Gold sapphire hummingbird

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Gold sapphire hummingbird
Gold sapphire hummingbird

Gold sapphire hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Emeralds (Trochilini)
Genre : Sponge Hummingbirds ( Hylocharis )
Type : Gold sapphire hummingbird
Scientific name
Hylocharis chrysura
( Shaw , 1812)

The gold sapphire hummingbird ( Hylocharis chrysura ) or gold sapphire is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) that occurs in Bolivia , Brazil , Paraguay , Argentina and Uruguay . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The gold sapphire hummingbird reaches a body length of approx. 8.0 to 10.0 cm, with a weight of approx. 4.0 to 5.0 g. The male has a medium-long coral-red bill with a black tip. The top and bottom shimmer golden green. There is a small white spot behind the eye. The chin is pale reddish brown. The control springs glitter golden bronze. The female resembles the male, but the overall color is a bit more blunt. The lower part of the abdomen is grayish. Young birds are similar in color to the females, but they have yellow-brown fringes on their heads.

Behavior and nutrition

The gold sapphire hummingbird derives its nectar of native and introduced angiosperms such. B. the milkweed species Mabea fistulifera , the genera Malvaviscus , Inga , Vochysia , citrus plants , eucalyptus , hibiscus , abutilon and sage . From Mato Grosso do Sul there are reports of visits to ornamental plants such as acanthus of the genus Odontonema , Grevillea banksii and mallow ( Malvaviscus arboreus ). In the Pantanal he was observed collecting Ceiba pubiflora . He catches arthropods in flight by hunting them or removing them from the leaf surfaces. He also collects small spiders from their cobwebs.

Vocalizations

The singing consists of a repeated series of shrill crickets of similar humming sounds of different lengths, which it emits at eight to ten kilohertz . The call sounds like a short, dry rattle that sounds like drrrt .

Reproduction

The breeding season in Brazil runs from September to February. The goblet-like nest consists of seed fibers from silk plants , the chorisis and bromeliads belonging to the sunflower family , as well as cobwebs. The outside is decorated with braids and pieces of leaves. They place this relatively exposed on a horizontal branch or in small tree branches at heights of four to six meters above the ground, sometimes even up to twelve meters above the ground. The nests are approx. 40 mm high. The outer radius is approx. 42 mm, the inner radius approx. 24 mm. The two eggs weighing approx. 0.50 g are approx. 15.0 × 9.3 mm in size. The incubation period is approx. 14 to 15 days and the eggs are hatched by the female. The chicks are blackish with two yellow-brown stripes on their backs. The nestlings fledge after 20 to 28 days. The first brood occurs in the second year of life of the hummingbird. Compared to other species, it has few predators , but it has been observed that a Brazilian pygmy owl ( Glaucidium brasilianum ) has plundered the nest.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the gold sapphire hummingbird

The golden sapphire hummingbird prefers gardens, plantations, savannas with isolated bushes and trees and forest edges at altitudes of 200 to 1000 meters. In some areas they can occur at even higher altitudes. He gets his food at the outer edge of the vegetation, which extends from the lower strata to the treetops of trees in clearings. They are most common at altitudes between 400 and 800 meters.

Subspecies

The species is considered to be monotypical . Hylocharis chrysura platensis Pinto , 1932 and Hylocharis chrysura lessoni Pinto & Camargo , 1955 are now considered synonyms for the nominate form . Further synonyms are Trochilus ruficollis Vieillot , 1817 and Hylocharis ruficollis maxwelli Hartert, E , 1898.

Etymology and history of research

The gold sapphire hummingbird was first described in 1812 by George Shaw under the scientific name Trochilus chrysurus . The type specimen came from Paraguay. In 1831 Friedrich Boie introduced the new generic names Basilinna and Hylocharis . "Hylocharis" is made up of the Greek words "hyle ὑλη " for "forest landscape" and "charis χαρις " for "grace, beauty". "Chrysura" is a Greek word formation from "chrusos χρυσος " for "gold, golden" and "-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα " for "-tailed, tail".

