. The client is unknown. A nursing home was housed in the castle until 1993. In 2005 a private citizen bought the castle and had it completely renovated. Since it is privately owned, it is not open to the public.

literature

  • Carl von Eickstedt: Contributions to a newer land book of the Brandenburg brands: prelates, knights, cities, fiefdoms, or Roßdienst and fiefdom. Creutz, Magdeburg 1840, online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to Eickstedt, Landbuch with corresponding page number)
  • Götz Freiherr von Houwald : The Niederlausitz manors and their owners. Volume III: District of Lübben. 454 p., Verlag Degener & Co., owner Gerhard Gessner, Neustadt an der Aisch 1984, ISBN 3-7686-4109-0 (hereinafter abbreviated, Houwald, Rittergüter, vol. 3 Lübben with corresponding page number)
  • Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Mark Brandenburg and the Markgrafthum Nieder-Lausitz. Volume 2, Adolph Müller, Brandenburg 1855 ( online at Google Books )
  • Adolph Friedrich Riedel: Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Collection of documents, chronicles and other source documents. Part 1 (A) Vol. 20, 516 pp., Reimer, Berlin 1861 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to Riedel, Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis, with corresponding page number)
  • Joachim Schölzel: Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg. Part IX Beeskow-Storkow. 334 p., Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1989 ISBN 3-7400-0104-6 (in the following abbreviated Schölzel, historical local lexicon with corresponding page number).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ "Głowje" entry in the Lower Sorbian place names database on dolnoserbski.de
  2. ^ A b Sophie Wauer: Brandenburgisches Namenbuch. Part 12: The place names of the Beeskow-Storkow district . After preliminary work by Klaus Müller. ( Berlin Contributions to Name Research , Volume 13). 269 ​​pp., Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08664-1 . (P. 63)
  3. ↑ a b c Friedrich Beck: Document inventory of the Brandenburg State Main Archives - Kurmark, 2: Municipal institutions and noble lords and goods. VII, 820 pp., Berlin, Berlin-Verl. Spitz 2002 ISBN 3-8305-0292-3 (also publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archive Potsdam 45), p. 531/2.
  4. ^ Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv: Online research: Hans von Biberstein zu Sorau and Beeskow enfeoffed Kunz Rottstock on the Kietz before Beeskow with the Freihof there, 6 Hufen and the villages Limsdorf and Glowe. 1489 November 20.
  5. ^ Riedel, Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis, A, 20, p. 466 Online at Google Books
  6. ^ Johann Friedrich Danneil : The sex of von der Schulenburg, Volume 2. 779 S., Salzwedel, Commissioned by JD Schmidt, 1847 Online at Google Books (p. 109)
  7. ↑ Riedel, Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis, A, 20, p. 511 Online at Google Books
  8. ↑ Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 3 Lübben, Houwald, Rittergütter, Vol. 3 Lübben, pp. 156-170 (159).
  9. ↑ Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv: Online research: Bishop Dietrich von Lebus enfeoffs the brothers von der Schulenburg zu Löcknitz with Dorf and Feldmark Glowe in the Beeskow lordship including the Great Weir in Lake Schwieloch. 1523 September 1.
  10. ^ Siegmund Wilhelm Wohlbrück : History of the former diocese of Lebus and the country of this taking. Second part. 545 pp., Berlin, self-published by the author, 1829 online at Google Books (p. 442)
  11. ↑ Eickstedt, Landbuch, p. 21 Online at Google Books
  12. ↑ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch: New Preussisches Adels-Lexicon or genealogical and diplomatic news of the princely, count, baronial and noble houses residing in the Prussian monarchy or related to it: with the indication of their descent, their property, their coat of arms and the civil and military figures, heroes, scholars and artists who have emerged from them. First volume: A - D. XXVI, 463 S., Leipzig, Reichenbach, 1836 Online at Google Books (p. 236)
  13. ↑ a b Schölzel, Historisches Ortslexikon, pp. 87/8.
  14. ^ Ernst Heinrich Kneschke: New general German nobility lexicon; Volume 4: Graffen-Kalau v. Kalheim. 628 pp., Leipzig, Voigt 1863 Online at Google Books (p. 387)
  15. ↑ Eickstedt, Landbuch, p. 37 Online at Google Books
  16. ↑ Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 3 Lübben, Houwald, Rittergütter, Vol. 3 Lübben, pp. 285/6
  17. ↑ Adolf Hobeck: Hobeck - In the footsteps of our ancestors. A contribution to the history of the village and the Hobeck families. Degener, Neustadt an der Aisch, 2002 (German Family Archives, Volume 133), p. 97.
