Grass-leaved frog spoon

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Grass-leaved frog spoon
Alisma gramineum Prague 2013 2.jpg

Grass-leaved frog spoon ( Alisma gramineum )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales)
Family : Frog-spoon family (Alismataceae)
Genre : Frog spoon ( Alisma )
Type : Grass-leaved frog spoon
Scientific name
Alisma gramineum
Lej.

The grass-leaved frog spoon ( Alisma gramineum ) is a species of the genus frog spoon ( Alisma ) within the family of the frog spoon family (Alismataceae). It is widespread in temperate areas in the northern hemisphere ( Holarctic ).

description

illustration

Appearance and leaf

The grass-leaved frog spoon grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 6 to, usually 10 to 30, rarely up to 80 centimeters. It is a water and marsh plant that grows submerged and emersed . The plant parts are bare.

There is heterophyllia ; the submerged and emersed leaves are shaped differently. The leaves are at most short stalked. With a length of 3 to 7 centimeters and a width of 0.8 to 2 centimeters, the leaves are linear to narrow-lanceolate with a tapering base and blunt spade tip. The medium-sized basal leaves are lanceolate-elliptical and the submerged leaves are linear-band-shaped.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowering time is in midsummer and extends in Central Europe from June to September. The ascending to prostrate inflorescence stem is mostly leafless. Many flowers stand together in a compound, paniculate inflorescence . The bracts are lanceolate-ovate. The spread to back-curved flower stalks are thickened and up to 5 centimeters long.

The hermaphroditic flowers are about 8 millimeters in diameter, radial symmetry and threefold. The three green, durable sepals are egg-shaped with a length of 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters with a pointed upper end. The three white, whitish to purple-white petals are obovate with a length of 2.5 to 3.5 millimeters and a width of 2 to 3.5 millimeters with a blunt upper end. The six stamens are shorter than the carpels. The anthers are somewhat circular or isodiametric. The numerous free, almost egg-shaped carpels with a diameter of about 1 millimeter stand in a circle. The styles are shorter than the carpel and more or less hooked back; they are papillary in the upper quarter to half .

With a length of 2.5 millimeters, the laterally flattened achene is obovate and beaked on the back and has thick, opaque fruit walls and one to three furrows on the back.

Chromosome set

Base chromosome number is x = 7; there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 14.

ecology

The grass-leaved frog spoon is a helomorphic hydrophyte . The grass-leaved frog spoon is very well adapted to its submerged way of life. Water depths of at least 5 meters are populated.

Normal flower and fruit formation can occur under water. The flowers are surrounded by an air bubble and are autogamous ; insect pollination can occur. The diaspores spread by water or Velcro spreading.

Occurrence

The grass-leaved frog spoon occurs in the northern hemisphere in Eurasia and in North America . There are also individual occurrences in North Africa (Egypt, Morocco). The worldwide distribution area is between the 40th and 60th parallel north. Within Western Europe , the grass-leaved frog spoon is absent on the Iberian Peninsula; in Great Britain it may only have been introduced. In 2013 there are sites in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , France , Italy (without the islands), the Netherlands , Belgium , United Kingdom , Poland , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Belarus , Bulgaria , Moldova , Greece Mainland, Ukraine and Crimea . The occurrences in Denmark and Sweden were reported as extinct in 2013.

The grass-leaved frog spoon occurs primarily in the association of the Potamogetonetum panormitani-graminei, but also in societies of the order Littorelletalia or the associations Nanocyperion or Phragmition. The variety Alisma gramineum var. Angustissimum (DC.) Hendricks thrives primarily in societies of the order Potamogetonetalia.

Taxonomy

Alisma gramineum was first published in 1811 by the Belgian botanist Alexandre Louis Simon Lejeune in Flore des Environs de Spa , 1, p. 175. The specific epithet gramineum means grass-like. A homonym is Alisma gramineum C.C. Gmel. in Carl Christian Gmelin : Flora Badensis Alsatica et confinium regionum Cis et Transrhenana , Volume 4, 1826, p. 256. Many subtaxa have been described, all of which are synonyms today. Synonyms for Alisma gramineum Lej. are: Alisma plantago-aquatica var. angustissimum DC. , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Micropetalum Celak. , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Pumilum Nolte ex Sond. , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Terrestre (luck) Hegi nom. illeg., Alisma plantago-aquatica var. graminifolium Wahlenb. , Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. graminifolium (Wahlenb.) Hegi , Alisma graminifolium (Wahlenb.) Ehrh. ex Ledeb. , Alisma loeselii Gorski , Alisma loeselii Gorski ex Juzep. , Alisma validum Greene , Alisma geyeri Torr. , Alisma arcuatum Michalet , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Arcuatum (Michalet) Buchenau , Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. arcuatum (Michalet) Nyman , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. decumbens Boiss. , Alisma gramineum var. Geyeri (Torr.) Sam. , Alisma gramineum var. Angustissimum (DC.) Hendricks , Alisma gramineum var. Graminifolium (Wahlenb.) Hendricks .

swell

  • Charles E. Turner: Jepson Manual Treatment . (Sections Description and Distribution)
  • Qingfeng Wang, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae. : Alisma gramineum , p. 88 , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 (sections Description, Taxonomy and Distribution)
  • Grass-leaved frog spoon. In: FloraWeb.de. (Sections Description and Ecology)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p grass-leaved frog spoon. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. last accessed on August 27, 2014 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Charles E. Turner: Jepson Manual Treatment .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Alisma gramineum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ Alisma gramineum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. ^ Biota of North America Program = BONAP.
  7. ↑ USDA data sheet.
  8. ^ A b Qingfeng Wang, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae. : Alisma gramineum , p. 88 , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3
  9. ↑ Species Action Plan Ribbon-leaved Water-plantain ( Memento of October 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Altervista - Flora Italiana
  11. ↑ a b Alisma gramineum in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2014 Posted by: RV Lansdown, 2013. Accessed August 27, 2014.
  12. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  110 .
  13. ↑ Alisma gramineum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 27, 2014.
  14. ↑ Data sheet with photos by Günther Blaich.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). 2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 7: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Alismatidae, Liliidae Part 1, Commelinidae Part 1): Butomaceae to Poaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3316-4 .

Web links

Commons : Grass-leaved Frog Spoon ( Alisma gramineum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files