Frog spoon

Frog spoon
	Common frog spoon ( Alisma plantago-aquatica )
Systematics
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales)
Family :	Frog-spoon family (Alismataceae)
Genre :	Frog spoon
Scientific name
	Alisma
	L.

Frog spoons ( Alisma ) are a genus of plants within the family of the frog spoon plants (Alismataceae). The nine species since 2013 occur in wetlands of the temperate to subtropical zones.

description

Unripe collective fruit of the common frog spoon ( Alisma plantago-aquatica )

Appearance and leaves

Alisma species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . Tubers or rhizomes are usually formed as persistence organs . These marsh and aquatic plants can grow completely on land to submerged. The above-ground parts of the plant are bare.

There may be air leaves, flooding or submerged water leaves. The leaves are always in a basal rosette. The air leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The relatively long petiole has a triangular cross-section. The simple leaf blade is entire, linear to ovate with a narrowed to rounded blade base and a blunt to pointed upper end.

Inflorescences and flowers

At the end of an upright, long, leafless inflorescence stem, there are panicle or, more rarely, dold-like overall inflorescences with whorled branches, which usually have a second-order branch above a bract. The inflorescences are mostly emersed . The bald and smooth bracts are lanceolate with a pointed upper end. The bracts are shorter than the ascending flower stalks.

Floral diagram

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The flower base (recipe) is flat. The sepals are usually smaller than the petals. The three green sepals are herbaceous and upright. The three white to dark pink petals are entire. There are two circles with three stamens each. The thread-like stamens are bare. Many (15 to 20) free carpels are arranged in a circle . Each carpel contains only one ovule . The stylus is on the side of the carpel.

fruit

Common frog spoon achenes

A collective fruit with many achenes in a circle develops for each flower . They are flattened on the sides and usually beaked on the back and have one or two grooves on the belly.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 7.

Alisma canaliculatum

Grass-leaved frog spoon ( Alisma gramineum )

Lancet-leaved frog spoon ( Alisma lanceolatum )

Illustration of the common frog spoon ( Alisma plantago-aquatica )

Alisma triviale

Systematics

The genus Alisma was established by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum in 1753 . The name Alisma was used in ancient Greece and Linnaeus took it over from Dioscorides . Alisma plantago-aquatica L. was specified as the lectotype species in 1909 by John Kunkel Small in North American Flora , Volume 17, p. 43.

There have been around nine Alisma species and three hybrids since 2013 :