  18. ↑ Karl Schramm: Directory of subjects of the Beeskow office from 1652. 72 p., Reichsbauernführer, Goslar, 1938 (sources on farm and family research, volume 14)
  19. ↑ a b Leopold von Ledebur: Adelslexikon der Prussischen Monarchy. Volume 1 (A-Kylmann). 494 p., Berlin, Verlag von Ludwig Rauh 1855 Online at Google Books (p. 360)
  20. ^ A b Friedrich Wilhelm August Bratring: Statistical-topographical description of the entire Mark Brandenburg. Second volume. Containing the Mittelmark and Ukermark. VIII, 583 p., Berlin, Maurer, 1805 Online at Google Books (p. 442, under Glowe)
  21. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm August Bratring: Statistical-topographical description of the entire Mark Brandenburg. First volume. The general introduction to the Kurmark, containing the Altmark and Prignitz. XVIII, 494 pp., Berlin, Maurer, 1804 Online at Google Books (p. 44).
  22. ^ Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv: Online research: Contains, among other things: The Sarkow estate was taken into possession by the brothers Dietrich Ernst Otto Albrecht and Friedrich Ferdinand Bernhard Achatz von der Schulenburg after the owner Ernst von Howeg's death, 1812. - Sale of the Sarkow estate to Johann Simon August Wollkopf, 1812.
  23. ↑ Königlich-Prussisches Kammergericht: Topography of the lower courts of the Kurmark Brandenburg and the parts of the state that are struck for them. Compiled from official sources under the supervision of the Court of Appeal. 311 pp., Berlin, Ludwig Oehmigke, 1837 Online at Google Books , p. 88.
  24. ↑ August von Sellentin: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Potsdam and the city of Berlin. 292 pp., Sander, Berlin 1841, p. 254.
  25. ↑ Topography of the lower courts of the Kurmark Brandenburg and the associated parts of the country. Oehmigke, Berlin, 1837 Online at Google Books (p. 64).
  26. ↑ Berghaus, 2, p. 619
  27. ↑ Gothaisches genealogical pocket book of the baronial houses, Volume 21, 83 Online at Google Books
  28. ^ Karl Friedrich Rauer: Hand register of the manors represented in all circles of the Prussian state on district and state parliaments. VI, 454 S., Berlin, 1857 (p. 86)
  29. ^ Official Journal of the Royal Government of Potsdam and the City of Berlin, Supplement to Part 27 of the Official Journal of July 3, 1874, pp. 12-15. Online at Google Books
  30. ^ Paul Ellerholz, H. Lodemann, H. von Wedell: General address book of the manor and estate owners in the German Empire. I. Kingdom of Prussia. I. Delivery to the province of Brandenburg. Nicolaische Verlags-Buchhandlung R. Stricker, Berlin 1879, PDF , pp. 24/5.
  31. ^ Paul Ellerholz: Handbook of real estate in the German Empire. With indication of all goods, their quality, their size (in culture type); your property tax net income; their owners, tenants, administrators etc .; of industries; Postal stations; Breeding of special cattle, exploitation of livestock etc. I. The Kingdom of Prussia. I. Delivery: Province of Brandenburg . 2nd improved edition, 340 pp., Berlin, Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1885, pp. 184/5.
  32. ↑ Paul Ellerholz, E. Kirstein, Traugott Müller, W. Gerland and Georg Volger: Handbuch des Grundbesitz im Deutschen Reiche. With indication of all goods, their quality, their size and type of culture; your property tax net income; their owners, tenants, administrators etc .; of industries; Post, telegraph and railroad stations; Breeding of special breeds of animals; Exploitation of livestock etc. I. The Kingdom of Prussia. I. Delivery: Province of Brandenburg , 3rd improved edition, 310 p., Berlin, Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1896, p. 176/7.