"Platensis" refers to the Río de la Plata basin . "Lessoni" is a tribute to René Primevère Lesson , as the authors saw the subspecies described in L'Oiseau-Mouche Chrisure . "Maxwelli" honors Arthur Joseph Constable-Maxwell-Stuart (1845–1942), 18th landlord of Traquair, who collected the type specimen. "Ruficollis" is a Latin word formation from "rufus" for "red, reddish, reddish brown" and "-collis, collum" for "-nackig, neck".

migration

The golden sapphire hummingbird is a resident bird , but in some areas of Brazil such as Mato Grosso there are certain migration movements between July and August. Seasonal migration during the late rainy and early dry seasons from April to July has also been observed in the adjacent Santa Cruz Department . In the dry season from September to October it is completely absent there. However, little research has been done on the migration behavior.

literature

  • Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann , Guy Maxwell Kirwan , Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Gilded Hummingbird (Hylocharis chrysura) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • George Shaw: General Zoology, or systematic natural history . With plates from the first authorities and most select specimens, engraved principally by Mrs. Griffith. tape 8 , no. 1 . Thomas Davison, London 1812 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Friedrich Boie: Comments on species and some ornithological families and clans . In: Isis von Oken . tape 24 , 1831, pp. 538-548 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Olivério Mário de Oliveira Pinto: Resultados ornithológicos de uma excursão pelo oeste de São Paulo e sul de Mato Grosso . In: Revista do Museu Paulista . tape 17 , 1931, p. 689-826 .
  • Olivério Mário de Oliveira Pinto, Eurico Alves de Camargo: Lista anotada de aves colecionadas nos limites occidentais do estado do Parana . In: Papéis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia . tape 12 , 1955, pp. 215-234 .
  • René Primevère Lesson: Histoire naturelle des colibris: suivie d'un supplément à l'Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches: ouvrage orné de planches dessinées et gravées par les meilleurs artistes: et dédié AM le Baron Cuvier 66 plates (Prêtre, Antoine Germ ) . Arthus Bertrand, Paris ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1830-1832).
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs . tape 7 . Deterville, Paris 1817 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ernst Hartert: Further Notes on Humming Birds . In: Novitates zoologicae: a journal of zoology in connection with the Tring Museum . tape 5 , no. 4 , 1898, p. 514-520 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Red-throated sapphire hummingbird ( Hylocharis chrysura )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ↑ Olivério Mário de Oliveira Pinto (1932), p. 737
  4. ↑ a b Olivério Mário de Oliveira Pinto u. a. (1955), p. 220
  5. ^ Louis Pierre Vieillot (1817), p. 362
  6. ↑ a b Ernst Hartert (1898), p. 519.
  7. ↑ George Shaw, p. 335.
  8. ^ Friedrich Boie, p. 546.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 111.
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 106.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 309.
  12. ^ René Primevère Lesson, pp. 107-108, plate 4.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 341.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the purple end sapphire Hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus leucotis ), the white-throated Hummingbird ( Leucochloris albicollis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus albicollis ), the white neck Kolibri ( Florisuga mellivora ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus mellivorus ) which Glitzeramazilie ( Amazilia fimbriata tephrocephala ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus tephrocephalus ), the Blauschwanz Emerald Hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon mellisugus ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus leucogaster ) and the black-breasted mango ( Anthracothorax nigricollis ( Vieillot , 1817)) (Syn: Trochilus albus ).
  2. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the Rotkehl sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis sapphirina ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus sapphirinus and Trochilus latirostris ), the Weißkinn sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis cyanus ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanus ), the Red-Sabrewing ( Campylopterus falcatus ( Swainson , 1821)) (Syn: Trochilus lazulus ), the blue-chinned sapphire ( Chlorestes notata ( Reich , 1793)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanotropus ) and the blue head Kolibri ( Cyanophaia bicolor ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus bicolor ) to. In the case of T. cyanotropus , Boie probably confused Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's T. cyanogenys with his name Procnias cyanotropus for the fork-tailed kotinga .