Alisma × bjoerkqvistii Tzvelev : It is a nature hybrid of Alisma gramineum and Alisma plantago-aquatica , which occurs from Eastern Europe to Siberia .
Alisma canaliculatum A.Braun & CDBouché (Syn .: Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Canaliculatum (A.Braun & CDBouché) Miyabe & Kudo , Alisma canaliculatum var. Harimense Makino , Alisma rariflorum Sam. , Alisma canaliculatum var. Azuminoense Kadono & Hamashima ) :
This species is widespread in Korea , China , Taiwan and Japan (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Kuril Islands ).
Alisma gramineum ( Alisma gramineum Lej. , Syn .: Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Angustissimum DC. , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Graminifolium Wahlenb. , Alisma loeselii Gorski , Alisma geyeri Torr. , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Pumilum Nolte ex Sond . , Alisma graminifolium (Wahlenb.) Ehrh. Ex Ledeb. , Alisma arcuatum Michalet , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. Aestuosum Bolle , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Arcuatum (Michalet) Buchenau , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Micropetalum Celak. , Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. arcuatum (Michalet) Nyman , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. decumbens Boiss. , Alisma arcuatum var. graminifolium (Wahlenb.) Casp. , Alisma arcuatum var. pumilum Prahl , Alisma validum Greene , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. angustissimum (DC.) Asch. & Graebn. , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. lanceolatum Buchenau , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. micropetalum (Celak.) Buchenau , Alisma graminifolium f. angustissimum (DC.) Glück , Alisma graminifolium f. pumilum ( Nolte ex S ond.) Glück , Alisma graminifolium f. terrestre Glück , Alisma arcuatum var. angustissimum (DC.) Lunell , Alisma arcuatum var. lanceolatum (Buchenau) Lunell , Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. graminifolium (Wahlenb.) Hegi , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. terrestre (happiness) Hegi , Alisma geyeri var. angustissimum Lunell , Alisma geyeri var. giganteum Lunell , Alisma geyeri var. pumilum (Prahl) Lunell , Alisma gramineum var. geyeri (Torr .) Sam. , Alisma loeselii Gorski ex Juzep. , Alisma graminifolium f. semimersum luck , Alisma graminifolium f. strictum Glück in A. Pascher , Alisma graminifolium f. submersum Glück , Alisma gramineum f. arcuatum (Michalet) Tournay & Lawalrée , Alisma gramineum var. angustissimum (DC.) Hendricks , Alisma gramineum var. graminifolium (Wahlenb.) Hendricks , Alisma gramineum f. aestuosum (Bolle) Soó ):
This species is widespread in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere .
Alisma × juzepczukii Tzvelev : It is a natural hybrid of Alisma × bjoerkqvistii and Alisma plantago-aquatica , whichoccursin Eastern Europe .
Lanceolate frog spoon ( Alisma lanceolatum With. , Syn .: Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Lanceolatum (With.) Lej. , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Stenophyllum Asch. & Graebn. , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. Stenophyllum (Asch. & Graebn .) Buchenau , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. aquaticum Fortunately , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. terrestris Fortunately , Alisma subcordatum var. stenophyllum (Asch. & Graebn.) Lunell , Alisma stenophyllum Sam. , Alisma plantago-aquatica f. pumilum luck ) :
This species is native to Macaronesia, Eurasia and North Africa.
Alisma nanum D.F.Cui : This species only occurs in swamps at altitudes of around 600 meters in the Chinese Xinjiang .
Common frog spoon ( Alisma plantago-aquatica L. ): This species is widespread in the northern hemisphere in temperate Eurasia and from North Africa to Tanzania . There are two subspecies.
Alisma praecox Skuratovicz : This species was first described from Belarus in 2013.
Alisma × rhicnocarpum Schotsman : It is a natural hybrid of Alisma lanceolatum and Alisma plantago-aquatica , which occurs in Europe.
Round-leaved frog spoon ( Alisma subcordatum Raf. , Syn .: Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. Subcordatum (Raf.) Hultén , Alisma parviflorum Pursh , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Parviflorum (Pursh) Torr. Nom. Illeg., Alisma montanum Raf. ) :
This species is distributed from southeastern Canada to the central and eastern United States.
Alisma triviale Pursh (Syn .: Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Triviale (Pursh) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. , Alisma roseum Raf. Nom. Nud., Alisma odoratum Raf. , Alisma plantago-aquatica var. Americanum Schult. & Schult. f. , Alisma brevipes Greene , Alisma superbum Lunell , Alisma superbum var. angustissimum Lunell , Alisma superbum var. lanceolatum Lunell , Alisma subcordatum var. superbum (Lunell) Lunell , Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. brevipes (Greene) Sam. , Alisma plantago -aquatica var. brevipes (Greene) Vict. ):
The distribution area of this species extends from Alaska and Canada to the northern and western United States.
Alisma wahlenbergii (Holmb.) Juz. (Syn .: Alisma gramineum subsp. Wahlenbergii Holmb. , Alisma graminifolium . F submersum luck in A.Pascher , Alisma graminifolium var. Wahlenbergii ( Holmb. ) Fortunately in A.Pascher , Alisma gramineum var. Wahlenbergii (Holmb.) Raymond & Kucyn . ):
This species occurs only along the Baltic Sea and adjacent lakes of Finland , Sweden , the Baltic States and Russia . It is classified as "endangered" = "highly endangered" in Sweden (Red List 2005), "vulnerable" = "endangered" in Finland (Red List 2000) and "endangered" = "highly endangered" in the Leningrad region (Red List 2000 ) rated.

use

The common frog spoon ( Alisma plantago-aquatica ) is used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens. It is hardy in Central Europe.

swell

Qingfeng Wang, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , Alisma , p. 87 (English, online ). (Sections systematics and description)
Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 , Alisma , p. 23-25 (English, online ). (Sections systematics and description)
SWL Jacobs: Alisma. In: Gwen Jean Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , p. 18 (slightly modified html version), limited preview in Google Book Search.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Qingfeng Wang, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , Alisma , p. 87 (English, online ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 , Alisma , p. 23-25 (English, online ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e SWL Jacobs: Alisma. In: Gwen Jean Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , p. 18 (slightly modified html version), limited preview in Google Book Search.
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 342 ( digitized version ).
^ Alisma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 29, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Alisma. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 18, 2019.
^ Alisma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , p. 74 .

Web links

Commons : Frog Spoon ( Alisma ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Qingfeng Wang, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , Alisma , p. 87 (English, online ).

[FoNA-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 , Alisma , p. 23-25 (English, online ).

[NSWFo-3] SWL Jacobs: Alisma. In: Gwen Jean Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , p. 18 (slightly modified html version), limited preview in Google Book Search.

[SpPl-4] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 342 ( digitized version ).

[Tropicos-5] Alisma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 29, 2013.

[WCSP-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Alisma. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 18, 2019.

[GRIN-7] Alisma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

[Botanica2003-8] Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , p. 74 .