  33. ↑ Alexander Niemann: Kossenblatt The Castle and the Gardens. Brandenburg Monument Preservation, 5 (2): 54-76, Berlin, 1996
  34. ^ The estate of Paul von Salis (1861–1938) in the State Archives of Graubünden. PDF
  35. ^ R. Reichert, Royal Authorities and Chamber of Agriculture for the Province of Brandenburg (Ed.): Handbook of real estate in the German Empire. Province of Brandenburg, 5th completely revised edition. I-LXXXVI (1-86), 376 p., + 24 p. (Location register), Nicolaische Verlags-Buchhandlung R. Stricker, Berlin, 1910 (p. 238/39)
  36. ^ Erich Seyfert: Goods address book for the province of Brandenburg. 2nd completely revised and greatly increased edition, I-XLV (1-45) + 433 p., Reichenbach'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Leipzig 1914 (p. 14/15)
  37. ^ Oskar Koehler (arrangement), Kurt Schleising (introduction): Niekammer's agricultural goods address books. Agricultural goods address book of the province of Brandenburg: Directory of all manors, estates and larger farms in the province of approx. 30 hectares upwards with details of property properties, net income from property tax, the total area and the area of ​​the individual crops, livestock, all industrial plants and the telephone connections, details of the owners, tenants and administrators, the post, telegraph and railway stations and their distance from the property, the Protestant and Catholic parishes, the registry office districts, the city and official districts, the higher regional, regional and local courts, one alphabetical place and person registers, the manual of the royal authorities and a map in the scale 1: 175.0000. I-XXXII, 343 p., Reichenbach'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Leipzig, 1923, p. 13.
  38. ↑ R. Stricker, with the participation of the authorities and chambers of agriculture (ed.): Handbuch des Grundbesitzes im Deutschen Reiche. Brandenburg Province. Complete address book of all manors, estates and larger farms with details of the owners, tenants and administrators, the post, telegraph and railway stations and their distance from the property, as well as the telephone connections, the property property, the property tax net income, the total area and the area of ​​the individual crops, livestock, livestock exploitation, animal breeding and special crops, industrial facilities, courts and administrative districts, along with an alphabetical register of places and persons, an overview of the agricultural and structural conditions of the respective part of the country, a directory of the agricultural authorities and associations, cooperatives and industrial companies, as well as an exact map. 6th completely revised edition, 296 pp., Nicolaische Verlags-Buchhandlung, Berlin, 1921, pp. 148/49.
  39. ^ A b Ingrid Reisinger, Walter Reisinger: Well-known, unknown and forgotten manor houses and manors in the state of Brandenburg. An inventory. Volume 1. Stapp Verlag, Berlin, 2012 ISBN 978-3-87776-082-6 (p. 246/7)
  40. ↑ Ernst Seyfert, Hans Wehner, Alexander Haußknecht, Ludwig Hogrefe (eds.): Agricultural address book of the manors, estates and farms of the province of Brandenburg: List of all manors, estates and farms from approx. 20 ha upwards with information on the property, the total area and the area of ​​the individual crops, the livestock, the company's own industrial facilities and telephone connections, details of the owners, tenants and administrators, the post, telegraph and railway stations and their distance from the property, the regional and local courts, an alphabetical register of places and persons , a directory of the most important government agencies and agencies, agricultural associations and corporations. 4th increased and improved edition, 464 p., Leipzig, Verlag von Niekammer's address books, Leipzig, 1929 (Niekammer's goods address books Volume VII), p. 14.
  41. ^ Heinz-Dieter Krausch : The earlier viticulture in Niederlausitz. In: Yearbook for Brandenburg State History. Volume 18, Berlin 1967, pp. 12–57, PDF (online at http://edoc.hu-berlin.de , p. 19)
  42. ↑ Topographical-statistical overview of the administrative district of Frankfurth ad O. Berlin, G. Hayn 1820, p. 205.
  43. ↑ a b c The communities and manor districts of the province of Brandenburg and their population. Edited and compiled by the Royal Statistical Bureau from the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. In: Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Hrsg.): The communities and manor districts of the Prussian state and their population. tape II , 1873, ZDB -ID 1467417-8 , p. 56 ( digitized version ).
  44. ↑ Contribution to statistics. State Office for Data Processing State of Brandenburg Statistics. Historical municipality register of the state of Brandenburg 1875 to 2005 19.9 District Oder-Spree PDF
  45. ^ Service portal of the state administration of the state of Brandenburg: Stadt Friedland
  46. ↑ Glowe Castle